Ribosomal RNA
Encyclopedia
RNA
Ribonucleic acid , or RNA, is one of the three major macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life....
component of the ribosome
Ribosome
A ribosome is a component of cells that assembles the twenty specific amino acid molecules to form the particular protein molecule determined by the nucleotide sequence of an RNA molecule....
, the enzyme
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates...
that is the site of protein synthesis in all living cells. Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
s and interacts with tRNAs during translation
Translation (genetics)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the third stage of protein biosynthesis . In translation, messenger RNA produced by transcription is decoded by the ribosome to produce a specific amino acid chain, or polypeptide, that will later fold into an active protein...
by providing peptidyl transferase
Peptidyl transferase
The Peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide links between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis....
activity. The tRNAs bring the necessary amino acids corresponding to the appropriate mRNA codon.
Inside the ribosome
The ribosomal RNAs form two subunits, the large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU). mRNA is sandwiched between the small and large subunits and the ribosome catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the 2 amino acids that are contained in the rRNA.A ribosome also has 3 binding sites called A, P, and E.
- The A site in the ribosome binds to an aminoacyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to an amino acid).
- The amino (NH2) group of the aminoacyl-tRNA, which contains the new amino acid, attacks the ester linkage of peptidyl-tRNA (contained within the P site), which contains the last amino acid of the growing chain, forming a new peptide bond. This reaction is catalyzed by peptidyl transferasePeptidyl transferaseThe Peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide links between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis....
. - The tRNA that was holding on the last amino acid is moved to the E site, and what used to be the aminoacyl-tRNA is the peptidyl-tRNA.
A single mRNA can be translated simultaneously by multiple ribosomes.
Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes can be broken down into two subunits (the S in 16S16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA is a component of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It is approximately 1.5kb in length...
represents Svedberg
Svedberg
A svedberg is a non-SI physical unit used for sedimentation coefficients. It characterizes the behaviour of a particle type in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. The svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10-13 seconds A svedberg (symbol S, sometimes...
units):
| Type | Size | Large subunit | Small subunit >- | prokaryotic |
70S | 50S 50S 50S is the larger subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes. It is the site of inhibition for antibiotics such as macrolides, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and the pleuromutilins. It includes the subunits 5S and 23S.-Structure:... (5S 5S ribosomal RNA 5S ribosomal RNA is a component of the large ribosomal subunit in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes .Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesised by RNA polymerase III, whereas most other eukaroytic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I... , 23S 23S ribosomal RNA The 23S rRNA is a 2904 nt long component of the large prokaryotic subunit The ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity resides in this rRNA... ) |
30S 30S 30S is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes. It is a complex of ribosomal RNA and ribonucleoproteins that functions in mRNA translation... (16S 16S ribosomal RNA 16S ribosomal RNA is a component of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It is approximately 1.5kb in length... ) >- | eukaryotic |
80S | 60S 60S 60S is the large ribosomal subunit in eukaryotes. It corresponds to 50S in prokaryotes.It consists of the following:* 5S* 28S* 5.8SThe following is a list of proteins contained within the 60S ribosome:... (5S 5S ribosomal RNA 5S ribosomal RNA is a component of the large ribosomal subunit in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes .Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesised by RNA polymerase III, whereas most other eukaroytic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I... , 5.8S 5.8S ribosomal RNA In molecular biology the 5.8S ribosomal RNA is a non-coding RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in protein translation. It is transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S and 28S rRNA. Its function is... , 28S 28S ribosomal RNA 28S ribosomal RNA is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S ribosomal RNA; this is the structural RNA for the large component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells.... ) |
40S (18S 18S ribosomal RNA 18S ribosomal RNA is a part of the ribosomal RNA. The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is a component of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit... ) |
Note that the S units of the subunits cannot simply be added because they represent measures of sedimentation rate rather than of mass. The sedimentation rate of each subunit is affected by its shape, as well as by its mass.
Prokaryotes
In prokaryotes a small 30S ribosomal subunit contains the 16S16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA is a component of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It is approximately 1.5kb in length...
rRNA.
The large 50S ribosomal subunit contains two rRNA species (the 5S and 23S
23S ribosomal RNA
The 23S rRNA is a 2904 nt long component of the large prokaryotic subunit The ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity resides in this rRNA...
rRNAs).
Bacterial 16S
16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA is a component of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It is approximately 1.5kb in length...
, 23S
23S ribosomal RNA
The 23S rRNA is a 2904 nt long component of the large prokaryotic subunit The ribosomal peptidyl transferase activity resides in this rRNA...
, and 5S rRNA genes are typically organized as a co-transcribed operon
Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm, or undergo trans-splicing to create...
.
There may be one or more copies of the operon
Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm, or undergo trans-splicing to create...
dispersed in the genome
Genome
In modern molecular biology and genetics, the genome is the entirety of an organism's hereditary information. It is encoded either in DNA or, for many types of virus, in RNA. The genome includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA/RNA....
(for example, Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms . Most E. coli strains are harmless, but some serotypes can cause serious food poisoning in humans, and are occasionally responsible for product recalls...
has seven).
Archaea
Archaea
The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon...
contains either a single rDNA operon
Operon
In genetics, an operon is a functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single regulatory signal or promoter. The genes are transcribed together into an mRNA strand and either translated together in the cytoplasm, or undergo trans-splicing to create...
or multiple copies of the operon.
The 3' end of the 16S
16S ribosomal RNA
16S ribosomal RNA is a component of the 30S subunit of prokaryotic ribosomes. It is approximately 1.5kb in length...
rRNA (in a ribosome) binds to a sequence on the 5' end of mRNA called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
The Shine-Dalgarno sequence , proposed by Australian scientists John Shine and Lynn Dalgarno , is a ribosomal binding site in the mRNA, generally located 8 basepairs upstream of the start codon AUG. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence exists only in prokaryotes. The six-base consensus sequence is AGGAGG;...
.
Eukaryotes
Tandem repeat
Tandem repeats occur in DNA when a pattern of two or more nucleotides is repeated and the repetitions are directly adjacent to each other. -Example:An example would be:in which the sequence A-T-T-C-G is repeated three times.-Terminology:...
s; in humans approximately 300–400 rDNA repeats are present in five clusters (on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22).
The 18S
18S ribosomal RNA
18S ribosomal RNA is a part of the ribosomal RNA. The S in 18S represents Svedberg units. 18S rRNA is a component of the small eukaryotic ribosomal subunit...
rRNA in most eukaryotes is in the small ribosomal subunit, and the large subunit contains three rRNA species (the 5S
5S ribosomal RNA
5S ribosomal RNA is a component of the large ribosomal subunit in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes .Eukaryotic 5S rRNA is synthesised by RNA polymerase III, whereas most other eukaroytic rRNAs are cleaved from a 45S precursor transcribed by RNA polymerase I...
, 5.8S
5.8S ribosomal RNA
In molecular biology the 5.8S ribosomal RNA is a non-coding RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in protein translation. It is transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S and 28S rRNA. Its function is...
and 28S
28S ribosomal RNA
28S ribosomal RNA is the eukaryotic nuclear homologue of the prokaryotic 23S ribosomal RNA; this is the structural RNA for the large component of eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes, and thus one of the basic components of all eukaryotic cells....
rRNAs).
Mammalian cells have 2 mitochondrial (12S
12S ribosomal RNA
Mitochondrially encoded 12S RNA is a 959 nt long mitochondrial ribosomal RNA . In humans, 12S is encoded by the MTRNR1 gene.All animal mitochondria genomes contain 37 genes, 2 rRNA, 22 tRNA and 13 mRNA...
and 16S
MT-RNR2
Mitochondrially encoded 16S RNA is a mitochondrial ribosomal RNA that in humans is encoded by the MT-RNR2 gene. The MT-RNR2 gene also encodes the humanin polypeptide that has been the target of Alzheimer's disease research....
) rRNA molecules and 4 types of cytoplasmic rRNA (the 28S, 5.8S, 18S, and 5S subunits). The 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs are encoded by a single transcription unit (45S) separated by 2 internally transcribed spacers
Internal transcribed spacer
ITS refers to a piece of non-functional RNA situated between structural ribosomal RNAs on a common precursor transcript. Read from 5' to 3', this polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript contains the 5' external transcribed sequence , 18S rRNA, ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, ITS2, 28S rRNA and finally the 3'ETS...
. The 45S rDNA organized into 5 clusters (each has 30-40 repeats) on chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22. These are transcribed by RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase I
RNA polymerase I is, in eukaryotes, the enzyme that only transcribes ribosomal RNA , a type of RNA that accounts for over 50% of the total RNA synthesized in a cell....
. 5S occurs in tandem arrays
Tandemly arrayed genes
Tandemly arrayed genes are a gene cluster created by tandem duplications. They serve to encode large numbers of genes at a time. An example are tandem clusters of rRNA encoding genes. These genes are translated faster than they would be if only a single copy of the gene was available.-See also:*...
(~200-300 true 5S genes and many dispersed pseudogenes), the largest one on the chromosome 1q41-42. 5S rRNA is transcribed by RNA polymerase III
RNA polymerase III
RNA polymerase III transcribes DNA to synthesize ribosomal 5S rRNA, tRNA and other small RNAs. The genes transcribed by RNA Pol III fall in the category of "housekeeping" genes whose expression is required in all cell types and most environmental conditions...
.
The tertiary structure of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) has been resolved by X-ray crystallography. The secondary structure of SSU rRNA contains 4 distinct domains — the 5', central, 3' major and 3' minor domains. A model of the secondary structure for the 5' domain (500-800 nucleotides) is shown.
Translation
Translation is the net effect of proteins being synthesized by ribosomes, from a copy (mRNA) of the DNA template in the nucleus. One of the components of the ribosome (16S rRNA) base pairs complementary to a sequence upstream of the start codonStart codon
The start codon is generally defined as the point, sequence, at which a ribosome begins to translate a sequence of RNA into amino acids.When an RNA transcript is "read" from the 5' carbon to the 3' carbon by the ribosome the start codon is the first codon on which the tRNA bound to Met,...
in mRNA.
Importance of rRNA
Ribosomal RNA characteristics are important in medicineMedicine
Medicine is the science and art of healing. It encompasses a variety of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness....
and in evolution
Evolution
Evolution is any change across successive generations in the heritable characteristics of biological populations. Evolutionary processes give rise to diversity at every level of biological organisation, including species, individual organisms and molecules such as DNA and proteins.Life on Earth...
.
- rRNA is the target of several clinically relevant antibiotics: chloramphenicolChloramphenicolChloramphenicol is a bacteriostatic antimicrobial that became available in 1949. It is considered a prototypical broad-spectrum antibiotic, alongside the tetracyclines, and as it is both cheap and easy to manufacture it is frequently found as a drug of choice in the third world.Chloramphenicol is...
, erythromycinErythromycinErythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and...
, kasugamycinKasugamycinKasugamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that was originally isolated in 1965, from Streptomyces kasugaensis, a Streptomyces strain found near the Kasuga shrine in Nara, Japan. Kasugamycin was discovered by Hamao Umezawa, who also discovered kanamycin and bleomycin, as a drug which could...
, micrococcin, paromomycin, ricinRicinRicin , from the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, is a highly toxic, naturally occurring protein. A dose as small as a few grains of salt can kill an adult. The LD50 of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram Ricin , from the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, is a highly toxic, naturally...
, sarcin, spectinomycinSpectinomycinSpectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, closely related to the aminoglycosides, produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis....
, streptomycinStreptomycinStreptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. It is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic. Streptomycin cannot be given...
, and thiostreptonThiostreptonThiostrepton is a natural cyclic oligopeptide antibiotic, derived from several strains of strepromycetes, such as Streptomyces azureus and Streptomyces laurentii.- History :...
.
- rRNA is one of only a few gene products present in all cells. For this reason, genes that encode the rRNA (rDNA) are sequenced to identify an organism's taxonomic group, calculate related groups, and estimate rates of species divergence. As a result, many thousands of rRNA sequences are known and stored in specialized databases such as RDP-II and SILVA.
Genes
- RPL1, RPL2, RPL3RPL360S ribosomal protein L3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL3 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL4RPL460S ribosomal protein L4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL4 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL5RPL560S ribosomal protein L5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL5 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
, RPL6RPL660S ribosomal protein L6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL6 gene.-Interactions:RPL6 has been shown to interact with Basic fibroblast growth factor.-Further reading:...
, RPL7RPL760S ribosomal protein L7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL7 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL8RPL860S ribosomal protein L8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL8 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL9RPL960S ribosomal protein L9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL9 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL10RPL1060S ribosomal protein L10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL10 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL11RPL1160S ribosomal protein L11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL11 gene.-Interactions:RPL11 has been shown to interact with P16, BLMH, Mdm2, Promyelocytic leukemia protein and P53.-External links:*...
, RPL12RPL1260S ribosomal protein L12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL12 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL13RPL1360S ribosomal protein L13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL13 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL14RPL1460S ribosomal protein L14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL14 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL15RPL1560S ribosomal protein L15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL15 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL16, RPL17RPL1760S ribosomal protein L17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL17 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL18RPL1860S ribosomal protein L18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL18 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL19RPL1960S ribosomal protein L19 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL19 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL20, RPL21RPL2160S ribosomal protein L21 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL21 gene.-Clinical relevance:Mutations in the RPL21 gene result in Hypertrichosis simplex of the scalp.-Further reading:...
, RPL22RPL2260S ribosomal protein L22 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL22 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL23RPL2360S ribosomal protein L23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL23 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL24RPL2460S ribosomal protein L24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL24 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL25, RPL26RPL2660S ribosomal protein L26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL26 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL27RPL2760S ribosomal protein L27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL27 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL28RPL2860S ribosomal protein L28 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL28 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL28RPL2860S ribosomal protein L28 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL28 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL30RPL3060S ribosomal protein L30 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL30 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL31RPL3160S ribosomal protein L31 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL31 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL32RPL3260S ribosomal protein L32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL32 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL33, RPL34RPL3460S ribosomal protein L34 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL34 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL35RPL3560S ribosomal protein L35 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL35 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL36RPL3660S ribosomal protein L36 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL36 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL37RPL3760S ribosomal protein L37 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL37 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL38RPL3860S ribosomal protein L38 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL38 gene.- Gene :The human RPL38 gene resides on the long arm of chromosome 17 at 17q25.1. It consists of five exons spread out over a distance of 6223 bp. The 213 nucleotide open reading frame encodes a 70 amino acid...
, RPL39RPL3960S ribosomal protein L39 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL39 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPL40, RPL41RPL4160S ribosomal protein L41 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPL41 gene.-Further reading:... - MRPL1MRPL139S ribosomal protein L1, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL1 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL2, MRPL3, MRPL4MRPL439S ribosomal protein L4, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL4 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL5, MRPL6, MRPL7, MRPL8, MRPL9, MRPL10MRPL1039S ribosomal protein L10, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL10 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL11MRPL1139S ribosomal protein L11, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL11 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL12MRPL1239S ribosomal protein L12, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL12 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL13, MRPL14, MRPL15MRPL1539S ribosomal protein L15, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL15 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL16, MRPL17MRPL1739S ribosomal protein L17, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL17 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL18MRPL1839S ribosomal protein L18, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL18 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL19MRPL1939S ribosomal protein L19, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL19 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL20MRPL2039S ribosomal protein L20, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL20 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL21, MRPL22MRPL2239S ribosomal protein L22, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL22 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL23MRPL2339S ribosomal protein L23, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL23 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL24MRPL2439S ribosomal protein L24, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL24 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL25, MRPL26, MRPL27, MRPL28MRPL2839S ribosomal protein L28, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL28 gene.Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S...
, MRPL29, MRPL30MRPL3039S ribosomal protein L30, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL30 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL31, MRPL32MRPL3239S ribosomal protein L32, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL32 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL33MRPL3339S ribosomal protein L33, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL33 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL34, MRPL35, MRPL36, MRPL37MRPL3739S ribosomal protein L37, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL37 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL38, MRPL39MRPL3939S ribosomal protein L39, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL39 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL40MRPL4039S ribosomal protein L40, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL40 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL41MRPL4139S ribosomal protein L41, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL41 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPL42MRPL4228S ribosomal protein L42, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPL42 gene.-Further reading:... - RPS1, RPS2RPS240S ribosomal protein S2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS2 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS3RPS340S ribosomal protein S3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS3 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS4, RPS5RPS540S ribosomal protein S5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS5 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS6, RPS7RPS740S ribosomal protein S7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS7 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS8RPS840S ribosomal protein S8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS8 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS9RPS940S ribosomal protein S9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS9 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS10RPS1040S ribosomal protein S10 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS10 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
, RPS11RPS1140S ribosomal protein S11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS11 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS12RPS1240S ribosomal protein S12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS12 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS13RPS1340S ribosomal protein S13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS13 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
, RPS14RPS1440S ribosomal protein S14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS14 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS15RPS1540S ribosomal protein S15 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS15 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS16RPS1640S ribosomal protein S16 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS16 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS17RPS1740S ribosomal protein S17 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS17 gene.-External links:*...
, RPS18RPS1840S ribosomal protein S18 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS18 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS19, RPS20RPS2040S ribosomal protein S20 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS20 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS21RPS2140S ribosomal protein S21 is a protein, encoded in humans by the RPS21 gene.-Interactions:RPS21 has been shown to interact with Ribosomal protein SA.-Further reading:...
, RPS22, RPS23RPS2340S ribosomal protein S23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS23 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS24RPS2440S ribosomal protein S24 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS24 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS25RPS2540S ribosomal protein S25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS25 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS26RPS2640S ribosomal protein S26 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS26 gene.- Function :Ribosomes, the organelles that catalyze protein synthesis, consist of a small 40S subunit and a large 60S subunit. Together these subunits are composed of 4 RNA species and approximately 80 structurally...
, RPS27RPS2740S ribosomal protein S27 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS27 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS28RPS2840S ribosomal protein S28 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS28 gene.-Further reading:...
, RPS29RPS2940S ribosomal protein S29 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPS29 gene.-Further reading:... - MRPS1, MRPS2, MRPS3, MRPS4, MRPS5MRPS528S ribosomal protein S5, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS5 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS6MRPS628S ribosomal protein S6, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS6 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS7MRPS728S ribosomal protein S7, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS7 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS8, MRPS9, MRPS10, MRPS11MRPS1128S ribosomal protein S11, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS11 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS12MRPS1228S ribosomal protein S12, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS12 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS13, MRPS14, MRPS15, MRPS16MRPS1628S ribosomal protein S16, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS16 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS17MRPS1728S ribosomal protein S17, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS17 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS18, MRPS19, MRPS20, MRPS21MRPS2128S ribosomal protein S21, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS21 gene.Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and assist protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S...
, MRPS22MRPS2228S ribosomal protein S22, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS22 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS23, MRPS24MRPS2428S ribosomal protein S24, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS24 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS25MRPS2528S ribosomal protein S25, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS25 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS26MRPS2628S ribosomal protein S26, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS26 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS27, MRPS28MRPS2828S ribosomal protein S28, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS28 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS29, MRPS30MRPS3028S ribosomal protein S30, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS30 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS31, MRPS32, MRPS33MRPS3328S ribosomal protein S33, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS33 gene.-Further reading:...
, MRPS34, MRPS35MRPS3528S ribosomal protein S35, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MRPS35 gene.-Further reading:...
These denote genes encoding for the proteins of the ribosome and are transcribed as mRNA, not rRNA.
External links
- SILVA rRNA Database Project (also includes Eukaryotes (18S) and LSU (23S/28S))
- European database on small subunit ribosomal RNA
- Ribosomal Database Project II
- 16S rRNA, BioMineWiki