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Rubidium chloride

 

 
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Rubidium chloride
 
 
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Rubidium chloride is the alkali metal halideHalide

A halide is a binary compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less...
 RbCl. This alkali halide finds diverse uses, from electrochemistryElectrochemistry

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the reactions which take place at the interface of an electronic cond...
 to molecular biologyMolecular biology

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level....
.
StructureIn its gas phase, RbCl is diatomic with a bond length estimated at 2.7868 Å. This distance increases to 3.285 Å for cubic RbCl, reflecting the higher coordination number of the ions in the solid phase.

Depending on conditions, solid RbCl exists in one of three arrangements or polymorphsPolymorphism (materials science)

Polymorphism in materials science is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure....
 as determined with holographic imaging:
Sodium chlorideSodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl....
’s octahedral 6:6The NaCl polymorph is most common. A cubic close-packedCubic crystal system

The cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube....
 arrangement of chloride anions with rubidium cations filling the octahedral holes describes this polymorph. Both ions are six-coordinate in this arrangement. This polymorph’s lattice energy is only 3.2 kJ/mol less than the following structure’s.
Caesium chlorideCaesium chloride

Caesium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula CsCl....
’s cubic 8:8At high temperature and pressure, RbCl adopts the CsCl structure (NaCl and KCl undergo the same structural change at high pressures).






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Encyclopedia


Rubidium chloride is the alkali metal halideHalide

A halide is a binary compound, of which one part is a halogen atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less...
 RbCl. This alkali halide finds diverse uses, from electrochemistryElectrochemistry

Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies the reactions which take place at the interface of an electronic cond...
 to molecular biologyMolecular biology

Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level....
.

Structure

In its gas phase, RbCl is diatomic with a bond length estimated at 2.7868 Å. This distance increases to 3.285 Å for cubic RbCl, reflecting the higher coordination number of the ions in the solid phase.

Depending on conditions, solid RbCl exists in one of three arrangements or polymorphsPolymorphism (materials science)

Polymorphism in materials science is the ability of a solid material to exist in more than one form or crystal structure....
 as determined with holographic imaging:

Sodium chlorideSodium chloride

Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl....
’s octahedral 6:6

The NaCl polymorph is most common. A cubic close-packedCubic crystal system

The cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube....
 arrangement of chloride anions with rubidium cations filling the octahedral holes describes this polymorph. Both ions are six-coordinate in this arrangement. This polymorph’s lattice energy is only 3.2 kJ/mol less than the following structure’s.

Caesium chlorideCaesium chloride

Caesium chloride is the chemical compound with the formula CsCl....
’s cubic 8:8

At high temperature and pressure, RbCl adopts the CsCl structure (NaCl and KCl undergo the same structural change at high pressures). Here, the chloride ions form a body-centered cubicCubic crystal system

The cubic crystal system is a crystal system where the unit cell is in the shape of a cube....
 arrangement with chloride anions occupying the vertices of a cube surrounding a central Rb+. This is RbCl’s densest packing motif. Because a cube has eight vertices, both ions’ coordination numbers equal eight. This is RbCl’s highest possible coordination number. Therefore, according to the radius ratio rule, cations in this polymorph will reach their largest apparent radius because the anion-cation distances are greatest.

SphaleriteSphalerite Overview

Sphalerite is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc....
’s tetrahedral 4:4

The sphalerite polymorph of rubidium chloride is extremely rare, resulting in few structural studies. The lattice energyLattice energy

The lattice energy of an ionic solid is the amount of energy given off per number of ions when the oppositely charged ions i...
, however, for this formation is predicted to nearly 40.0 kJ/mol smaller than those of the preceding structures.

Synthesis

  • The most common preparation of pure rubidium chloride involves the reaction of its hydroxideHydroxide

    Hydroxide is a polyatomic ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen:...
     with hydrochloric acidHydrochloric acid

    The chemical compound hydrochloric acid is the aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas....
    , followed recrystallizationRecrystallization

    In chemistry, recrystallization is a procedure for purifying compounds....
    :

RbOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ? RbCl(aq) + H2O(l)



  • An equilibrium reaction involving volatileVolatility (chemistry)

    Volatility in chemistry is speed that a chemical compound evaporates....
     rubidiumRubidium

    Rubidium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Rb and atomic number 37....
    , metallic sodiumSodium

    Sodium is a chemical element which has the symbol Na , atomic number 11, atomic mass 22.9898 g/mol, oxidation number +1....
    , and molten rubidium chloride is another plausible pathway:

Rb(s) + NaCl(s) RbCl(l) + Na(s)



  • An expensive technique requires the reaction of rubidium metal with the desired halogen:

2Rb(s) + Cl2 (g) ? 2RbCl(s)



Because RbCl is hygroscopic, it must be protected from atmospheric moisture, e.g. using a desiccatorDesiccator

Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for preserving moisture-sensitive items....
. RbCl is primarily used in laboratories. Therefore, numerous suppliers (see below) produce it in smaller quantities as needed. It is offered in a variety of forms for chemical and biomedical research.

Uses

  • Generally, RbCl can be used as an electrolyte in water.
  • Nanowires, an electrochemical prospect, are well oriented by dilute RbCl ions on micaMica

    The mica group of sheet silicate minerals includes several closely related materials having highly perfect basal cleavage....
    .
  • Rubidium chloride has been shown to modify coupling between circadian oscillatorsCircadian rhythm

    A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings, including plants, animals, fu...
     via reduced photaic input to the suprachiasmatic nucleiSuprachiasmatic nucleus

    The suprachiasmatic nucleus is situated in the hypothalamus immediately above the optic chiasm on either side of the third v...
    . The outcome is a more equalized circadian rhythm, even for stressed organisms.
  • Infusing tumorTumor

    Tumor or tumour literally means "swelling", and is sometimes still used with that meaning....
     cells with rubidium chloride increases their pHPH

    pH is a measure of the acidity of a solution, in terms of activity of hydrogen ions ....
    . Some researchers believe that this increase prohibits the activation of enzymeEnzyme

    Enzymes are proteins that accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions....
    s such as oncogenicOncogenic

    An oncogenic process is any tumor-forming process....
     phosphatases and that would usually increase the cells’ malignantMalignant

    In medicine, malignant is a clinical term that is used to describe a clinical course that progresses rapidly to death....
     potential. This is thought to occur through rubidium chloride’s inactivation of essential ionic hydrogenHydrogen

    |-| Triple point || 13.8033 K, 7.042 kPa...
    .
  • RbCl is an excellent non-invasive biomarker. The compound dissolves well in water and readily be taken up by organismOrganism

    In biology and ecology, an organism is a living complex adaptive system of organs that influence each other in such a way t...
    s. Once broken in the body, Rb+ replace K+Potassium Summary

    Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K and atomic number 19....
     in tissues because they are from the same chemical groupPeriodic table group

    A periodic table group is a vertical column in the periodic table of the chemical elements....
    . An example of this is the use of a radioactive isotopeRubidium chloride rb-82

    Rubidium chloride Rb-92 is a form of rubidium chloride using a radioactive isotope of rubidium....
     to evaluate perfusionPerfusion

    In physiology, perfusion is the process of nutritive delivery of arterial blood to a capillary bed in the biological tissue....
     of heart muscleMyocardium

    Myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart....
    .
  • RbCl transformationTransformation (genetics)

    Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic...
     for competent cellsCompetence (biology)

    In cell biology, competence is the ability of a cell, usually a bacterium, to take extracellular DNA from its environment an...
     is arguably the compound’s most abundant use. Cells are treated with a hypotonicHypotonic

    In biology, a hypotonic cell environment is an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm of the c...
     solution containing RbCl expand. As a result, the expulsion of membrane proteins allows negatively charged DNADNA

    Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions for the biological development of a cellu...
     to bind.

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