Rufous
Encyclopedia
Rufous is a colour
that may be described as reddish-brown
or brownish-red
, as of rust
or oxidised iron
.
The first recorded use of rufous as a colour name in English
was in the year 1782.
The name "rufous" is derived from the meaning of “red” in Latin
and is used as an adjective in the names of many animals, especially bird
s, to describe the colour of their skin
, fur
or plumage
.
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Color
Color or colour is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called red, green, blue and others. Color derives from the spectrum of light interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors...
that may be described as reddish-brown
Brown
Brown is a color term, denoting a range of composite colors produced by a mixture of orange, red, rose, or yellow with black or gray. The term is from Old English brún, in origin for any dusky or dark shade of color....
or brownish-red
Red
Red is any of a number of similar colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of light discernible by the human eye, in the wavelength range of roughly 630–740 nm. Longer wavelengths than this are called infrared , and cannot be seen by the naked eye...
, as of rust
Rust
Rust is a general term for a series of iron oxides. In colloquial usage, the term is applied to red oxides, formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture...
or oxidised iron
Iron
Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is the most common element forming the planet Earth as a whole, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust...
.
The first recorded use of rufous as a colour name in English
English language
English is a West Germanic language that arose in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England and spread into what was to become south-east Scotland under the influence of the Anglian medieval kingdom of Northumbria...
was in the year 1782.
The name "rufous" is derived from the meaning of “red” in Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
and is used as an adjective in the names of many animals, especially bird
Bird
Birds are feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic , egg-laying, vertebrate animals. Around 10,000 living species and 188 families makes them the most speciose class of tetrapod vertebrates. They inhabit ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic. Extant birds range in size from...
s, to describe the colour of their skin
Skin
-Dermis:The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbors many Mechanoreceptors that provide the sense of touch and heat...
, fur
Fur
Fur is a synonym for hair, used more in reference to non-human animals, usually mammals; particularly those with extensives body hair coverage. The term is sometimes used to refer to the body hair of an animal as a complete coat, also known as the "pelage". Fur is also used to refer to animal...
or plumage
Plumage
Plumage refers both to the layer of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, colour, and arrangement of those feathers. The pattern and colours of plumage vary between species and subspecies and can also vary between different age classes, sexes, and season. Within species there can also be a...
.
Birds
- Black-and-rufous SwallowBlack-and-rufous SwallowThe Black-and-rufous Swallow is a species of bird in the Hirundinidae family.It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Zambia.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 26 July 2007....
- Black-and-rufous Warbling-finchBlack-and-rufous Warbling-finchThe Black-and-rufous Warbling-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay...
- Black-capped Rufous-warblerBlack-capped Rufous-warblerThe Black-headed Rufous Warbler , also known as the Black-Capped Rufous Warbler, is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical...
- Black-faced Rufous-warblerBlack-faced Rufous-warblerThe Black-Faced Rufous Warbler is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family.It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.Its natural habitats are subtropical or...
- Great Rufous WoodcreeperGreat Rufous WoodcreeperThe Great Rufous Woodcreeper is a species of bird in the Dendrocolaptinae subfamily, the woodcreepers.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay....
- Nepal Rufous-vented PriniaNepal Rufous-vented PriniaNepal Rufous-vented Prinia is a small warbler and sub-species of Rufous-vented Prinia. It was discovered in the southern grasslands of Nepal....
- Rufous AntpittaRufous AntpittaThe Rufous Antpitta is a species of bird in the Formicariidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
- Rufous BabblerRufous BabblerThe Rufous Babbler is an Old World babbler endemic to the Western Ghats of southern India. It is dark brown and long tailed, and is usually seen foraging in noisy groups along open hillsides grass or forest.-Description:...
- Rufous BristlebirdRufous BristlebirdThe Rufous Bristlebird is a species of bird in the Dasyornithidae family.It is endemic to Australia.Its natural habitat is temperate forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Australia:...
- Rufous Bush RobinRufous Bush RobinThe Rufous Bush Robin , also called the Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin or Rufous Bush Chat, is a small member of the flycatchers. It breeds around the Mediterranean and east to Pakistan...
- Rufous CasiornisRufous CasiornisThe Rufous Casiornis is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay....
- Rufous ChattererRufous ChattererThe Rufous Chatterer is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.It is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.Its natural habitats are dry savanna and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland....
- Rufous CisticolaRufous CisticolaThe Rufous Cisticola is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family.It is found in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo....
- Rufous CoucalRufous CoucalThe Rufous Coucal is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family.It is endemic to the Philippines.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-Source:...
- Rufous Crab-hawkRufous Crab-hawkThe Rufous Crab Hawk or Rufous Crab-hawk, is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela....
- Rufous FantailRufous FantailThe Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons inhabits the east coast of Australia. The base of its tail is bright orange-red in colour and their wings are greyish brown. They have a black and white breast that grades into a white colour on the chin and throat....
- Rufous FieldwrenRufous FieldwrenThe Rufous Fieldwren or Calamanthus is a species of bird in the Acanthizidae family, endemic to Australia.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 25 July 2007....
- Rufous Fishing-owlRufous Fishing-owlThe Rufous Fishing Owl, Chouette D'Ussher, Chouette-pêcheuse Rousse, Búho Pescador Rojizo, or Cárabo Pescador Rojizo is a species of owl in the Strigidae family....
- Rufous FlycatcherRufous FlycatcherThe Rufous Flycatcher is a bird species in the family Tyrannidae. It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical dry shrubland....
- Rufous Flycatcher-thrushRufous Flycatcher-thrushFraser’s Rufous Thrush , also known as the Rufous Flycatcher-thrush, is a species of bird in the thrush family.-Distribution and habitat:...
- Rufous GnateaterRufous GnateaterThe Rufous Gnateater is a passerine bird of the gnateater family, Conopophagidae. It is found in forest understory and bushes in eastern Brazil from Rio Grande do Sul north to Ceará. Its range also extends into eastern Paraguay and north-eastern Argentina and it has recently been recorded in Uruguay...
- Rufous HornbillRufous HornbillThe Rufous Hornbill , also known as Philippine Hornbill and, locally, as Kalaw is a large species of hornbill.-Distribution and habitat:...
- Rufous HorneroRufous HorneroThe Rufous Hornero, Furnarius rufus, is a large ovenbird from eastern South America. Also known as the Red Ovenbird, it is a common species of second-growth scrub, pastures and agricultural land, and the species is often seen near areas of human inhabitation...
- Rufous HummingbirdRufous HummingbirdThe Rufous Hummingbird is a small hummingbird, about 8 cm long with a long, straight and very slender bill. The female is slightly larger than the male.-Description:...
- Rufous MonarchRufous MonarchThe Rufous Monarch is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family.It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:...
- Rufous MotmotRufous MotmotThe Rufous Motmot, Baryphthengus martii, is a near-passerine bird which is a resident breeder in rain forests from northeastern Honduras south to western Ecuador, northeastern Bolivia, and southwestern Brazil....
- Rufous MournerRufous MournerThe Rufous Mourner, Rhytipterna holerythra, is a small passerine bird in the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from southwestern Mexico to northwestern Ecuador...
- Rufous NightjarRufous NightjarThe Rufous Nightjar is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or...
- Rufous OwlRufous OwlThe Rufous Owl , also known as Rufous Boobok, is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It was first classified in 1846 by John Gould, an English ornithologist. Ninox rufa’s common name reflects the rufous colored feathers that these owls are covered with in adulthood...
- Rufous Paradise-flycatcherRufous Paradise-flycatcherThe Rufous Paradise-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family.It is found in Indonesia and the Philippines.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:...
- Rufous PiculetRufous PiculetThe Rufous Piculet is a species of bird in the Picidae family.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand....
- Rufous PihaRufous PihaThe Rufous Piha is a species of bird in the Cotingidae family.It is found in Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama....
- Rufous PotooRufous PotooThe Rufous Potoo is a species of bird in the Nyctibiidae family.It is found in Ecuador, , and Peru in the largest population, and the other large disjunct population 1600 km southwest at the Peru and Bolivia border,...
- Rufous Rock-jumperRufous Rock-jumperThe Rufous Rock-jumper or Cape Rock-jumper, Chaetops frenatus is a medium-sized insectivorous passerine bird endemic to the mountain fynbos of southernmost South Africa....
- Rufous SabrewingRufous SabrewingThe Rufous Sabrewing is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family.It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest....
- Rufous Scrub-birdRufous Scrub-birdThe Rufous Scrub-bird is a bird species in the family Atrichornithidae. It is endemic to Australia.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests...
- Rufous Short-toed LarkRufous Short-toed LarkThe Rufous Short-toed Lark , also known as the Somali Short-toed Lark, is a small passerine bird.This lark is found in Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Tanzaniain subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland....
- Rufous SibiaRufous SibiaThe Rufous Sibia is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It feeds on berries and insects.It is found in the northern parts of the Indian Subcontinent, ranging across India, Bhutan and Nepal. Its natural habitat is temperate forests.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . ...
- "Rufous-sided towhee"—old name, now split into two species:
- Eastern TowheeEastern TowheeThe Eastern Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus, is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been under debate in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the Spotted Towhee were considered a single species, the Rufous-sided Towhee....
, Pipilo erythrophthalmus and - Spotted TowheeSpotted TowheeThe Spotted Towhee is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the Eastern Towhee were considered a single species, the Rufous-sided Towhee...
, Pipilo maculatus which contains the- Olive-backed TowheeSpotted TowheeThe Spotted Towhee is a large New World sparrow. The taxonomy of the towhees has been debated in recent decades, and formerly this bird and the Eastern Towhee were considered a single species, the Rufous-sided Towhee...
, Pipilo maculatus macronyx,
- Olive-backed Towhee
- Eastern Towhee
- Rufous SonglarkRufous SonglarkThe Rufous Songlark is a species of Old World warbler endemic to Australia.-Taxonomy:It is a species of Megaluridae, the Old World Warblers, a successful passerine family. It shares the genus Cincloramphus with the Brown Songlark, another species endemic to Australia.The Rufous Songlark was...
- Rufous Sparrow
- Rufous SpinetailRufous SpinetailThe Rufous Spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous TreecreeperRufous TreecreeperThe Rufous Treecreeper is a species of bird in the Climacteridae family.It is endemic to Australia.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:...
- Rufous TreepieRufous TreepieThe Rufous Treepie is an Asian treepie, a member of the Corvidae family. It is long tailed and has loud musical calls making it very conspicuous. It is found commonly in open scrub, agricultural areas, forests as well as urban gardens...
- Rufous TwistwingRufous TwistwingThe Rufous Twistwing is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae. It was described as a new species in 2007....
- Rufous VangaRufous VangaThe Rufous Vanga is a species of bird in the Vangidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Schetba. It is endemic to Madagascar. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . ...
- Rufous WhistlerRufous WhistlerThe Rufous Whistler is a species of whistler found in New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, and throughout Australia . Predominantly a reddish-brown and grey bird, it makes up for its subdued plumage with its song-making ability...
- Rufous WoodpeckerRufous WoodpeckerThe Rufous Woodpecker, is a brown woodpecker found in South Asia. Its genus, Micropternus, is monotypic.It builds its nest within the nest of acrobat ants...
- Rufous WrenRufous Wren-Description:The Rufous Wren is a species of bird in the Troglodytidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
- Rufous-and-white WrenRufous-and-white WrenThe Rufous-and-white Wren, Thryophilus rufalbus, is a small songbird of the wren family. It is a resident breeding species from southwesternmost Mexico to northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela...
- Rufous-backed AntvireoRufous-backed AntvireoThe Rufous-backed Antvireo is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.It is endemic to Brazil.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-backed BuntingRufous-backed BuntingThe Rufous-backed Bunting is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family.It is found in China, North Korea, and Russia.Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and temperate grassland.It is threatened by habitat loss....
- Rufous-backed FantailRufous-backed FantailThe Rufous-backed Fantail is a species of bird in the Rhipiduridae family.It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:...
- Rufous-backed Inca-finchRufous-backed Inca-finchThe Rufous-backed Inca-finch is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.-References:...
- Rufous-backed KingfisherRufous-backed KingfisherThe Rufous-backed Kingfisher is a species of bird in the Alcedinidae family.It is found in Brunei, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand in tropical lowland forests near lakeshores and streamsides...
- Rufous-backed RedstartRufous-backed RedstartEversmann's Redstart or Rufous-backed Redstart is a passerine bird belonging to the genus Phoenicurus, a genus of redstarts. It was formerly classified in the thrush family Turdidae but is now placed in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae...
- Rufous-backed RobinRufous-backed Robin#The Rufous-backed Robin, Turdus rufopalliatus, is a songbird of the thrush family. It is endemic to the Pacific slope of Mexico. It is also known as the Rufous-backed Thrush.-Description:...
- Rufous-backed SibiaRufous-backed SibiaThe Rufous-backed Sibia is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam....
- Rufous-banded HoneyeaterRufous-banded HoneyeaterThe Rufous-banded Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family.It is found in Australia, Indonesia, and Papua New Guinea.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.-References:...
- Rufous-banded MinerRufous-banded MinerThe Rufous-banded Miner is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . ...
- Rufous-banded OwlRufous-banded OwlThe Rufous-banded Owl is a species of owl in the Strigidae family. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
- Rufous-browed ConebillRufous-browed ConebillThe Rufous-browed Conebill is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.It is found in Colombia and Venezuela.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland....
- Rufous-browed FlycatcherRufous-browed FlycatcherThe Rufous-browed Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes....
- Rufous-browed HemispingusRufous-browed HemispingusThe Rufous-browed Hemispingus is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.It is endemic to Peru.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
- Rufous-browed PeppershrikeRufous-browed PeppershrikeThe Rufous-browed Peppershrike, Cyclarhis gujanensis, is a passerine bird in the vireo family. It is widespread and often common in woodland, forest edge, and cultivation with some tall trees from Mexico and Trinidad south to Argentina and Uruguay....
- Rufous-browed WrenRufous-browed WrenThe Rufous-browed Wren is a species of bird in the Troglodytidae family. It is found in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, and Nicaragua. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests....
- Rufous-brown SolitaireRufous-brown SolitaireThe Rufous-brown Solitaire is a species of bird in the Turdidae family.It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela....
- Rufous-capped AntshrikeRufous-capped AntshrikeThe Rufous-capped Antshrike is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay....
- Rufous-capped AntthrushRufous-capped AntthrushThe Rufous-capped Antthrush is a species of bird in the Formicariidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela....
- Rufous-capped BabblerRufous-capped BabblerThe Rufous-capped Babbler is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.Ranging across the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, it is endemic to Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam...
- Rufous-capped Brush-finchRufous-capped Brush-finchThe Rufous-capped Brush Finch is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family.It is endemic to Mexico.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.-References:...
- Rufous-capped MotmotRufous-capped MotmotThe Rufous-capped Motmot is a species of bird in the Momotidae family. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay....
- Rufous-capped NunletRufous-capped NunletThe Rufous-capped Nunlet is a species of puffbird in the Bucconidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Peru.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.-References:...
- Rufous-capped SpinetailRufous-capped SpinetailThe Rufous-capped Spinetail is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family.It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay....
- Rufous-capped ThornbillRufous-capped ThornbillThe Rufous-Capped Thornbill is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru....
- Rufous-capped WarblerRufous-capped WarblerThe Rufous-capped Warbler is a New World warbler native from Mexico south to much of Central America, rarely occurring as far north as southeastern Arizona and south Texas....
- Rufous-cheeked HummingbirdRufous-cheeked HummingbirdThe Pirre Hummingbird , also somewhat misleadingly known as the Rufous-cheeked Hummingbird, is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is the only species in its genus....
- Rufous-cheeked NightjarRufous-cheeked NightjarThe Rufous-cheeked Nightjar is a species of nightjar in the Caprimulgidae family.It is found in Angola, Botswana, Cameroon, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.-References:* BirdLife International...
- Rufous-cheeked TanagerRufous-cheeked TanagerThe Rufous-cheeked Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family, the tanagers.It is endemic to Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-chested FlycatcherRufous-chested FlycatcherThe Rufous-chested Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family. It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand....
- Rufous-chested PloverRufous-chested PloverThe Rufous-chested Plover or Rufous-chested Dotterel is a species of bird in the Charadriidae family.It breeds in southern parts of Argentina and Chile and on the Falkland Islands...
- Rufous-chested SparrowhawkRufous-chested SparrowhawkThe Rufous-breasted Sparrowhawk , also known as the Rufous-chested Sparrowhawk, is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family...
- Rufous-chested SwallowRufous-chested SwallowThe Rufous-chested Swallow , also known as the Red-breasted Swallow, is a large swallow. It breeds in equatorial Africa, although most common in the east. It is partially migratory, following the rains beyond the breeding range in the wet season.This is a bird of dry open country...
- Rufous-chested TanagerRufous-chested TanagerThe Rufous-chested Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.-Distribution and habitat:It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, and heavily degraded former...
- Rufous-chinned LaughingthrushRufous-chinned LaughingthrushThe Rufous-chinned Laughingthrush is a bird species in the Old World babbler family . In the proposed rearrangement of the laughingthrushes, it is placed in the genus Ianthocincla, as I. ocellata....
- Rufous-collared KingfisherRufous-collared KingfisherThe Rufous-collared Kingfisher is a species of bird in the Alcedinidae family.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Thailand....
- Rufous-collared MonarchRufous-collared MonarchThe Rufous-collared Monarch is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family.It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea....
- Rufous-collared RobinRufous-collared RobinThe Rufous-collared Robin is a species of bird in the Turdidae family.It is endemic to highlands of Middle America, south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, occurring in El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Chiapas state in Mexico. Its closest relative is the American Robin, and like that species,...
- Rufous-collared SparrowRufous-collared SparrowThe Rufous-collared Sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis, is an American sparrow found in a wide range of habitats, often near humans, from the extreme southeast of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, and on the island of Hispaniola. It is famous for its diverse vocalizations which have been intensely studied...
- Rufous-crested CoquetteRufous-crested CoquetteThe Rufous-Crested Coquette is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded...
- Rufous-crested TanagerRufous-crested TanagerThe Rufous-crested Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
- Rufous-crowned AntpittaRufous-crowned AntpittaThe Rufous-crowned Antpitta or Rufous-crowned Gnatpitta is a species of bird in the gnateater family.It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
- Rufous-crowned BabblerRufous-crowned BabblerThe Rufous-crowned Babbler is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.It is found in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Thailand.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
- Rufous-crowned ElaeniaRufous-crowned ElaeniaThe Rufous-crowned Elaenia is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela....
- Rufous-crowned Emu-wrenRufous-crowned Emu-wrenThe Rufous-crowned Emu-wren is a species of bird in the Maluridae family.It is endemic to Australia.-Taxonomy:...
- Rufous-crowned EremomelaRufous-crowned EremomelaThe Rufous-Crowned Eremomela is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family.It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,...
- Rufous-crowned GreenletRufous-crowned GreenletThe Rufous-crowned Greenlet is a species of bird in the Vireonidae family, the vireos. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay; also southern regions of the Pantanal surrounding the Paraguay River....
- Rufous-crowned RollerRufous-crowned RollerThe Purple Roller , also called the Rufous-crowned Roller, is found over sub-Saharan Africa to as far south as Namibia and the Transvaal. Compared with other rollers its colours are rather dull and its voice rather harsh and grating...
- Rufous-crowned SparrowRufous-crowned SparrowThe Rufous-crowned Sparrow, Aimophila ruficeps, is a smallish American sparrow. This passerine is primarily found across the Southwestern United States and much of the interior of Mexico, south to the transverse mountain range, and to the Pacific coast to the southwest of the transverse range. Its...
- Rufous-crowned Tody-flycatcher
- Rufous-eared Brush-finchRufous-eared Brush-finchThe Rufous-eared Brush Finch is a species of bird in the Emberizidae family. It is found at high altitudes in woodland and shrub in the Andes of west-central Peru. It sometimes includes the Apurimac Brush Finch as a subspecies....
- Rufous-eared WarblerRufous-eared WarblerThe Rufous-eared Warbler is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family. It is found in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. It is the only species in the genus Malcorus....
- Rufous-faced AntbirdRufous-faced AntbirdThe Rufous-faced Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. Until recently, it was considered a subspecies of the Spot-winged Antbird, but based on differences in voice and plumage it has been recommended that they are treated as separate species...
- Rufous-faced AntpittaRufous-faced AntpittaThe Rufous-faced Antpitta is a species of bird in the Formicariidae family. It is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.-References:...
- Rufous-faced CrakeRufous-faced CrakeThe Rufous-faced Crake is a species of bird in the Rallidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland....
- Rufous-faced WarblerRufous-faced WarblerThe Rufous-faced Warbler is a species of bush warbler . It was formerly included in the "Old World warbler" assemblage....
- Rufous-fronted AntthrushRufous-fronted AntthrushThe Rufous-fronted Antthrush is a species of bird in the Formicariidae family. It is found very locally in humid forest in southeastern Peru, northwestern Bolivia , and far southwestern Brazil . It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 25...
- Rufous-fronted BabblerRufous-fronted BabblerThe Rufous-fronted Babbler is a species of bird in the Old World babbler family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand in moist lowland forests, grass or bamboo up to 2,100 m altitude....
- Rufous-fronted LaughingthrushRufous-fronted LaughingthrushThe Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.It is endemic to Indonesia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-fronted PriniaRufous-fronted PriniaThe Rufous-fronted Prinia is a species of bird in the Cisticolidae family.It is found in India and Pakistan.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.-References:...
- Rufous-fronted TailorbirdRufous-fronted TailorbirdThe Rufous-Fronted Tailorbird is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family.It is found only in the Philippines....
- Rufous-fronted ThornbirdRufous-fronted ThornbirdThe Rufous-fronted Thornbird is a species of bird in the Furnariidae family.-Distribution and habitat:It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela...
- Rufous-fronted TitRufous-fronted TitThe Rufous-fronted Tit is a small passerine bird of the eastern and central Himalayas belonging to the long-tailed tit family, Aegithalidae. It forms a superspecies with the Black-browed Tit of China and northern Burma and the White-throated Tit of the western Himalayas...
- Rufous-fronted Wood-quailRufous-fronted Wood-quailThe Rufous-fronted Wood Quail is a species of bird in the Odontophoridae family.It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded...
- Rufous-gorgeted FlycatcherRufous-gorgeted FlycatcherThe Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family.It is found in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, ranging across Bangladesh, Bhutan, Hong Kong, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane...
- Rufous-headed ChachalacaRufous-headed ChachalacaThe Rufous-headed Chachalaca is a species of bird in the Cracidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru....
- Rufous-headed Ground-rollerRufous-headed Ground-rollerThe Rufous-headed Ground Roller is a species of bird in the Brachypteraciidae family. It is endemic to Madagascar.-Source:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 19 September 2007....
- Rufous-headed ParrotbillRufous-headed ParrotbillThe Rufous-headed Parrotbill or Greater Rufous-headed Parrotbill is a bird species often placed with the Old World babblers or in a distinct family Paradoxornithidae, but it actually seems to belong to the Sylviidae.It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam...
- Rufous-headed Pygmy-tyrantRufous-headed Pygmy-tyrantThe Rufous-headed Pygmy-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
- Rufous-headed RobinRufous-headed RobinThe Rufous-headed Robin is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family.It is found in China and Malaysia.Its natural habitats are temperate forests and temperate shrubland.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
- Rufous-headed TailorbirdRufous-headed TailorbirdThe Rufous-Headed Tailorbird is a species of Old World warbler in the Sylviidae family.It is found only in the Philippines....
- Rufous-headed TanagerRufous-headed TanagerThe Rufous-headed Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is endemic to Brazil.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . ...
- Rufous-headed WoodpeckerRufous-headed WoodpeckerThe Rufous-headed Woodpecker is a species of bird in the Picidae family. It formerly included Kaempfer's Woodpecker as a subspecies....
- Rufous-legged OwlRufous-legged OwlThe Rufous-legged Owl is a medium sized owl with no ear tufts. Its upper parts are rufous brown barred with white with more white on the head and nape. It has a rufous facial disk and dark eyes, and its legs and feet are orange-brown to cinnamon. It grows to a size about 33-38 cm long and weighs...
- Rufous-lored KingfisherRufous-lored KingfisherWinchell's Kingfisher or Rufous-lored Kingfisher is a species of bird in the Alcedinidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 24...
- Rufous-lored TyrannuletRufous-lored TyrannuletThe Rufous-lored Tyrannulet is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-rumped AntwrenRufous-rumped AntwrenThe Rufous-rumped Antwren is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.It is found in Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela....
- Rufous-rumped Foliage-gleaner
- Rufous-rumped GrassbirdRufous-rumped GrassbirdThe Rufous-Rumped Grassbird is a species of babbler in a monotypic genus in the Timaliidae family. It was formerly placed in the Old World Warbler family Sylviidae.-Distribution and habitat:...
- Rufous-rumped LarkRufous-rumped LarkThe Rufous-rumped Lark is a species of lark in the Alaudidae family.It is found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, and Uganda.Its natural...
- Rufous-shafted WoodstarRufous-shafted WoodstarThe Rufous-Shafted Woodstar is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family.It is found in Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela....
- Rufous-sided BroadbillRufous-sided BroadbillThe Rufous-sided Broadbill, Smithornis rufolateralis, is a species of bird in the Eurylaimidae family.It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone,...
- Rufous-sided CrakeRufous-sided CrakeThe Rufous-sided Crake is a species of bird in the Rallidae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is swamps....
- Rufous-sided GerygoneRufous-sided GerygoneThe Rufous-sided Gerygone is a species of bird in the Acanthizidae family.It is endemic to Indonesia.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical mangrove forests....
- Rufous-sided HoneyeaterRufous-sided HoneyeaterThe Rufous-sided Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family.It is endemic to West Papua, Indonesia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrantRufous-sided Pygmy-tyrantThe Rufous-sided Pygmy-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family.It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Suriname....
- Rufous-sided Warbling-finchRufous-sided Warbling-finchThe Rufous-sided Warbling-finch is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Argentina and Bolivia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.-References:...
- Rufous-streaked AccentorRufous-streaked AccentorThe Rufous-streaked Accentor or Altai Accentor, is a species of bird in the Prunellidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan....
- Rufous-tailed (disambiguation)
- Rufous-thighed KiteRufous-thighed KiteThe Rufous-thighed Kite is a species of bird of prey in the Accipitridae family.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, and Suriname....
- Rufous-throated AntbirdRufous-throated AntbirdThe Rufous-throated Antbird is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, and Venezuela.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests....
- Rufous-throated Bronze-cuckooRufous-throated Bronze-cuckooThe Rufous-throated Bronze Cuckoo is a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family.It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-throated DipperRufous-throated DipperThe Rufous-throated Dipper or Argentine Dipper is an aquatic songbird found in South America, and is part of the dipper family....
- Rufous-throated FlycatcherRufous-throated FlycatcherThe Rufous-throated Flycatcher is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family.It is endemic to Indonesia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.It is threatened by habitat loss.-References:...
- Rufous-throated FulvettaRufous-throated FulvettaThe Rufous-throated Fulvetta is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family.It is found in the Indian Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, ranging across Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam....
- Rufous-throated HoneyeaterRufous-throated HoneyeaterThe Rufous-throated Honeyeater is a species of bird in the Meliphagidae family.It is endemic to Australia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical mangrove forests.-References:...
- Rufous-throated PartridgeRufous-throated PartridgeThe Rufous-throated Partridge is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family.It is found in Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane...
- Rufous-throated SapphireRufous-throated SapphireThe Rufous-throated Sapphire is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found at forest edge, savanna-like habitats and plantations in northern and central South America.-References:...
- Rufous-throated SolitaireRufous-throated SolitaireThe Rufous-throated Solitaire is a species of bird placed in the Turdidae family. It is found on Dominica, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Martinique, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane...
- Rufous-throated TanagerRufous-throated TanagerThe Rufous-throated Tanager is a species of bird in the Thraupidae family. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and heavily degraded former forest.-References:...
- Rufous-throated White-eyeRufous-throated White-eyeThe Rufous-throated White-eye is a species of bird in the Zosteropidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Madanga, with no close relatives, and is endemic to the moist, mountainous, subtropical and tropical forests of the Indonesian island Buru...
- Rufous-throated Wren-babblerRufous-throated Wren-babblerThe Rufous-throated Wren-babbler is a species of bird in the Timaliidae family. It is found in Bhutan, India, and Nepal.Its natural habitat is the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests. It is becoming rare due to habitat loss....
- Rufous-vented ChachalacaRufous-vented ChachalacaThe Rufous-vented Chachalaca, Ortalis ruficauda, is a member of an ancient group of birds of the Cracidae family, which are related to the Australasian mound builders. It inhabits northeast Colombia and northern Venezuela where it is called Guacharaca, and in Tobago where it is known as the Cocrico...
- Rufous-vented Ground-cuckooRufous-vented Ground-cuckooThe Rufous-vented Ground Cuckoo is a large terrestrial species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family. It is found in humid primary forests from southern Nicaragua, through Costa Rica and Panama, into north-western Colombia...
- Rufous-vented NiltavaRufous-vented NiltavaThe Rufous-vented Niltava is a species of bird in the Muscicapidae family.It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:...
- Rufous-vented Paradise-flycatcherRufous-vented Paradise-flycatcherThe Rufous-vented Paradise-flycatcher is a species of bird in the Monarchidae family.It is found in Angola, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical swamps and...
- Rufous-vented PriniaRufous-vented PriniaThe Rufous-vented Prinia or Long-tailed Grass Warbler is a small warbler.-Range, habitat, and status:As treated here, this prinia is found only in the plains of the Indus in Pakistan and adjacent in Punjab...
- Rufous-vented TapaculoRufous-vented TapaculoThe Rufous-vented Tapaculo is a species of bird in the Rhinocryptidae family.It is found in Peru. Note that the Long-tailed Tapaculo, is now considered a separate species....
- Rufous-vented TitRufous-vented TitThe Rufous-vented Tit is an Asian songbird species in the tit and chickadee family . Some of its subspecies were formerly assigned to its western relative the Rufous-naped Tit , or these two were considered entirely conspecific...
- Rufous-vented WarblerRufous-vented WarblerThe Chestnut-vented Warbler , Parisoma subcaeruleum, is an Old World warbler...
- Rufous-vented YuhinaRufous-vented YuhinaThe Rufous-vented Yuhina is a bird species in the Old World babbler family Timaliidae. If the white-eyes are considered a distinct family , the genus Yuhina would need to be placed there....
- Rufous-vented WhitetipRufous-vented WhitetipThe Rufous-vented Whitetip is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.-References:...
- Rufous-webbed BrilliantRufous-webbed BrilliantThe Rufous-webbed Brilliant is a species of hummingbird in the Trochilidae family. It is found in Bolivia and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.-References:* BirdLife International 2004. . Downloaded on 10...
- Rufous-webbed Bush-tyrantRufous-webbed Bush-tyrantThe Rufous-webbed Bush-tyrant is a species of bird in the Tyrannidae family. It is monotypic within the genus Polioxolmis.It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, and Peru....
- Rufous-winged (disambiguation)
Mammals
- Black and Rufous Elephant ShrewBlack and Rufous Elephant ShrewThe Black and Rufous Elephant Shrew , also known as the Black and Rufous Sengi, is one of 16 species of elephant shrew alive today in Africa. As other members of the genus Rhynchocyon, it is a relatively large species, with adults averaging c. 28 cm in length and 450-700 g in weight. It is...
- Chinese Rufous Horseshoe BatChinese Rufous Horseshoe BatThe Chinese Rufous Horseshoe Bat is a species of bat in the Rhinolophidae family. It is found in China, India, Nepal, and Vietnam.The species is most easily confused with R...
- Common Rufous-nosed RatCommon Rufous-nosed RatThe Common Rufous-nosed Rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.It is found in Angola, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda.Its natural...
- Ghana Rufous-nosed RatGhana Rufous-nosed RatThe Ghana Rufous-nosed Rat is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.It is found in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone....
- Large Rufous Horseshoe BatLarge Rufous Horseshoe BatThe Large Rufous Horseshoe Bat is a species of bat in the Rhinolophidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.-References:* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. . Downloaded on 30 July 2007....
- Northern Rufous Mouse LemurNorthern Rufous Mouse LemurThe northern rufous mouse lemur , northern brown mouse lemur, or Tavaratra mouse lemur is found in North-western Madagascar in Ankarana Reserve....
- Rufous Dog-faced BatRufous Dog-faced BatThe Rufous Dog-faced Bat , is a bat species from South America. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru and Suriname....
- Rufous Elephant-shrew
- Rufous Hare-wallabyRufous Hare-wallabyThe rufous hare-wallaby , also known as the Mala, is a small macropod found in Australia. It was formerly widely distributed across the western half of the continent but is now confined to Bernier Island and Dorre Island Islands off Western Australia...
- Rufous Horseshoe BatRufous Horseshoe BatThe Rufous Horseshoe Bat is a species of bat in the Rhinolophidae family. It is found in China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam.-References:* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. . Downloaded on 30 July 2007....
- Rufous Mouse OpossumRufous Mouse OpossumThe rufous mouse opossum, Marmosa lepida, is an opossum species from South America. The species has been found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru and Surinam in lowland tropical rainforest at altitudes from 100 to 1000 m. It is presumed to feed on insects and fruit, like its close...
- Rufous Rat-kangarooRufous Rat-kangarooThe Rufous Rat-kangaroo , also known as the Rufous Bettong, is a small species of the family Potoroidae found in Australia. It is found in coastal and subcoastal regions from Newcastle in New South Wales to Cooktown in Queensland, and was formerly found in the Murray River Valley of New South Wales...
- Rufous Soft-furred Spiny-ratRufous Soft-furred Spiny-ratThe Rufous Soft-furred Spiny-rat is a species of rodent in the Echimyidae family.It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama.-References:...
- Rufous Trident Bat
- Rufous-bellied Bolo MouseRufous-bellied Bolo MouseThe Rufous-bellied Bolo Mouse is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae.It is found in Argentina and Bolivia.-References:* Dunnum, J., Vargas, J., Bernal, N. & Jayat, J.P. 2008. . Downloaded on 18 April 2009....
- Small Rufous Horseshoe BatSmall Rufous Horseshoe BatThe Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat is a species of bat in the Rhinolophidae family. It is endemic to the Philippines.-References:* Chiroptera Specialist Group 1996. . Downloaded on 30 July 2007....