Rosario Garibaldi Bosco
Encyclopedia
Rosario Garibaldi Bosco (Palermo, July 28, 1866 - Turin, December 2, 1936) was an Italian politician and writer; a Republican-inspired socialist. He was one of the leaders of the Fasci Siciliani
Fasci Siciliani
The Fasci Siciliani, short for Fasci Siciliani dei Lavoratori , were a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration, which arose in Sicily in the years between 1889 and 1894...

(Sicilian Leagues), a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891-1894.

Fasci Siciliani

He founded the Fasci dei lavoratori in Palermo
Palermo
Palermo is a city in Southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old...

 (June 29, 1892) and was part of the central committee of the Fasci Siciliani (1893-1894). He was the keenest socialist among the Fasci leaders. In August 1892 he attended the Italian Socialist Party
Italian Socialist Party
The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II...

 congress at Genoa and on his return obediently purged his fascio of its anarchist and other non-socialist members. His ideal of a united democratic front was shared by the father of Sicilian socialism, Napoleone Colajanni
Napoleone Colajanni
Napoleone Colajanni was an Italian writer, journalist, criminologist, socialist and politician. In the 1880s he abandoned republicanism for socialism, and became Italy’s leading theoretical writer on the issue for a time...

.

Following the repression by the government of Francesco Crispi
Francesco Crispi
Francesco Crispi was a 19th-century Italian politician of Arbëreshë ancestry. He was instrumental in the unification of Italy and was its 17th and 20th Prime Minister from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896.-Sicily:Crispi’s paternal family came originally from the small agricultural...

, he was arrested on January 16, 1894 and was brought to trial. Acquitted on charges of armed conspiracy, he was nevertheless sentenced to 12 years for inciting civil war. After two years he was released in March 1896 as the result of a pardon recognizing the excessive brutality of the repression. After his release, Bosco and the other Fasci leaders Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida
Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida was a Sicilian socialist politician and journalist. He is considered to be one of the founders of the Fasci Siciliani a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration.-Early life:Born in a humble family in Catania, he soon lost his father, and spent his...

 and Nicola Barbato
Nicola Barbato
Nicola Barbato, , was a Arbëreshë socialist and politician. He was one of the national leaders of the Fasci Siciliani a popular movement of democratic and socialist inspiration in 1891-1894, and perhaps might have been the ablest among them, according to the Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm.-Early...

 were met by a large crowd of supporters in Rome, who released the horses form their carriage and dragged them to the hotel, cheering for socialism and denouncing Crispi.

Elected in Parliament

On May 26, 1895, while still in prison for the Fasci revolt, he was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies
Italian Chamber of Deputies
The Italian Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Parliament of Italy. It has 630 seats, a plurality of which is controlled presently by liberal-conservative party People of Freedom. Twelve deputies represent Italian citizens outside of Italy. Deputies meet in the Palazzo Montecitorio. A...

 for the district of Palermo, but the appointment was canceled because his age was less than that required by law.

In 1896 he founded the Socialist Federation of Palermo (Italian: Federazione socialista palermitana). Initially he joined the revolutionary current but passed over to more moderate positions. He wrote regularly for the news outlet of the organisation, Il Giornale dei lavoratori.

Camera del Lavoro

Garibaldi Bosco went to Paris (France) to study the organizational model of Bourse du travail
Bourse du Travail
The Bourse du Travail , a French form of the labour council, were working class organizations that encouraged mutual aid, education, and self-organization amongst their members in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.-Labor:Early Third Republic France was a time of dramatic social and...

(French for "labour exchanges"), a kind of labour council
Labour council
A labour council, trades council or industrial council is an association of labour unions or union branches in a given area. Most commonly, they represent unions in a given geographical area, whether at the district, city, region, or provincial or state level...

, where working class organizations encouraged mutual aid, education, and self-organization amongst their members. As a result, he founded the Camera del Lavoro
Camera del Lavoro
Camera del Lavoro were centers for Italian Syndicalist labor unions, modeled on the French Bourse du Travail, which flourished from 1895 to the rise of Fascism in the 1920s....

 in Palermo in 1901. In his inaugural speech he urged moderation to the workers and to take an interest organization, rather than strikes.

He was also a realist writer, and his play Il giorno di San Sebastiano (Saint Sebastian Day) was the namesake feature film
Il giorno di San Sebastiano
Il giorno di San Sebastiano is an Italian film written and directed by Pasquale Scimeca. The film is based on true historical events, the Caltavuturo massacre that took place on January 20, 1893, in Caltavuturo in the Province of Palermo , during the celebration of Saint Sebastian.On that day some...

 written and directed by Pasquale Scimeca
Pasquale Scimeca
-Filmography:* Il giorno di San Sebastiano * Placido Rizzotto * Gli indesiderabili * Il cavaliere sole * Malavoglia -External links:...

 in 1993. The play is based on the Caltavuturo massacre
Caltavuturo massacre
The Caltavuturo massacre took place on January 20, 1893, in Caltavuturo in the Province of Palermo , when during the celebration of Saint Sebastian, some 500 peasants returning from the symbolic occupation of 250 hectares of communal land were dispersed by soldiers and policemen, killing 13 and...

 on January 20, 1893, when during the celebration of Saint Sebastian, a firing squad killed 13 peasants who claimed their right to state-owned land.
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