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Romanian Revolution of 1989
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The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Government of Nicolae Ceausescu. After a trial by a kangaroo court, Ceausescu and his wife Elena were executed. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its government violently or to execute its leaders.
n neighboring countries, by 1989 the bulk of the Romanian populace was dissatisfied with the Communist regime.
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Encyclopedia
The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the Government of Nicolae Ceausescu. After a trial by a kangaroo court, Ceausescu and his wife Elena were executed. Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to overthrow its government violently or to execute its leaders.
Background
As in neighboring countries, by 1989 the bulk of the Romanian populace was dissatisfied with the Communist regime. However, unlike other Eastern Bloc countries, Romania had never undergone even limited de-Stalinization. Ceausescu's economic and development policies (including grandiose construction projects such as the Palace of the Parliament and a draconian austerity program designed to enable Romania to liquidate its entire national debt in only a few years) were generally blamed for the country's painful shortages and widespread, increasing poverty. Parallel with increasing poverty, the secret police (Securitate) were becoming so ubiquitous as to make Romania essentially a police state.
Unlike the other Warsaw Pact leaders, Ceausescu had not been slavishly pro-Soviet, but rather had pursued an "independent" foreign policy based on that of Josip Broz Tito's Yugoslavia (which Ceausescu used to his advantage after his death). While Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev spoke of reform, Ceausescu emulated the political hard-line, megalomania, and personality cults of East Asian communist leaders such as North Korea's Kim Il Sung. Even after the Berlin Wall fell and Ceausescu's closest comrades, GDR's leader Eric Honecker resigned, and Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov was replaced in November 1989, Ceausescu ignored the threat to his position as the last old-style communist leader in Eastern Europe.
Timisoara protest
On December 16, a protest broke out in Timisoara in response to an attempt by the government to evict a dissident, Hungarian Reformed pastor László Tokés. Tokés had recently made critical comments toward the regime in the international media, and the government alleged that he was inciting ethnic hatred. At the behest of the government, his bishop removed him from his post, thereby depriving him of the right to use the apartment he was entitled to as a pastor, and sending him to be a pastor in countryside. For some time, his parishioners gathered around his home to protect him from harassment and eviction. Many passers-by, including religious Romanian students, unaware of the details and having been told by the pastor's supporters that this was yet another attempt of the communist regime to restrict religious freedom, spontaneously joined in.
As it became clear that the crowd would not disperse, the mayor, Petre Mot, made remarks suggesting that he had overturned the decision to evict Tokés. Meanwhile, the crowd had grown impatient — and since Mot declined to confirm his statement against the planned eviction in writing, the crowd started to chant anticommunist slogans. Consequently, police and Securitate forces showed up at the scene. By 7:30 p.m., the protest had spread out, and the original cause became largely irrelevant. Some of the protesters attempted to burn down the building that housed the District Committee of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR). The Securitate responded with tear gas and water jets, while the police beat up rioters and arrested many of them. Around 9:00 p.m., the rioters withdrew. They regrouped eventually around the Romanian Orthodox Cathedral and started a protest march around the city, but again they were confronted by the security forces.
Riots and protests resumed the following day, December 17. The rioters broke into the District Committee building and threw Party documents, propaganda brochures, Ceausescu's writings, and other symbols of communist power out the windows. Again, the protesters attempted to set the building on fire, but this time they were stopped by military units. Since Romania did not have a riot police (Ceausescu, who believed the Romanian people loved him, never saw the need for the formation of one), the military were sent in to control the riots, since the situation was too large for the Securitate and police to handle. The significance of the army presence in the streets was an ominous one: it meant that they had received their orders from the highest level of the command chain, presumably from Ceausescu himself. The army failed to establish order and chaos ensued with gunfire, fights, casualties, and burned cars. Transport Auto Blindat (TAB) armored personnel carriers and tanks were called in. After 8:00 p.m., from Piata Libertatii (Liberty Square) to the Opera there was wild shooting, including the area of Decebal bridge, Calea Lipovei (Lipovei Avenue), and Calea Girocului (Girocului Avenue). Tanks, trucks, and TABs blocked the accesses into the city while helicopters hovered overhead. After midnight the protests calmed down. Ion Coman, Ilie Matei, and Stefan Gusa inspected the city, in which some areas looked like the aftermath of a war: destruction, ash, and blood.
The morning of December 18, the centre was being guarded by soldiers and Securitate-agents in plainclothes. Mayor Mot ordered a Party gathering to take place at the University, with the purpose of condemning the "vandalism" of the previous days. He also declared martial law, prohibiting people from going about in groups larger than two people. Defying the curfew, a group of 30 young men headed for the Orthodox Cathedral, where they stopped and waved a Romanian flag from which they had removed the Romanian Communist coat of arms. Expecting that they would be fired upon, they started to sing "Desteapta-te, române!" (Wake up, Romanians), an earlier national song that had been banned since 1947. They were, indeed, fired upon and some died, and others were seriously injured, while the lucky ones were able to escape.
On December 19, Radu Balan and Stefan Gusa visited the workers in the city’s factories, but failed to get them to resume work. On December 20, massive columns of workers were entering the city. About 100,000 protesters occupied Piata Operei (Opera Square — today Piata Victoriei, Victory Square) and started to chant anti-government protests: "Noi suntem poporul!" ("We are the people!"), "Armata e cu noi!" ("The army is on our side!"), "Nu va fie frica, Ceausescu pica!" ("Have no fear, Ceausescu will fall"). Meanwhile, Emil Bobu and Constantin Dascalescu were sent by Elena Ceausescu (Nicolae Ceausescu being at that time in Iran), to solve the situation. They met with a delegation of the protesters and accepted freeing the majority of the arrested protesters. However, they refused to comply with the protesters’ main demand (resignation of Ceausescu), and the situation remained essentially unchanged. The next day, trains loaded with workers originating from factories in Oltenia arrived in Timisoara. The regime was attempting to use them to repress the mass protests, but they finally ended up joining the protests. One worker explained: "Yesterday, our factory boss and a Party official rounded us up in the yard, handed us wood clubs and told us that Hungarians and ‘hooligans’ were devastating Timisoara and that it is our duty to go there and help crush the riots. But now I realize that this is not true."
On December 18, 1989, Ceausescu had departed for a visit to Iran, leaving the duty of crushing the Timisoara revolt to his subordinates and his wife. Upon his return on the evening of December 20, the situation became even more tense, and he gave a televised speech from the TV studio inside the Central Committee Building (CC Building), in which he spoke about the events at Timisoara in terms of an "interference of foreign forces in Romania's internal affairs" and an "external aggression on Romania's sovereignty." The country, which had no information of the Timisoara events from the national media, heard about the Timisoara revolt from Western radio stations like Voice of America and Radio Free Europe, and by word of mouth. A mass meeting was staged for the next day, December 21, which, according to the official media, was presented as a "spontaneous movement of support for Ceausescu," emulating the 1968 meeting in which Ceausescu had spoken against the invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Warsaw Pact forces.
The revolt spreads to Bucharest
On the morning of December 21, Ceausescu addressed an assembly of approximately 110,000 people, to condemn the uprising in Timisoara. However, Ceausescu was out of touch with his people and completely misread the crowd's mood. Starting his speech in the usual "wooden language, spurting out pro-socialist and Communist Party rhetoric," Ceausescu delivered a litany of the achievements of the "socialist revolution" and Romanian "multi-laterally developed socialist society." The people, however, remained apathetic, and only the front rows supported Ceausescu with cheers and applause. Ceausescu's lack of understanding of the recent events and his incapacity to handle the situation were further demonstrated when he offered, as an act of desperation, to raise workers' salaries by 100 lei per month (about 4 US dollars at the time, yet a 5-10% raise for a modest salary) while continuing to praise the achievements of the Socialist Revolution, unable to realize that a revolution was brewing right in front of his eyes.
As he was addressing the crowd from the balcony of the Central Committee building, sudden movement came from the outskirts of the massed assembly, as did the sound of (what various sources have reported as) fireworks, bombs, or guns, which together caused the assembly to break into chaos. Initially frightened, the crowds tried to disperse. Bullhorns then began to spread the news that the Securitate was firing on the crowd and that a "revolution" was unfolding. This persuaded people in the assembly to join in. The rally turned into a protest demonstration.
The entire speech was being broadcast live around Romania, and it is estimated that perhaps 76% of the nation was watching. Censors attempted to cut the live video feed, and replace it with communist propaganda songs and video praising the Ceausescu regime, but parts of the riots had already been broadcast and most of the Romanian people realized that something unusual was in progress.
Ceausescu and his wife, as well as other officials and CPEx members, panicked, and Ceausescu went into hiding inside the building.
The reaction of the Ceausescu couple on the balcony is memorable: They staged futile attempts to regain control over the uprising crowd using phone conversation formulas such as "Alo, Alo" ("Hello, Hello"), Ceausescu's wife "advised" him how to contain the situation "Vorbeste-le, vorbeste-le" ("Talk to them, talk to them"), and they urged the crowd "Stati linistiti la locurile voastre" ("Stay quiet in your places"). In the end Ceausescu allowed himself to be directed into the Central Committee building by his underlings.
The jeers and whistles soon erupted into riot; the crowd took to the streets, placing the capital, like Timisoara, in turmoil. Members of the crowd spontaneously began shouting anti-communist and anti-Ceausescu slogans, which spread and became chants: "Jos dictatorul!" ("Down with the dictator"), "Moarte criminalului!" ("Death to the murderer"), "Noi suntem poporul, jos cu dictatorul!" ("We are the People, down with the dictator"), "Ceausescu cine esti?/Criminal din Scornicesti" ("Ceausescu, who are you? A murderer from Scornicesti"). Protesters eventually flooded the downtown area, from Piata Kogalniceanu to Piata Unirii, Piata Rosetti, and Piata Romana. In one notable scene from the event, a young man waved a tricolour with the Communist coat of arms torn out of its center, while perched on the statue of Mihai Viteazul on Boulevard Mihail Kogalniceanu in the University Square, .
As the hours passed, many more people took to the streets. Soon the protesters — unarmed and unorganized — were confronted by soldiers, tanks, TABs, USLA troops (Unitatea Speciala pentru Lupta Antiterorista, anti-terrorist special squads), and armed plain-clothes Securitate officers. The crowd was soon being shot at from various buildings, side streets, and tanks. There were many casualties, including deaths, as victims were shot, clubbed to death, stabbed, and crushed by armored vehicles (one TAB drove into the crowd around the Intercontinental Hotel, crushing people — a French journalist, Jean Louis Calderon, was killed; a street near University Square was later named after him). Firefighters hit the demonstrators with powerful water jets and the police continued to beat and arrest people. Protesters managed to build a defensible barricade in front of Dunarea ("Danube") restaurant, which stood until after midnight, but was finally torn apart by government forces. Intense continuous shooting continued until after 3:00 a.m., by which time the survivors had fled the streets.
Records of the fighting that day include footage shot from helicopters — sent to raid the area and to record evidence for eventual reprisals — as well as by tourists in the high tower of the centrally located InterContinental hotel, next to the National Theater and across the street from the University.
It is likely that in the small hours of December 22, the Ceausescus made their second mistake of the day: Instead of fleeing the city under cover of night, they decided to wait until morning to leave. Ceausescu must have thought that his desperate attempts to crush the protests had succeeded, because he apparently called another meeting for the next morning. However, before 7:00 a.m., his wife Elena received the news that large columns of workers from many industrial platforms (large communist-era factories or groups of factories concentrated into industrial zones) were heading towards downtown Bucharest. The police barricades that were meant to block access to Piata Universitatii (University Square) and Piata Palatului (Palace Square, now Piata Revolutiei — Revolution Square) proved useless. By 9:30 a.m., University Square was jammed with protestors. Security forces (army, police and others) re-entered the area, only to join with the protesters.
By 10 A.M., as the radio broadcast was announcing the introduction of martial law and of a ban on groups larger than five persons, yet hundreds of thousands of people were gathering for the first time, spontaneously, in central Bucharest (the previous day's crowd had come together at Ceausescu's orders). Ceausescu attempted to address the crowd from the balcony of the Central Committee of the Communist Party building, but his attempt was met with a wave of disapproval and anger. Helicopters spread manifestos (which did not reach the crowd, due to unfavourable winds) instructing people not to fall victim to the latest "diversion attempts," but to go home instead and enjoy the Christmas feast. This order, which drew unfavorable comparisons to Marie Antoinette's haughty "Let them eat cake", further infuriated the people, who at that time had trouble procuring such basic foodstuffs as cooking oil.
Ceausescu falls
On the morning of December 22, sometime around 9:30 a.m., Vasile Milea, Ceausescu's minister of defense, died under suspicious circumstances. A communiqué by Ceausescu stated that Milea had been found to be a traitor and that he had committed suicide after his treason was revealed. The most widespread opinion at the time was that Milea had been assassinated because of his refusal to follow Ceausescu's orders. In 2005 an investigation concluded that the minister killed himself by shooting at his heart, but the bullet avoided the heart, hit an artery nearby, and he died soon afterwards.
Upon learning of Milea's apparent suicide, Ceausescu appointed Victor Stanculescu as minister of defense. He accepted after a brief hesitation. Stanculescu, however, ordered the troops back to their quarters without Ceausescu's knowledge, and moreover persuaded Ceausescu to leave by helicopter, thus making the dictator a fugitive. By refusing to carry out the orders of Ceausescu's (who was still technically commander-in-chief of the army), Stanculescu played a central role in the overthrow of the dictatorship. "I had the prospect of two execution squads: Ceausescu's and the revolutionary one!" confessed Stanculescu later. In the afternoon, Stanculescu "chose" Iliescu's political group from among others that were striving for power in the aftermath of the recent events.
At 11:20 on 22 December 1989, the commander of Ceausescu's flight, Lieutenant-Colonel Vasile Malutan, received instructions from General Lieutenant Opruta to proceed to Palace Square to pick up the president. As he flew over Palace Square, he saw it was impossible to land there. Malutan landed his white Dauphin, no. 203, on the terrace at 11:44. A man brandishing a white net curtain from one of the windows waved him down. Malutan said, "Then Stelica, the co-pilot, came to me and said that there were demonstrators coming to the terrace. There the Ceausescus came out, both practically carried by their bodyguards ... They look as if they were fainting. They were white with terror. Manescu (one of the vice-presidents) and Bobu (Secretary to the Central Committee) were running behind them. Manescu, Bobu, Neagoe and another Securitate officer scambled to the four seats in the back ... As I pulled Ceausescu in, I saw the demonstrators running across the terrace ... There wasn't enough space, Elena Ceausescu and I were squeezed in between the chairs and the door .. We were only supposed to carry four passengers .. We had six."
According to Malutan, it was 12:08 when they left for Snagov.
After they arrived there, Ceausescu took Maultan into the presidential suite and ordered him to get two helicopters filled with soldiers for an armed guard, and a further Dauphin to come to Snagov. Malutan's unit commander replied on the phone, "There has been a revolution .. You are on your own ... Good luck!". Malutan then said to Ceausescu that the second motor was now warmed up and they need to leave soon, but he could only take four people not six. Manescu and Bobu stayed behind. Ceausescu then ordered Malutan to head for Titu. Near Titu, Malutan says that he made the helicopter dip up and down. He lied to Ceausescu, saying that this was to avoid anti-aircraft fire, since they would now be in range. The dictator panicked and told him to land.
He did so in a field next to the old road that led to Pitesti. Malutan then told his four passengers that he could do nothing more. The Securitate men ran to the roadside and began to flag down passing cars. Two cars were flagged down, one of a forestry official and one a red Dacia of a local doctor. However, the local doctor was keen not to get involved and after a short time driving the Ceausescus faked engine trouble. A car of a bicycle repair man was then flagged down and he took them to Târgoviste. The driver of the car, Nicolae Petrisor, convinced them that they could hide successfully in an agricultural technical institute on the edge of town. When they arrived, the director guided the Ceausescus into a room and then locked them in. They were arrested by the local police at about 3:30 p.m., then after some wandering around transported to the Târgoviste garrison's military compound, and held captive for about 3 days, untill their trial. On 24 December, Ion Iliescu, head of the newly formed Council of the Front of National Salvation signed a Decree on the establishment of the Extraordinary Military Tribunal. The trial was held on December 25, lasted for about 2 hours, and delivered death-sentence for the couple. The execution followed immediately, on the spot, being carried out by three paratroopers with their service guns.
Footage of the trial and of the executed Ceausescus was promptly released in Romania and to the rest of the world. The very moment of execution was not filmed since the cameraman was too slow, and he managed to get out into the court just as the shooting ended.
The new regime
, Ion Iliescu and Petre Roman]]
After Ceausescu left, the crowds in Palace Square entered a celebratory mood, perhaps even more intense than in the other former Eastern Bloc countries because of the recent violence. People cried, shouted, and gave each other gifts. The occupation of the Central Committee building continued. People threw Ceausescu's writings, official portraits, and propaganda books out the windows, intending to burn them. They also promptly ripped off the giant letters from the roof making up the word "communist" ("communist") in the slogan: "Traiasca Partidul Comunist Român!" ("Long live the Communist Party of Romania!"). A young woman appeared on the rooftop and waved a flag with the coat of arms torn or cut out.
At that time, fierce fights were underway at Bucharest Otopeni International Airport between troops sent one against another under claims that they were going to confront terrorists. According to a book by Ceausescu's bodyguard, Securitate Lieutenant Colonel Dumitru Burlan, the generals who were part of the conspiracy led by General Stanculescu were trying to create fictional terrorism scenarios in order to induce fear and to push the army onto the side of the plotters.
However, the seizure of power by the new political structure National Salvation Front (FSN), which "emanated" from the second tier of the Communist Party leadership with help of the plotting generals, was not yet complete. Forces considered to be loyal to the old regime (spontaneously nicknamed "terrorists") opened fire on the crowd and attacked vital points of socio-political life: the television, radio, and telephone buildings, as well as Casa Scânteii (the center of the nation's print media, which serves a similar role today under the name Casa Presei Libere, "House of the Free Press") and the post office in the district of Drumul Taberei; Piata Palatului (site of the Central Committee building, but also of the central university library, the national art museum, and the Ateneul Român, Bucharest's leading concert hall); the university and the adjoining Piata Universitatii (one of the city's main intersections); Otopeni and Baneasa airports; hospitals, and the Ministry of Defence.
During the night of December 22–December 23, Bucharest residents remained on the streets, especially in the attacked zones, fighting (and ultimately winning, even at the cost of many lives) a battle with an elusive and dangerous enemy. With the military confused by contradictory orders, true battles ensued, with many real casualties. At 9:00 p.m. on December 23, tanks and a few paramilitary units arrived to protect the Palace of the Republic.
Meanwhile, messages of support were flooding in from all over the world: France (President François Mitterrand) ; the Soviet (President Mikhail Gorbachev); Hungary (the Hungarian Socialist Party); the new East German government (at that time the two German states were not yet formally reunited); Bulgaria (Petar Mladenov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Bulgaria); Czechoslovakia (Ladislav Adamec, leader of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, and Václav Havel, the dissident writer, revolution leader and future president of the Republic); China (the Minister of Foreign Affairs); the United States (President George H. W. Bush) ; West Germany (Foreign Minister Hans Dietrich Genscher); NATO (Secretary General Manfred Wörner); the United Kingdom (Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher); Spain; Austria; the Netherlands; Italy; Portugal; Japan (the Japanese Communist Party); and the Moldavian SSR.
In the following days, moral support was followed by material support. Large quantities of food, medicine, clothing, medical equipment, etc., were sent to Romania. Around the world, the press dedicated entire pages and sometimes even complete issues to the Romanian revolution and its leaders.
On December 24, Bucharest was a city at war. Tanks, APCs, and trucks continued to go on patrol around the city and to surround trouble spots in order to protect them. At intersections near strategic objectives, roadblocks were built; automatic gunfire continued in and around Piata Universitatii, the Gara de Nord (the city's main railroad station), and Piata Palatului. Yet amid the chaos, some people were seen to be clutching makeshift Christmas trees. "Terrorist activities" continued until December 27, when they abruptly stopped. Nobody ever found who conducted them, or who ordered their termination.
Casualties
The total number of deaths in the Romanian Revolution was 1,104, of which 162 were in the protests that led to the overthrow of Nicolae Ceausescu (December 16–22, 1989) and 942 in the fighting that occurred after the seizure of power by the new political structure National Salvation Front (FSN). The number of wounded was 3,352, of which 1,107 occurred while Ceausescu was still in power and 2,245 after the National Salvation Front took power.
Aftermath
The Revolution brought Romania vast attention from the outside world. Initially, much of the world's sympathy inevitably went to the National Salvation Front government under Ion Iliescu, a former member of the Communist Party leadership and a Ceausescu ally prior to falling into the dictator's disgrace in the early 1980s. The National Salvation Front, composed mainly of former members of the second echelon of the Communist Party, immediately assumed control over the state institutions, including the main media outlets, such as the national radio and television networks. They used their control of the media in order to launch virulent propaganda-style attacks against their new political opponents, the traditional democratic parties, which re-emerged after more than 50 years of underground activity.
Much of that sympathy was squandered during the Mineriad of January 1990 when miners and police, responding to Iliescu's appeals, invaded Bucharest and brutalized students and intellectuals who protested what they described as the hijacking of the Romanian Revolution by former members of the communist leadership under the auspices of the National Salvation Front, in an attempt to suppress any genuine political opposition.
In May 1990, partly due to the National Salvation Front's use of the media and of the partly preserved Communist Party infrastructure to silence the democratic opposition, Iliescu became Romania's first elected president after the revolution, with a majority of 85%. These elections have been condemned as undemocratic by both Romanian traditional parties and by the Western media.
Iliescu remained the central figure in Romanian politics for more than a decade, being re-elected for the third time in 2000, after a term out of power between 1996–2000. The survival of Ceausescu’s former ally demonstrated the ambiguity of the Romanian revolution, at once the most violent in 1989 and yet one that, according to some, did not cause enough change. Iliescu’s protégé and successor at the head of the ruling ex-communist Social Democratic Party, Adrian Nastase, was defeated by Justice and Truth coalition candidate Traian Basescu in the 2004 presidential elections. In 2005, the Memorial of Rebirth was inaugurated to commemorate the victims of the Revolution.
Controversy
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To this day, there is a debate about what may have been going on behind the scenes. At what point did which leaders of the army and police abandon Ceausescu? Had they merely decided that Ceausescu had become a liability, or did they genuinely want deeper change? How long before taking power on December 22, 1989, did the National Salvation Front (FSN — Frontul Salvarii Nationale), composed entirely of figures from the old regime, begin organizing itself and to what degree? Some conjecture that the formation may date back as far as 1982.
There are also many conspiracy theories about the roles of organizations such as the CIA and the KGB, and their alleged involvement in the revolution.
The lack of drive for democratic change in 1989 Romania was and is poorly understood in the West. The large majority of the population only wanted a better life and not necessarily democracy or regime change. This explains why Iliescu, a member of the communist party since his youth and who always repeated his socialist ideals has been in power for almost all 1990s decade. The events in 1989 Romania were not a revolution, just a coup d'état.
There are several conflicting views on the events in Bucharest that led to the fall of Ceausescu in 1989. One view is that a portion of the Romanian Communist Party CPEx (Political Executive Council) tried and failed to bring about a scenario similar to that in the rest of the Eastern bloc Communist countries, where the Communist leadership would resign en masse, allowing a new government to emerge peacefully. Another view is that a group of military officers successfully staged a conspiracy against Ceausescu. Several officers have claimed that they had been part of a conspiracy directed against Ceausescu, but evidence beyond their own claims is scant, at best. The latter view is buttressed by a series of interviews given 2003–04 by former Securitate Lieutenant Colonel Dumitru Burlan, Ceausescu’s long-time bodyguard. The two theories are not necessarily mutually exclusive.
In November 1989, Ceausescu had visited Mikhail Gorbachev, who asked him to resign: Ceausescu flatly refused. The question of a possible resignation arose again on December 17, 1989, when Ceausescu assembled the CPEx (Political Executive Council) to decide upon the necessary measures to crush the Timisoara uprising. Although meeting minutes were taken, and were presented at the trial of several CPEx members, the surviving stenograma (minutes) at the time of the trial were frustratingly incomplete: pages were missing, including the discussion of a possible resignation.
According to the testimony of CPEx members Paul Niculescu-Mizil and Ion Dinca during their trial, at this meeting, just like in Bulgaria and East Germany, two of the members of CPEx disagreed with the use of force to suppress the uprising. In response, Ceausescu offered his resignation and asked the members of CPEx to elect another leader. However, other members of CPEx, including Gheorghe Oprea and Constantin Dascalescu asked Ceausescu not to resign, but to sack those two who opposed his decisions instead. Later that day, Ceausescu left Romania to visit Iran, leaving the task of resolving the uprising in Timisoara to his wife and other acolytes.
According to one of the recent insider memoirs, following the Timisoara uprising, a group of conspiring Securitate generals took advantage of this opportunity to launch a coup in Bucharest. The coup, allegedly in preparation since 1982, was originally planned for New Year’s Eve, but it had to be redesigned on-the-move, so as to take advantage of the favourable developments. The lead-conspirator, General Stanculescu, was part of Ceausescu’s inner circle, and he is said to have convinced the dictator to hold the mass rally in front of the Central Committee building, in a plaza that had already been prepared with remote-controlled automatic guns. These remote-controlled automatic guns were set to fire randomly over the crowd after the flight of Ceausescu and the fall of evening darkness (around 5 p.m.).
At one point, there was a battle over Otopeni Airport near Bucharest where each side apparently thought the other was fighting on behalf of Ceausescu. This led to the question of who was shooting at whom, and which side did they think they were serving?
For several months after the events of December 1989, it was widely argued that Iliescu and the FSN had merely taken advantage of the chaos to stage a coup. However, a coup d'etat does not change the social system of a country, while after the Revolution of 1989 Romania switched from a nationalistic and dictatorial stalinism to an emerging capitalism.
Bibliography
- Stefanescu, Domnita Cinci ani din Istoria României ("Five years in the history of Romania"), 1995. Masina de Scris, Bucharest.
- The series of 3 articles in the Romanian newspaper Adevarul, 2003 () entitled "Eu am fost sosia lui Nicolae Ceausescu" ("I was Ceausescu’s double"). These are about Col. Dumitru Burlan, who also wrote a book Dupa 14 ani — Sosia lui Ceausescu se destainuie ("After 14 Years — The Double of Ceausescu confesses"). Editura Ergorom, July 31 2003. (All in Romanian.)
- Viorel Patrichi, "" ("I was Ceausescu's double"), Lumea Magazin Nr 12, 2001 (in Romanian)
- Marian Oprea, "Au trecut 15 ani — Conspiratia Securitatii" ("After 15 years — the conspiracy of Securitate"), : (in Romanian; link leads to table of contents, verifying that the article exists, but the article itself is not online).
- Victor Stanculescu, "" "Show no mercy, they have two billion lei [33 million U.S. dollars] in their bank account") in Jurnalul National) Nov 22, 2004 (in Romanian)
- —, ("Suicide - a term to cover up a crime") in Jurnalul National (retrieved from web site December 30 2004; no date indicated for original publication); on the death of Vasile Milea. (in Romanian)
- , condemning the protests of Timisoara, broadcast on December 20 1989 (in Romanian)
- Mark Almond, Uprising: Political Upheavals that have Shaped the World, 2002. Mitchell Beazley, London.
- Marius Mioc, , asa cum a fost, 1997, Brumar Publishing House, Timisoara (in Romanian)
- Marius Mioc, of 1989, Marineasa Publishing House, Timisoara 2002
- George Galloway and Bob Wylie, Downfall: The Ceausescus and the Romanian Revolution, 1991, Futura Publications, London. ISBN 0 7088 5003 0
See also
External links
- in Republican Square
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- from 22 and 23 of December 1989
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