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Rubus occidentalis

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	Rubus occidentalis
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	Topics Rubus occidentalis Topic Home *Rubus occidentalis* is a species of RubusRubus *Rubus* is a genus of plant in the Family Rosaceae, Subfamily Rosoideae.... native to eastern North AmericaNorth America North America is a continent in the Earth's northern hemisphere and almost fully in the western hemisphere.... . The common name Black RaspberryBlack raspberry Black raspberry is a common name for two closely related species of the genus Rubus:... is shared with the closely related western American species Rubus leucodermisFacts About Rubus leucodermis *Rubus leucodermis* is a species of Rubus native to western North America, from British Columbia, Canada south to Cali... . Other names occasionally used include wild black raspberry, black caps, black cap raspberry, and thimbleberry. Rubus occidentalis is a deciduousDeciduous Deciduous means "temporary" or "tending to fall off" .... shrubShrub A shrub or bush is a horticultural rather than strictly botanical category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree b... growing to 2–3 m tall, with thornySpine (biology) In biology, spine or spiny may refer to:... shoots. The leavesFacts About Leaf In botany, a leaf is an above-ground plant organ specialized for photosynthesis.... are pinnateLeaf shape In botany, the following terms are used to describe the shape of plant leaves:... , with five leaflets on leaves strong-growing stems in their first year, and three leaflets on leaves on flowering branchlets. The flowerFlower A flower,rflorem<flos), also known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found i... s are distinct in having long, slender sepalSepal A sepal is an individual unit of the *calyx* of a flower.... s 6–8 mm long, more than twice as long as the petalPetal A petal, regarded as a highly modified leaf, is one member or part of the corolla of a flower.... s. The round-shaped fruitFruit The term fruit has different meanings depending on context.... is a 12–15 mm diameter aggregation of drupeDrupe In botany, a drupe is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part surrounds a shell of hardened endocarp with a seed ins... lets; it is edible, and has a high content of anthocyaninAnthocyanin Anthocyanins are water soluble vacuolar flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH.... s and ellagic acidEllagic acid Ellagic acid is a polyphenol antioxidant found in numerous fruits and vegetables including raspberries, strawberries, cranbe... . Black raspberries are high in anthocyanins. This has led to them being very useful as natural dyes and, since anthocyanins are powerful antioxidants, to a great deal of interest in them for their potential nutraceuticalNutraceutical Nutraceutical is a portmanteau of "nutritional" and "pharmaceutical" and refers to foods thought to have a beneficial effect... value. Extensive work has been ongoing at Ohio State UniversityOhio State University The Ohio State University is a coeducational public research university in the U.S.... to evaluate their benefit for cancerCancer Summary Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability of these cells to... treatment in mammalian test systems, and the first clinical trials on patients with esophagealEsophageal Overview Esophageal can refer to:* The esophagus... cancer. The black raspberry is also closely related to the red raspberriesRaspberry The Raspberry or Red Raspberry is a plant that produces a tart, sweet, red composite fruit in summer or early autumn.... Rubus idaeusFacts About Rubus idaeus *Rubus idaeus* is a species of Rubus, native to Europe and northern Asia.... and Rubus strigosusRubus strigosus *Rubus strigosus* is a species of Rubus native to most of North America.... , sharing the distinctively white underside of the leaves and fruit that readily detaches from the carpel, but differing in the ripe fruit being black, and in the stems being more thorny. The black fruit makes them look like BlackberriesBlackBerry The BlackBerry is a wireless handheld device introduced in 1999 which supports push e-mail, mobile telephone, text messaging... , though this is only superficial, with the taste being unique and not like either the red raspberry or the blackberry. In much of the Mid-Atlantic United States, black raspberries are simply called Blackberries, even though they are not. As suggested by the common name, black raspberries usually have very dark purple-black fruits, rich in anthocyanin pigments. However, due to occasional mutations in the genes controlling anthocyanin production, yellow-fruited variants sometimes occur, and have been occasionally propagated, especially in home/farm gardens in the midwestern United States (e.g.,OhioOhio Ohio is a Midwestern state of the United States.... ). The yellow-fruited variants of the black raspberry retain that species' distinctive flavor, different from the similar-appearing pale-fruited variants of cultivated red raspberries (generally the Eurasian Rubus idaeusRubus idaeus *Rubus idaeus* is a species of Rubus, native to Europe and northern Asia.... , but with some being the North American Rubus strigosusRubus strigosus Summary *Rubus strigosus* is a species of Rubus native to most of North America.... , and other cultivars representing hybrids between these two widespread species). Commercial growing and processing The center for black raspberry production is in the Willamette ValleyWillamette Valley The Willamette Valley , with the accent on the second syllable) is the region in northwest Oregon in the United States that ... in OregonOregon Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.... . The main cultivar, 'Munger', is grown on about 600 ha (1500 acres). Other cultivars include 'John Robertson', 'Allen', 'Jewel', 'Blackhawk', 'Macblack', 'Plum Farmer', 'Dundee', 'Hanover', and 'Huron'. The plants are summer tipped by hand, mechanically pruned in winter and then machine harvested. The yields are generally low per acre and this is why the fruits are often expensive. The species has been used in the breeding of many Rubus hybrids; those between red and black raspberries are common under the name purple raspberries; 'Brandywine', 'Royalty' and 'Estate' are examples of purple raspberry cultivars. The berries are typically dried, frozen or made into puréePurée Summary Pur?e and mash are general terms for food, usually vegetables or legumes, that have been ground, pressed, and/or stra... s and juices or processed as colorants. Two well known liqueurLiqueur A liqueur is a sweet alcoholic beverage, often flavoured with fruits, herbs, spices, flowers, seeds, roots, plants, barks, a... s predominantly based on black raspberry fruit include France's Chambord Liqueur Royale de FranceChambord Liqueur Royale de France Chambord Liqueur Royale de France is a liqueur that is made in the Loire valley in France.... and South Korea's various manufacturers of Bokbunja.