Robert Schuman

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Robert Schuman

Robert Schuman (29 June 1886 4 September 1963) was a noted French

France

Popular Republican Movement

The Popular Republican Movement was a French Christian Democracy political party of the French Fourth Republic. Its leaders included Georges Bidault, Robert Schuman, Paul Coste-Floret, Pierre-Henri Teitgen and Pierre Pflimlin....
) and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of the European Union

European Union

The European Union is an economic and political union of 27 European Union member state, located primarily in Europe. It was established by the Treaty of Maastricht on 1 November 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community....
, the Council of Europe

Council of Europe

The Council of Europe is the oldest international organisation working towards European integration, having been founded in 1949. It has a particular emphasis on legal standards, human rights, democracy development, the rule of law and cultural co-operation....
and NATO

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization , also called the Atlantic Alliance, is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949....
.

man was a man of several cultures.

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Encyclopedia

Robert Schuman (29 June 1886 4 September 1963) was a noted French

France

Popular Republican Movement

European Union

Council of Europe

NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization , also called the Atlantic Alliance, is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949....
.

Biography

Early assets

Schuman was a man of several cultures. His father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (1837-1900), was born in Évrange, Lorraine

Moselle

Moselle is a departments of France in the east of France named after the Moselle River....
, just across the border with Luxembourg. Jean-Pierre Schuman was a French citizen but after Alsace-Lorraine

Alsace-Lorraine

Alsace-Lorraine was a territorial entity created by the German Empire in 1871 after the annexation of most of Alsace and the Moselle region of Lorraine in the Franco-Prussian War....
was annexed by the German Empire

German Empire

The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from the unification of Germany and proclamation of William I, German Emperor as German Emperor on 18 January 1871, to 1918, when it became Weimar republic after defeat in World War I and the abdication of William II, German Emperor ....
in 1871, he became a German citizen. Robert's mother, Eugénie Duren (1864-1911), a Luxembourgian born in Bettembourg

Bettembourg

Bettembourg is a Communes of Luxembourg and town in southern Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette , which is part of the district of Luxembourg ....
, became a German citizen by marriage in 1884.

Schuman was born in 1886 in Clausen

Clausen, Luxembourg

Clausen is a Quarters of Luxembourg City in central Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg.In 2001, the quarter had a population of 886 people....
, a suburb of Luxembourg as a German by virtue of the principle of jus sanguinis
Jus sanguinis

Jus sanguinis is a social policy by which nationality or citizenship is not determined by place of birth, but by having an ancestor who is a national or citizen of the state....
. His mother tongue was Luxembourgish but was taught French

French language

French is a Romance language spoken around the world by around 80 million people as first language, by 190 million as second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired tongue, with significant speakers in 54 countries....
and Standard German

German language

German is a West Germanic languages, thus related to and classified alongside English language and Dutch language. It is one of the world's world language and the most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union....
at school. Since he learned French only in school (which is mandatory in Luxembourg) he spoke it with a distinct accent..

Schuman pursued his secondary education at the Athénée de Luxembourg

Athénée de Luxembourg

The Ath?n?e de Luxembourg , is a high school in Luxembourg City, in southern Luxembourg. It's commonly called Stater Koll?isch or De Koll?isch, and is the nation's oldest and most prestigious high school....
secondary school in Luxembourg, a former Jesuit College. He then decided to study at German universities, but since the Luxembourg secondary school diploma was not valid in Germany, he had to pass an the entrance exam

Abitur

'Abitur' is a designation used in Germany and Finland for final exams that pupils take at the end of their secondary education, usually after 12 or 13 years of schooling ....
at the Kaiserliches Gymnasium in Metz

Metz

Metz is a city in the northeast of France, capital of the Lorraine R?gion in France and prefecture of the Moselle Departments of France.It is located at the confluence of the Moselle River and the Seille rivers....
. His university education in law, economics, political philosophy, theology and statistics took place in the German education system. He received his law degree after studying at the University of Bonn

University of Bonn

The University of Bonn is a public research university located in Bonn, Germany. Founded in 1818 the University of Bonn is today one of the leading universities in Germany....
, the University of Munich, the Humboldt University in Berlin

Berlin

Berlin is the Capital of Germany city and one of sixteen States of Germany of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million within its city limits, Berlin is the country's largest city....
and in Strasbourg

Strasbourg

Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace Regions of France in northeastern France. With 702,412 inhabitants in 2007, its metropolitan area is the Aire urbaine....
in Alsace.

After graduation he became a lawyer and was elected to the city council of Metz. He wrote a song called Wild Rider.

Inter-war period

After the First World War

World War I

World War I, or the First World War , was a global military conflict which involved the Great powers, organized into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War I and the Central Powers....
, Alsace-Lorraine

Alsace-Lorraine

France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
citizen in 1919.

Schuman became active in French politics. In 1919 he was first elected as député to parliament on a regional list, and later serving as the député for Thionville

Thionville

Thionville , is a Communes of France in the Moselle Departments of France in Lorraine in northeastern France.The city is located near the Moselle River....
until 1958 with an interval during the war years. He made a major contribution to the drafting and parliamentary passage of the Lex Schuman by the French parliament. Schuman also investigated and patiently uncovered postwar corruption in the Lorraine steel industries.

World War II

In 1940, because of his expertise on Germany, Schuman was called to become a member of Paul Reynaud's wartime government. Later that year, he was arrested for acts of resistance and protest against Nazi methods. He was interrogated by the Gestapo

Gestapo

The was the official secret police of Nazi Germany. Under the overall administration of the Schutzstaffel , it was administered by the Reichssicherheitshauptamt and was considered a dual organization of the Sicherheitsdienst and also a suboffice of the Sicherheitspolizei ....
but thanks to an honourable German, he was saved from being sent to Dachau. Transferred as a personal prisoner of Gauleiter Joseph Buerckel, he escaped in 1942 and joined the French Resistance

French Resistance

File:Croix de Lorraine2.svgThe French Resistance is the collective name used for the French resistance movements which fought against the Nazi Germany German occupation of France in World War II and the collaborationist Vichy Regime during World War II....
. Although his life was still at risk, he spoke to friends about a Franco-German and European reconciliation that must take place after the end of hostilities, as he had already done in 1939-40.

French minister

After the war Schuman rose to great prominence. He was Minister of Finance, then Prime Minister

Prime Minister of France

The Prime Minister of France in French Fifth Republic is the functional head of the government and French government ministers of France. The head of state in France is the President of the French Republic....
from 1947–1948, assuring parliamentary stability during a period of revolutionary strikes and attempted insurrection. He was part of the Third Force

Third force (France)

The Third force was a coalition which governed in France from 1947 to 1952. It was composed of center-left and center-right parties in order to defend the Fourth Republic faced with the French Communist Party and Charles De Gaulle's Gaullist Party ....
coalition governments which opposed to both the Communists

French Communist Party

The French Communist Party is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. Although its electoral support has greatly declined in recent decades, it remains the largest party in France advocating communist views, and retains a large membership and considerable influence in French politics....
and Gaullists

Gaullism

Gaullism is a Politics of France based on the thought and action of Charles de Gaulle....
. Becoming Foreign Minister in 1948, he retained the post in different governments until early 1953. Schuman's first government proposed the creation of a European Assembly, making the issue a governmental matter for Europe. This proposal saw life as the Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule Schuman had set. At the signing of its Statutes at St James's Palace, London, 5 May 1949, the founding States agreed to defining the frontiers of Europe based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated there. He also announced a coming supranational union for Europe. In September 1948 as Foreign Minister, he had announced before the United Nations General Assembly, France's aim to create a democratic organisation for Europe which a post-Nazi and democratic Germany could join. In 1949-50, he made a series of speeches in Europe and North America about creating a supranational European Community. This structure, he said, would create lasting peace between Member States.

On 9 May 1950, these principles of supranational democracy were announced in a Declaration jointly prepared by Paul Reuter, the legal adviser at the Foreign Ministry, his chef-de Cabinet, Bernard Clappier and Jean Monnet

Jean Monnet

Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet is regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity. Never elected to public office, Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected pragmatic internationalist....
and two of his team.The French Government agreed to the Schuman Declaration which invited the Germans and all other European countries to manage their coal and steel industries jointly and democratically in Europe's first supranational Community with its five foundational institutions. On 18 April 1951 six founder members signed the Treaty of Paris (1951)

Treaty of Paris (1951)

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 18 April, 1951 between France, West Germany, Italy and the three Benelux countries established the European Coal and Steel Community , which subsequently became part of the European Union....
that formed the basis of the European Coal and Steel Community

European Coal and Steel Community

The European Coal and Steel Community was a six-nation international organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating the foundation for European democracy and the modern-day developments of the European Union....
. They declared this date and the corresponding democratic, suprantional principles to be the 'real foundation of Europe'. Three Communities have been created so far. The Treaties of Rome, 1957, created the Economic community and the nuclear non-proliferation Community, Euratom. Together with intergovernmental machinery of later treaties, these eventually evolved into the European Union

European Union

Schuman Declaration

File:Schuman Declaration.oggThe Schuman Declaration is a governmental proposal by then-Foreign Minister of France Robert Schuman to place the coal and steel industries of France and West Germany under a common High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community....
, was made on 9 May 1950 and to this day 9 May is designated Europe Day

Europe Day

In Europe, Europe Day is an annual celebration of peace and unity in Europe. There are two separate Europe Days, taking place on the 5 May and the 9 May, established by the Council of Europe and the European Union respectively....
.

As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Schuman was instrumental in the creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, NATO. Schuman also signed the Treaty of Washington for France.The defensive principles of Nato's Article 5 were also repeated in the European Defence Community

European Defence Community

The European Defense Community was a plan proposed in 1950 by Ren? Pleven, the French President of the Council , in response to the United States call for the rearmament of West Germany....
Treaty which failed as the French National Assembly declined to vote its ratification. Schuman was a proponent of an Atlantic Community. This was strongly resisted by Communists, ultranationalists and Gaullists.

European politics

Schuman later served as Minister of Justice before becoming the first President of the European Parliamentary Assembly

President of the European Parliament

The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. He or she also represents the Parliament within the EU and internationally....
(the successor to the Common Assembly) which bestowed on him by acclamation the title 'Father of Europe'. He is considered one of the founding fathers of the European Union

Founding fathers of the European Union

The Founding Fathers of the European Union are a number of men who have been recognised as making a major contribution to the development of European unity and what is now the European Union....
. In 1958 he received the Karlspreis

Karlspreis

The Karlspreis is one of the most prestigious European prizes. It has been awarded once a year since 1950 by the Germany city of Aachen to people who contributed to the ideals upon which it has been founded....
, an Award by the German city of Aachen

Aachen

is a historic spa town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the westernmost city of Germany, located along its borders with Belgium and the Netherlands, 65 km west of Cologne....
to people who contributed to the European idea and European peace, commemorating Charlemagne

Charlemagne

Charlemagne was List of Frankish kings from 768 to his death. He expanded the Franks kingdoms into a Carolingian Empire that incorporated much of Western Europe and Central Europe....
, ruler of what is today France and Germany, who resided and is buried at Aachen. He was also a knight of the Order of Pope Pius IX.

Celibate, modest and un-ostentatious, Schuman was an intensely religious man and Bible scholar. He was strongly influenced by the writings of Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII

Pope Pius XII , born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , reigned as the 260th pope, head of the Roman Catholic Church and monarch of Vatican City, from March 2, 1939 until his death in 1958....
, St. Thomas Aquinas

Thomas Aquinas

Saint Thomas Aquinas, Dominican Order was a priest of the Roman Catholic Church in the Dominican Order from Italy, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism, known as Doctor Angelicus and Doctor Communis....
and Jacques Maritain

Jacques Maritain

Jacques Maritain was a France Catholic philosopher. Raised as a protestant, he converted to Catholicism in 1906. An author of more than 60 books, he is responsible for reviving St....
. It was announced on 15 May 2004 that the diocesan investigation of the cause of beatification

Beatification

Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic church of a dead person's accession to Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name ....
would soon conclude, this might have as its result that Schuman will be declared "Blessed" by the Roman Catholic Church

Roman Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Church, officially known as the Catholic Church is the world's largest Christianity Ecclesia , representing over half of all Christians and one-sixth of the world population....
.

Memorials

The Schuman District

Brussels and the European Union

Brussels is considered to be the de facto Capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting the institutions of the European Union within its European Quarter....
of Brussels

Brussels

Brussels , officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is the de facto capital city of the European Union and the largest urban area in Belgium....
(including a metro/railway station

Schuman station

Schuman station is a railway and Brussels metro station in the City of Brussels. The metro station opened in 1969 and serves the Brussels and the European Union of Brussels....
, square

Town square

Public square and city square redirect here. For Public Square, Cleveland, see Public Square and for City Square in Leeds see Leeds City Square....
) is named in his honour. Around the square ("Schuman roundabout

Schuman roundabout

Schuman Roundabout , or Schuman Square, is a roundabout at the end of Wetstraat/Rue de la Loi in Brussels that serves as a focus for major institutions of the European Union ....
") can be found various European institutions, including the Berlaymont building

Berlaymont building

The Berlaymont is an office building in Brussels, Belgium that houses the headquarters of the European Commission, which is the Executive of the European Union ....
which is the headquarters of the European Commission

European Commission

The European Commission is the executive of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Treaties of the European Union and the general day-to-day running of the Union....
and has a monument to Schuman outside, as well as key European Parliament

European Parliament

The European Parliament is the only direct election parliamentary institution of the European Union . Together with the Council of the European Union , it forms the bicameral Institutions of the European Union#Legislature of the Institutions of the European Union and has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world....
buildings. In the nearby Cinquantenaire

Cinquantenaire

Jubelpark or Parc du Cinquantenaire is a large public, urban park in the easternmost part of the Brussels and the European Union in Brussels, Belgium....
Park, there is a bust of Schuman as a memorial to him.

A Social Science University named after him

Robert Schuman University

The Universit? Robert Schuman, also known as Strasbourg III or URS, was a university in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. In 2007, there were nearly 10,000 students enrolled at the university, including more than 1,500 foreign students....
lies in Strasbourg

Strasbourg

Strasbourg is the capital and principal city of the Alsace Regions of France in northeastern France. With 702,412 inhabitants in 2007, its metropolitan area is the Aire urbaine....
(France) along with the Avenue du President Robert Schuman in that city's European Quarter

European Institutions in Strasbourg

There are a range of European Institutions in Strasbourg , the oldest of which dates back to 1815. In all, there are more than twenty different institutions based in the Alsace city....
. In Luxembourg

Luxembourg

Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a small landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany....
there is a , Boulevard Robert Schuman and a Robert Schuman Building

European Parliament in Luxembourg

The European Parliament's presence in Luxembourg City currently consists of the Secretariat of the European Parliament, although the Parliament had held plenary sessions in the city for a brief period....
, of the European Parliament. The was restored by the European Parliament and can be visited; as can his home in Scy-Chazelle just outside Metz.

In Aix-en-Provence, a town in Bouches-du-Rhone, France, there is an Avenue Robert Schumann, which houses the three university buildings of the town and in Ireland

Ireland

Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
there is a building in the University of Limerick

University of Limerick

The University of Limerick was established in 1972 as the National Institute for Higher Education, Limerick and became a university by Act of the Oireachtas in 1989 in accordance with the ....
named the "Robert Schuman" building. This building is commonly referred to by the students of the University simply as "the Schuman", or jokingly as "the Shoeman".

Schuman in numismatics

Schuman has left such a legacy behind, that he was the main motive for one of the most recent and famous gold commemorative coin: the Belgian 3 pioneers of the European unification gold coin

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Belgium)

Euro gold and silver commemorative coins are special euro coins Mint and issued by member states of the Eurozone, mainly in gold and silver, although other precious metals are also used in rare occasions....
, minted in 2002. The obverse side shows a portrait with the names Robert Schuman, Paul-Henri Spaak

Paul-Henri Spaak

Paul Henri Charles Spaak was a Belgium Socialist politician and statesman....
and Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Adenauer

Konrad Hermann Josef Adenauer , 5 January 1876 ? 19 April 1967) was a Germany statesman.Although his political career spanned sixty years, beginning as early as 1906, he is most noted for his role as the Chancellor of Germany of West Germany from 1949?1963 and chairman of the Christian Democratic Union from 1950 to 1966....
.

Governments

First ministry (24 November 1947 - 26 July 1948)

Robert Schuman - President of the Council
Georges Bidault
Georges Bidault

Georges-Augustin Bidault was a France politician. During World War II, he was active in the French Resistance. After the war, he served as foreign minister and prime minister on several occasions before he joined the Organisation arm?e secr?te....
- Minister of Foreign Affairs
Pierre-Henri Teitgen
Pierre-Henri Teitgen

Pierre-Henri Teitgen was a France attorney at law, professor and politician.Teitgen was born in Rennes, Brittany. Made prisoner of war in 1940, he played a major role in the French Resistance....
- Minister of National Defense
Jules Moch
Jules Moch

Jules Salvador Moch was a France politician....
- Minister of the Interior
René Mayer - Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
Robert Lacoste
Robert Lacoste

Robert Lacoste was born at Azerat on 5th July 1898 and died at P?rigueux on 8th March 1989. A French politician, he was a Socialist Party MP of the Dordogne from 1945 to 1958 and from 1962 to 1967, then senator from 1971 to 1980....
- Minister of Commerce and Industry
Daniel Mayer - Minister of Labour and Social Security
André Marie
André Marie

Andr? Marie was a French Radical politician who served as Prime Minister during the French Fourth Republic in 1948....
- Minister of Justice
Marcel Edmond Naegelen - Minister of National Education
François Mitterrand
François Mitterrand

Fran?ois Maurice Adrien Marie Mitterrand served as President of France from 1981 to 1995, elected as representative of the French Socialist Party ....
- Minister of Veterans and War Victims
Pierre Pflimlin
Pierre Pflimlin

Pierre Eug?ne Jean Pflimlin was a France Christian Democratic politician who served as the penultimate List of Prime Ministers of France of the French Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the May 1958 crisis....
- Minister of Agriculture
Paul Coste-Floret
Paul Coste-Floret

Paul Coste-Floret was a France politician. He was born and died in Montpellier, France....
- Minister of Overseas France
Christian Pineau
Christian Pineau

Christian Pineau was a noted French Resistance fighter.He was born in Chaumont-en-Bassigny, Haute-Marne, France and died in Paris.A World War II French Resistance leader and a close ally of Charles de Gaulle, he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943 and survived Buchenwald concentration camp....
- Minister of Public Works and Transport
Germaine Poinso-Chapuis - Minister of Public Health and Population
René Coty
René Coty

Ren? Jules Gustave Coty was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president under the French Fourth Republic....
- Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning

Changes:

12 February 1948 - Édouard Depreux
Édouard Depreux

?douard Depreux was a French Socialism journalist, essayist, and politician of the French Fourth Republic; he was born in Viesly and died in Paris....
succeeds Naegelen as Minister of National Education.

Second ministry (5 September - 11 September 1948)

Robert Schuman
Robert Schuman

Robert Schuman was a noted France statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat and an independent political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building post-war European and trans-Atlantic institutions and is regarded as one of the founders of t...
- President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
René Mayer - Minister of National Defense
André Marie
André Marie

Andr? Marie was a French Radical politician who served as Prime Minister during the French Fourth Republic in 1948....
- Vice President of the Council
Jules Moch
Jules Moch

Jules Salvador Moch was a France politician....
- Minister of the Interior
Christian Pineau
Christian Pineau

Christian Pineau was a noted French Resistance fighter.He was born in Chaumont-en-Bassigny, Haute-Marne, France and died in Paris.A World War II French Resistance leader and a close ally of Charles de Gaulle, he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943 and survived Buchenwald concentration camp....
- Minister of Finance and Economic Affairs
Robert Lacoste
Robert Lacoste

Robert Lacoste was born at Azerat on 5th July 1898 and died at P?rigueux on 8th March 1989. A French politician, he was a Socialist Party MP of the Dordogne from 1945 to 1958 and from 1962 to 1967, then senator from 1971 to 1980....
- Minister of Commerce and Industry
Daniel Mayer - Minister of Labour and Social Security
Robert Lecourt
Robert Lecourt

Robert Lecourt was a French politician and lawyer, judge and the fourth President of the European Court of Justice.Lecourt was born in Seine-Maritime, Normandy....
- Minister of Justice
Tony Revillon - Minister of National Education
Jules Catoire - Minister of Veterans and War Victims
Pierre Pflimlin
Pierre Pflimlin

Pierre Eug?ne Jean Pflimlin was a France Christian Democratic politician who served as the penultimate List of Prime Ministers of France of the French Fourth Republic for a few weeks in 1958, before being replaced by Charles de Gaulle during the May 1958 crisis....
- Minister of Agriculture
Paul Coste-Floret
Paul Coste-Floret

Paul Coste-Floret was a France politician. He was born and died in Montpellier, France....
- Minister of Overseas France
Henri Queuille
Henri Queuille

Henri Queuille was a France Radical-Socialist Party politician prominent in the French Third Republic and French Fourth Republic Republics. After World War II, he served three times as Prime Minister of France....
- Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
Pierre Schneiter
Pierre Schneiter

Fran?ois Charles Pierre Schneiter was a France politician.Pierre Schneiter was born in Reims, elder son of Charles Albert Schneiter, a vintner, and Jeanne Marie Alice Sart....
- Minister of Public Health and Population
René Coty
René Coty

Ren? Jules Gustave Coty was President of France from 1954 to 1959. He was the second and last president under the French Fourth Republic....
- Minister of Reconstruction and Town Planning

External links

, biographical information plus analysis of Schuman's work initiating a supranational European Community, why it is a major political innovation, and its comparison with classical federalism. Site includes some of Schuman's key speeches announcing the innovation in 1949-50.
is vested in the Robert Schuman-Haus
(9 May 1950)
- European Navigator
from the UK Foreign minister Ernest Bevin
Ernest Bevin

Ernest Bevin Privy Council of the United Kingdom was a United Kingdom labour leader, politician, and statesman best known for his time as Minister of Labour in the war-time coalition government, and as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs in the post-war Labour Party government....
to Robert Schuman, urging a reconsideration of the industrial dismantling policy in Germany.