The
Revolutionary movement for Indian independence is often a less-highlighted aspect of the
Indian independence movementThe term Indian independence movement incorporates various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both nonviolent and militant philosophy. The term encompasses a wide spectrum of political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British...
-- the underground revolutionary factions. The groups believing in armed revolution against the ruling British fall into this category. The revolutionary groups were concentrated in Maharastra,
BengalBengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent...
,
OrissaOrissa , is a state of India, located on the east coast of India, by the Bay of Bengal. It is the modern name of ancient republican nation of Kalinga, which was invaded by the Indian Emperor Ashoka in 261 BC, that led to a turning point in the Emperor's life when deeply saddened by the bloodshed...
,
BiharBihar is a state in eastern India. Bihar is the 12th largest state in terms of geographical size at 38,202 sq mi , and 3rd largest by population. Close to 85 percent of the population lives in villages...
,
Uttar PradeshUttar Pradesh , [often referred to as U.P.] is a state located in the northern part of India. With a population of over 190 million people,...
and
PunjabPunjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan...
. More groups were scattered around
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
.
The underlying philosophy of the revolutionary groups arose largely against the
Partition of Bengal (1905)The Partition of Bengal in 1905, was made on 16 October by then Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. Due to the high level of political unrest generated by the partition, the eastern and western parts of Bengal were reunited in 1911.-Origin:...
, which cemented a Pan-Indian patriotic feeling, increasing in intensity, culminating in the
Civil DisobedienceCivil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence. It is one of the primary methods of nonviolent resistance...
of Gandhi. The revolutionaries more often than not considered Gandhi a hero, despite their ways being poles apart.
Beginnings
Apart from a few stray incidents, the armed rebellion against the British rulers was not organized before the beginning of the 20th century. The revolutionary philosophies and movement made its presence felt during the 1905
Partition of BengalPartition of Bengal may refer to the partition of the Bengal region during two separate occasions:*1905 Partition of Bengal*1947 Partition of Bengal...
. Arguably, the initial steps to organize the revolutionaries were taken by Aurobindo Ghosh, his brother
Barin GhoshBarindra Ghosh or Barindranath Ghose, or, popularly, Barin Ghosh was an Indian freedom fighter, revolutionary and journalist. He was one of the founding members of Jugantar, a revolutionary outfit in Bengal...
, Bhupendranath Datta and Raja Subodh Mallik when they formed the
JugantarJugantar or Yugantar was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian independence.This association, like Anushilan Samiti started in the guise of suburban fitness club...
party in April 1906 .
JugantarJugantar or Yugantar was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian independence.This association, like Anushilan Samiti started in the guise of suburban fitness club...
was created as an inner circle of the
Anushilan SamitiAnushilan Samiti was the principal secret revolutionary organisation operating in Bengal in the opening years of the 20th century. This association, like its offshoot the Jugantar, operated under the guise of suburban fitness club...
, which was already present in
BengalBengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent...
mainly as a fitness club.
Anushilan Samiti
Established by Pramath Nath Mitra in
Kolkata, formerly , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan area and...
in 1902, Anushilan Samity became one of the most organized revolutionary associations , especially in the Eastern
BengalBengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent...
where the
DhakaDhaka , is the capital of Bangladesh and the principal city of Dhaka District. Dhaka is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia...
Anushilan Samiti had several branches and carried out major activities . Jugantar was initially formed by an inner circle of the Kolkata
Anushilan SamitiAnushilan Samiti was the principal secret revolutionary organisation operating in Bengal in the opening years of the 20th century. This association, like its offshoot the Jugantar, operated under the guise of suburban fitness club...
, like the
PalmachThe Palmach was the regular fighting force of the Haganah, the unofficial army of the Yishuv during the period of the British Mandate of Palestine. The Palmach was established on May 15, 1941...
of
HaganahHaganah was a Jewish paramilitary organization in what was then the British Mandate of Palestine from 1920 to 1948, which later became the core of the Israel Defense Forces.- Origins :...
. In the 1920s, the Kolkata faction supported Gandhi in the
Non-Cooperation MovementThe non-cooperation movement , was the first-ever series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress...
and many of the leaders held high posts in
CongressThe Indian National Congress is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian...
.
Jugantar
Barin Ghosh was the main extremist leader. Along with 21 revolutionaries including
Bagha JatinBagha Jatin , born Jatindranath Mukherjee was a Bengali Indian revolutionary philosopher against British rule. He was the principal leader of the Yugantar party that was the central association of revolutionaries in Bengal...
, he started to collect arms and explosives and manufactured bombs. The headquarters of Jugantar was located at 93/a Baubazar Street,
Kolkata, formerly , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan area and...
.
Some senior members of the group were sent abroad for political and military training. One of them, Hemchandra Qanungo obtained his training in Paris. After returning to
Kolkata, formerly , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan area and...
he set up a combined religious school and bomb factory at a garden house in
Maniktala-Location:The Maniktala crossing is the intersection of Vivekananda Road and Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road — two main thoroughfares in north Kolkata. The adjacent area is known as Maniktala.-Landmarks:...
suburb of Calcutta. However, the attempted murder of district Judge Kingsford of
MuzaffarpurMuzaffarpur is a town in Muzaffarpur district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is headquarters of the district.The town of Muzaffarpur, famous for Litchi , is the largest city of North Bihar. It is situated on the banks of a Himalayan glacier-fed , perennial river Burhi/Budhi Gandak...
by
Khudiram Bose-Khudiram Bose:Khudiram Bose was a boy of 18 years when he threw the bomb in Muzaffarpur which immortalised him as “the first Indian to use any dangerous product of modern science” against the British...
and
Prafulla ChakiPrafulla Chaki was a Bengali & Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries.- Early life :...
(30 April 1908) initiated a police investigation that led to the arrest of many of the revolutionaries.
Bagha JatinBagha Jatin , born Jatindranath Mukherjee was a Bengali Indian revolutionary philosopher against British rule. He was the principal leader of the Yugantar party that was the central association of revolutionaries in Bengal...
was one of the top leaders in Jugantar. He was arrested, along with several other leaders, in connection with the Howrah conspiracy case. They were tried for treason, the charge being that they had incited various regiments of the army against the ruler.
Jugantar, along with other revolutionary groups, and aided by Indians abroad, planned an armed revolt against the British rulers during the First World War. This plan largely depended on the clandestine landing of
GermanGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
arms and ammunitions in the Indian coast. This plan came to be known as the
Indo-German Plot. However, the planned revolt did not materialize.
After the First World War Jugantar supported Gandhi in the
Non-Cooperation MovementThe non-cooperation movement , was the first-ever series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress...
and many of their leaders were in the
CongressThe Indian National Congress is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian...
. Still, the group continued its revolutionary activities, a notable event being the
Chittagong armoury raidThe Chittagong armoury raid was an attempt on April 18, 1930 to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces from the Chittagong armoury in Bengal province of British India, by revolutionary freedom fighters led by Surya Sen....
.
Bengal Volunteers
Bengal Volunteers was a group formed by
Subhash Chandra BoseSubhas Chandra Bose , popularly known as Netaji , was a leader in the Indian independence movement.Bose was elected president of the Indian National Congress for two consecutive terms but...
during the
Kolkata, formerly , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan area and...
session of
Indian National CongressThe Indian National Congress is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian...
in 1928 to help the organisation of the session. However, afterwards the group turned into a revolutionary group with notable revolutionaries like
BenoyBenoy Krishna Basu or Benoy Basu or Benoy Bose was an Bengali Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter.-Early life:...
-
BadalBadal Gupta was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary.-Early activities:Badal Gupta was born Sudhir Gupta in the village Purba Shimulia in the Bikrampur region of Dhaka, now in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh . Badal was greatly inspired towards patriotism by Nikunja Sen, a teacher...
-
DineshDinesh Chandra Gupta or Dinesh Gupta was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary.-Early activities:...
being its members.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association
Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) was established in October 1924 in
KanpurKanpur , spelled as Cawnpore before 1948) is the ninth most populous city in India and the largest within the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the second largest city of the entire Hindi speaking belt after Delhi. It was formerly known as the "Manchester of the East", and the economic capital of...
by revolutionaries like Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Chandrashekhar Azad,
Yogendra ShuklaYogendra Shukla was an Indian nationalist born in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in Bihar. He served in the Cellular Jail , and he was among the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association...
and Sachindranath Sanyal. The aim of the party was to organize armed revolution to end the colonial rule and establish in a
Federal Republic of the United States of India. The
Kakori train robberyThe Kakori train robbery was a famous train robbery that took place at Kakori, near Lucknow, on August 9 1925 during the Indian Independence Movement against the British.-The Conspiracy:...
was a notable act of mutiny by this group. The Kakori case led to the hanging of Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil,
Roshan SinghThakur Roshan Singh was a great Indian revolutionary.He hailed from Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh....
,
Rajendra LahiriRajendra Lahiri was a Bengali revolutionary who participated in various revolutionary activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association aimed at ousting the British from India....
. The Kakori case was a major setback for the group. However, the group was soon reorganized under the leadership of Chandrashekhar Azad and with members like
Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
, Bhagwati Charan Vohra and
SukhdevSukhdev Thapar was an Indian freedom fighter who lived from 15 May 1907 to March 23, 1931). He is best known as an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P...
on 9 and 10 September 1928- and the group was now christened Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
In
LahoreLahore is the capital of the Pakistani province of Punjab and the second largest city in Pakistan after Karachi. Historically the main city of the undivided Punjab, it is often called the Garden of Mughals because of its rich Mughal heritage...
on 17 December 1928, Bhagat Singh, Azad and Rajguru assassinated Saunders, a police official involved in deadly lathi-charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb inside the
Central Legislative AssemblyThe Central Legislative Assembly was a legislature for India created by the Government of India Act 1919 from the former Imperial Legislative Council, implementing the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms...
. The Assembly Bomb Case trial followed. Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru were hanged in March 1931.
South India
Violent revolutionary activities never took firm root in South India. The only violent act attributed to the revolutionaries was the assassination of Collector of Tirunelveli (Tinnevelly).
On June 17, 1911, the Collector of Tirunelveli, Robert Ashe was killed by R. Vanchi Aiyer, who subsequently committed suicide. This was the only instance of a political assassination by a revolutionary in South India.
India House
The India House was an informal
Indian nationalistIndian nationalism refers to the many underlying forces that molded the Indian independence movement, and strongly continue to influence the politics of India, as well as being the heart of many contrasting ideologies that have caused ethnic and religious conflict in Indian society...
organisation that existed in
London[]London is the capital of England and the United Kingdom. It has been a major settlement for two millennia, and the history of London goes back to its founding by the Romans, when it was named Londinium. London's core, the ancient City of London, the 'square mile', retains its medieval boundaries...
between 1905 and 1910. Initially begun by Shyamji Krishna Varma as a residence in Highgate, in NorthLondon, for Indian students to promote nationalist views and work, the house became a centre for intellectual political activities, and rapidly developed to be an organisation that became a meeting ground for radical nationalists among Indian students in
BritainThe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands...
at the time, and of the most prominent centres for revolutionary Indian nationalism outside India.
The Indian Sociologist'The Indian Sociologist' was an important Indian nationalist publication in the early twentieth century. Its subtitle was An Organ of Freedom, and Political, Social, and Religious Reform....
published by the house was a noted platform for anti-colonial work and was banned in India as "seditious literature".
The India house was the beginnings of a number of noted Indian revolutionaries and nationalists, most famously V.D. Savarkar, as well as others of the like of
V.N. ChatterjeeVirendranath Chattopadhyaya alias Chatto was a prominent Bengali Indian revolutionary who aimed to overthrow the British Raj in India by using violence as a tool...
, Lala Har Dayal, V.V.S. Iyer,
M. P. T. AcharyaMandayam Parthasarathi Tirumal Acharya was an Indian nationalist, a key member of India House, and one of the founding members of the Communist Party of India...
who were, over the next decades, key members of revolutionary conspiracies in India as well as the founding fathers of Indian Communism. The house came to be the focus of
Scotland YardNew Scotland Yard is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the City district, which is covered by the City of London Police....
's work against Indian sedetionists, as well as the focus of work for the nascent
Indian Political Intelligence OfficeThe Indian Political Intelligence Office was an Intelligence organisation initially established in England in 1909 in response to the dissemination of anarchist and revolutionary elements of Indian nationalism to different countries in Europe after the liquidation of India House in London in 1909...
. India house ceased to be potent organisation after it's liquidation in the wake of the assassination of
William Hutt Curzon WyllieSir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie KCIE, was an Indian army officer, and later an official of the British Indian Government. Over a long career spanning three decades, Curzon Wyllie rose to be Lieutant Colonel in the British Indian Army and occupied a number of administrative and diplomatic posts...
by a member of the India House by the name of
Madan Lal DhingraMadan Lal Dhingra was an Indian freedom fighter, political activist, a revolutionary studying in England. There he killed Sir William Hutt Curzon Wyllie, a British official, hailed as one of the first acts of revolution in the Indian independence movement in the 20th century.-Early life:Madan Lal...
. This event marked the beginnings of London Police's crackdown on the activities of the house and a number of its activists and patrons, including Shyamji Krishna Varma and Bhikaji Cama moved to
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
from where they carried on works in support of Indian nationalism. Some Indian students, including
Har DayalLala Har Dayal was an Indian revolutionary and founder of the Ghadar Party.-Early years:...
, moved to the
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. The network that the House founded was key in the nationalist revolutionary conspiracy in India during
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
.
Ghadar Party
Ghadar party was a predominantly
SikhSikh is the title and name given to an adherent of Sikhism. The term has its origin in the Sanskrit term , meaning "disciple, learner" or , meaning "instruction"....
organization that started operating abroad in 1913 "with the view to do-away with the British rule in India".. The party collaborated with revolutionaries inside India and helped them get arms and ammunition. Lala Hardayal was a prominent leader of the party. The
Komagata MaruThe Komagata Maru incident involved a Japanese steamship, the Komagata Maru, that sailed from Hong Kong to Shanghai, China; Yokohama, Japan; and then to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab, India. The passengers were not allowed to land in Canada and...
incident in 1914 inspired several thousand Indians residing in the USA to sell their businesses and rush home in order to participate in the anti-
BritishThe British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom, that had originated with the overseas colonies and trading posts established by England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height it was...
activities in
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
. The party had active members in
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
,
MexicoThe United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
,
Japanis an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
,
ChinaChina is a cultural region, an ancient civilization, and, depending on perspective, a national or multinational entity extending over a large area in East Asia....
,
SingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At , Singapore is a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast...
,
ThailandThe Kingdom of Thailand is an independent country that lies in the heart of Southeast Asia.It is bordered to the north by Laos and Burma, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the west by the Andaman Sea and Burma...
,
PhilippinesThe Philippines officially known as the Republic of the Philippines, is a country in Southeast Asia with Manila as its capital city. It comprises 7,107 islands in the western Pacific Ocean....
,
MalayaBritish Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century. Before the formation of Malayan Union in 1946, the colonies were not placed under a single unified administration...
, Indo-China and
EasternEast Africa or Eastern Africa is the easterly region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. In the UN scheme of geographic regions, 19 territories constitute Eastern Africa:...
and
Southern AfricaSouthern Africa is the southernmost region of the African continent, variably defined by geography or geopolitics. Within the region are numerous territories, including the Republic of South Africa ; nowadays, the simpler term South Africa is generally reserved for the country in English.-UN...
. During
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
, it was amongst the chief pariticipants of the Hindu German Conspiracy.
Berlin Committee
The "Berlin committee for Indian independence" was established in 1915 by Virendra Nath Chattopadhya, including Bhupendra Nath Dutt & Lala Hardayal under "Zimmerman plan" with the full backing of German foreign office.
Their goal was mainly to achieve the following four objectives:
1: Mobilize Indian revolutionaries abroad.
2: Incite rebellion among Indian troops stationed abroad.
3: Send volunteers and arms to India.
4: Even to Organized an armed invasion of British India to liberate the country.
Alipore bomb conspiracy case
Several leaders of the
JugantarJugantar or Yugantar was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian independence.This association, like Anushilan Samiti started in the guise of suburban fitness club...
party including Aurobindo Ghosh were arrested in connection with bomb-making activities in
Kolkata, formerly , is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Hooghly. When referred to as Calcutta, it usually includes the suburbs, and thus its population exceeds 15 million, making it India's third-largest metropolitan area and...
. Several of the activists were deported to the
AndamanAndaman could mean:* Andaman Discoveries* Andaman Islands* Andaman Sea* The book The Andaman Islanders by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown....
Cellular JailThe Cellular Jail, also known as Kālā Pānī situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was completed in 1906...
.
Howrah gang case
Most of the eminent
JugantarJugantar or Yugantar was one of the two main secret revolutionary trends operating in Bengal for Indian independence.This association, like Anushilan Samiti started in the guise of suburban fitness club...
leaders including
Bagha JatinBagha Jatin , born Jatindranath Mukherjee was a Bengali Indian revolutionary philosopher against British rule. He was the principal leader of the Yugantar party that was the central association of revolutionaries in Bengal...
alias Jatindra Nath Mukherjee who were not arrested earlier, were arrested in 1910, in connection with the murder of Shamsul Alam. Thanks to Bagha Jatin's new policy of a decentralised federated action, most of the accused were released in 1911.
Delhi-Lahore conspiracy case
The Delhi Conspiracy case, also known as the Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy,hatched in 1912, planned to assassinate the then Viceroy of India, Lord Hardinge, on the occasion of transferring the capital of British India from Calcutta to
New DelhiNew Delhi is the capital of India. It is situated within the metropolis of Delhi and serves as the seat of the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi....
. Involving revolutionary underground in
BengalBengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent...
and headed by Rashbehari Bose, the conspiracy culminated on the attempted assassination on 23 December 1912 when a home-made bomb was thrown into the Viceroys's
HowdahA howdah, or houdah, is a carriage which is positioned on the back of an elephant, or occasionally some other animal, used most often in the past to carry wealthy people or for use in hunting or warfare...
when the ceremonial procession moved through the
Chandni ChowkChandni Chowk originally meaning moonlit square or market, is one of the oldest and busiest markets in Old Delhi, now in central north Delhi, India.-History:...
suburb of
DelhiDelhi, known locally as Dilli , and also by the official name National Capital Territory of Delhi , is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India...
. The Viceroy escaped with his injuries, along with Lady Hardinge, although the
MahoutA mahout is a person who drives an elephant. The word mahout comes from the Hindi words mahaut and mahavat, derivatives of the Sanskrit word mahamatra, meaning "[one] having great measure."-Description:...
was killed.
In the aftermath of the event, efforts were made to destroy the Bengali and Punabi revolutionary underground, which came under intense pressure for sometime. Rash Behari successfully evaded capture for nearly three years, becoming actively involved in the Ghadar conspiracy before it was uncovered, and fleeing to Japan in 1916.
The investigations in the aftermath of the assassination attempt led to the Delhi Conspiracy trial. Although Basant Kumar Biswas was convicted of having thrown the bomb and executed, along with
Amir ChandMajor General Amir Chand was a physician and teacher of medicine in India. In 1936, while India was still under British rule, Dr. Amir Chand became the first Indian to occupy the Chair of Medicine at King Edward Medical College, Lahore. Post Indian independence, Dr. Amir Chand was prominent in...
and Avadh Behari for their roles in the conspiracy, the true identity of the person who threw the bomb is not known to this day.
Indo-German Conspiracy
The Indo-German Conspiracy, also referred to as the Hindu-German Conspiracy or the Ghadar conspiracy (or Ghadr conspiracy), was formulated during
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
between
Indian NationalistsThe term Indian independence movement incorporates various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both nonviolent and militant philosophy. The term encompasses a wide spectrum of political organizations, philosophies, and movements which had the common aim of ending the British...
in
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
,
United StatesThe United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
and
GermanyGermany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium,...
, the
Irish RepublicansIrish republicanism is an ideology based on the belief that all of Ireland should be an independent republic.In 1801, under the Act of Union, the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland...
, and the German Foreign office to initiate a Pan-Indian rebellion against The Raj with German support between 1914 and 1917, during
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
. The most famous amongst a number of plots planned to foment unrest and trigger a Pan-Indian mutiny in February 1915, in the
British Indian ArmyThe Indian Army , now sometimes called the British Indian Army to distinguish it from the modern army of the Republic of India, was the principal army of the British Raj in India during the last half-century before the partition of India in 1947.The Indian Army served both in India and,...
from
PunjabPunjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan...
to
SingaporeSingapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is an island city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, lying north of the equator, south of the Malaysian state of Johor and north of Indonesia's Riau Islands. At , Singapore is a microstate and the smallest nation in Southeast...
, to overthrow The Raj in the
Indian subcontinentThe Indian subcontinent, also Indian Subcontinent and other terms, is a region of the Asian continent on the Indian tectonic plate south of the Himalayas, forming a peninsula which extends southward into the Indian Ocean...
. This conspiracy was ultimately thwarted at the last moment as British intelligence successfully infiltrated the Ghadarite movement and arrested key figures. The failed
Singapore mutinyThe 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny, or Mutiny of the 5th Native Light Infantry was a mutiny by 850 sepoys against the British in Singapore during the First World War, part of the 1915 Ghadar Conspiracy...
remains a famous part of this plot while mutinies in other smaller units and garrisons within
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
were also crushed.
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
began with an unprecedented outpouring of loyalty and goodwill towards the United Kingdom from within the mainstream political leadership, contrary to initial British fears of an Indian revolt. India contributed massively to the British war effort by providing men and resources. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in
EuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally divided from Asia to its east by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian Sea, the Caucasus Mountains , and the Black Sea to the southeast...
,
AfricaAfrica is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km² including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area. With a billion people in 61 territories, it accounts for about 14.8% of the...
, and the
Middle EastThe Middle East is a region that spans southwestern Asia, southeastern Europe, and northeastern Africa. It has no clear boundaries, often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East...
, while both the Indian government and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However,
BengalBengal , is a historical and geographical region in the northeast region of the Indian Subcontinent...
and Punjab remained hotbeds of anti colonial activities. Terrorism in Bengal, increasingly closely linked with the unrests in Punjab, was significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. With outlines of German links with the Indian revolutionary movement already in place as early as 1912, the main conspiracy was formulated between the
Ghadar PartyThe Ghadar Party was an organization founded by Indians of the United States and Canada in June, 1913 with the aim to liberate India from British rule...
in United States, the
Berlin CommitteeThe Berlin Committee, later known as the Indian Independence Committee after 1915, was an organisation formed in Germany in 1914 during World War I by Indian students and political activists residing in the country. The purpose of the Committee was to promote the cause of Indian Independence...
in Germany, Indian revolutionary underground in India,
Sinn FéinSinn Féin is a political party in Ireland. The current party, led by Gerry Adams, was formed following a split in January 1970 and traces its origins back to the original Sinn Féin party formed in 1905. It is a major party of Irish republicanism and its political ideology is left wing...
and the German Foreign Office through the consulate in San Francisco at the beginning of
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
. A number of failed attempts were made at mutiny, among them the February mutiny plan and the
Singapore mutinyThe 1915 Singapore Mutiny, also known as the 1915 Sepoy Mutiny, or Mutiny of the 5th Native Light Infantry was a mutiny by 850 sepoys against the British in Singapore during the First World War, part of the 1915 Ghadar Conspiracy...
. This movement was suppressed by means of a massive international counter-intelligence operation and draconian political acts (including the
Defence of India act 1915The Defence of India act 1915 , also referred to as the Defence of India Regulations Act, was an Emergency Criminal Law enacted by the British Raj in India in 1915 with the intention of curtailing the nationalist and revolutionary activities during and in the aftermath of World War I...
) that lasted nearly ten years. Other notable events that formed a part of the conspiracy include the
Annie Larsen arms plotThe Annie Larsen affair was a gun-running plot in the United States during World War I. The plot, involving India's Ghadar Party, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the German Foreign office, was a part of the larger Hindu German Conspiracy, and it was the prime offence cited in the 1917 Hindu...
, the Mission to Kabul that also attempted to rally Afghanistan against British India. The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers in India, as well as by some accounts, the
Black Tom explosionThe Black Tom explosion of July 30, 1916 in Jersey City, New Jersey was an act of sabotage on American ammunition supplies by German agents to prevent the materials from being used by the Allies in World War I.- Black Tom Island prior to the blast :...
in 1916 are also considered minor events linked to the conspiracy.
The Indo-Irish-German alliance and the conspiracy were the target of a worldwide intelligence effort by the British intelligence agencies which was ultimately successful in preventing further attempts and plans, and in the aftermath of the
Annie Larsen affairThe Annie Larsen affair was a gun-running plot in the United States during World War I. The plot, involving India's Ghadar Party, the Irish Republican Brotherhood and the German Foreign office, was a part of the larger Hindu German Conspiracy, and it was the prime offence cited in the 1917 Hindu...
, successfully directed the American intelligence agencies to arrest key figures at the time she entered
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
in 1917. The conspiracy led to the
Lahore conspiracy caseThis can refer to :* The First Lahore Conspiracy, also known as the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial in the aftermath of the Ghadar conspiracy in 1915* The Second Lahore Conspiracy Case, the trial of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev in 1931...
in India and the
Hindu German Conspiracy TrialThe Hindu German Conspiracy Trial commenced in the District Court in San Francisco, California on November 12 1917 following the uncovering of the Indo German plot for initiating a revolt in India...
in the USA, of which the latter at the time was one of the longest and most expensive trials in that country.
Largely subdued and suppressed by the end of the
warWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
, the movement posed a significant threat to British India during
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
and its aftermath, and was a major factor guiding The Raj's India policy.
Tehrek e Reshmi Rumal
During the war, the Pan-Islamist movement also attempted to overthrow the Raj, and came to form a close liaison with the Indo-German Conspiracy. Out of the
DeobandiA Deobandi is an individual, usually an Islamic scholar, who follows the methodology of the Deoband Islamic movement that began at Darul Uloom Deoband in Deoband, India when its foundation was laid in 1867 by its founders...
movement arose the Tehrek-e-Reshmi Rumal. The
DeobandDeoband is a city and a municipal board in Saharanpur district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is located in the upper Doab region of Uttar Pradesh. Deoband used to be surrounded by dense forests, and was believed to be the abode of the Goddess Durga, according to one tradition this is...
i leaders attempted to begin a pan-Islamic insurrection in British India during
World War IWorld War I , also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Wars, was a global military conflict which involved most of the world's great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance...
by seeking support from Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany,
AfghanistanThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
. The plot was uncovered by
PunjabPunjab was a province of British India, it was one of the last areas of the Indian subcontinent to fall under British rule. With the end of British rule in 1947 the province was split between India and Pakistan...
CIDCID may refer to:In criminal investigation:* Criminal Investigation Department, the branch of all British Police and many other Commonwealth police forces to which plain clothes detectives belong...
with the capture of letters from
Ubaidullah SindhiMaulana Ubaidullah Sindhi was a noted pan-Islamic leader a political activist of the Indian independence movement...
, one of the Deobandi leaders then in
AfghanistanThe Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country in south central Asia. It is variously described as being located within Central Asia, South Asia, or the Middle East...
, to Mahmud al Hasan another leaders then in Persia. The letters were written in
SilkSilk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons made by the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity...
cloth, hence the name of the
Silk Letter ConspiracyThe Silk Letter Conspiracy refers to a conspiracy by Deobandi leaders to attempt to begin a pan-islamic insurrection in British India during World War I by seeking support from Ottoman Turkey, Imperial Germany, Afghanistan...
.
Chittagong armory raid
Surya SenSurya Sen was a prominent Bengali Indian freedom fighter and was the chief architect of anti-British freedom movement in Chittagong, Bengal .-Early life:His father's name was Ramaniranjan...
led the attempt to raid the armoury of police and auxiliary forces in
ChittagongChittagong is Bangladesh's main seaport and its second-largest city. The capital of the eponymous district and division, it is situated in the southeastern portion of the country, and was built on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, which ends nearby, in the Bay of Bengal. The city has a...
on 18 April, 1930. Some attackers were soon killed or arrested in a gun-fight with the police.
Pritilata WaddedarPritilata Waddedar was an anti-British pro-India revolutionary in East Bengal, , now in Bangladesh....
led the attack on Europran club in Chittagong in 1932.
Surya SenSurya Sen was a prominent Bengali Indian freedom fighter and was the chief architect of anti-British freedom movement in Chittagong, Bengal .-Early life:His father's name was Ramaniranjan...
was arrested in 1933 and was hanged on 8 January 1934.
Central Assembly Bomb Case (1929)
Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
and
Batukeshwar DuttBatukeshwar Dutt was an Indian revolutionary in the early 1900s. He is best known for having bombed, along with Bhagat Singh, the Punjab Legislative in the Assembly on 8 April 1929. After his arrest, he and Singh were instrumental in initiating a hunger strike protesting against the rights and...
bombed in the assembly and threw leaflets stating their revolutionary philosophy.
Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
,
SukhdevSukhdev Thapar was an Indian freedom fighter who lived from 15 May 1907 to March 23, 1931). He is best known as an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P...
and Rajguru were hanged and several other faced the verdict of imprisonment. Batukeshwar Dutt outlived all his comrades and died in July 1965 in Delhi. All of them cremated in ferozpur (Punjab,India).
Baikuntha ShuklaBaikunth Shukla was an Indian nationalist and revolutionary. He was the nephew of Yogendra Shukla, one of the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ....
, the great nationalist was hanged for murdering Phanindrananth Ghosh who had become a government approver which led to hanging of
Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
,
SukhdevSukhdev Thapar was an Indian freedom fighter who lived from 15 May 1907 to March 23, 1931). He is best known as an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P...
and Rajguru. He was a nephew of
Yogendra ShuklaYogendra Shukla was an Indian nationalist born in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in Bihar. He served in the Cellular Jail , and he was among the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association...
. Baikunth Shukla was also initiated into the freedom struggle at a young age taking active part in the 'Salt Satyagraha' of 1930. He was associated with revolutionary organisations like the Hindustan Seva Dal and Hindustan Socialist Republican Association. The execution of the great Indian revolutionaries
Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
,Rajguru and
SukhdevSukhdev Thapar was an Indian freedom fighter who lived from 15 May 1907 to March 23, 1931). He is best known as an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P...
in 1931 as a result of their trial in the '
Lahore conspiracy caseThis can refer to :* The First Lahore Conspiracy, also known as the Lahore Conspiracy Case trial in the aftermath of the Ghadar conspiracy in 1915* The Second Lahore Conspiracy Case, the trial of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev in 1931...
' was an event that shook the entire country. Phanindra Nath Ghosh, hitherto a key member of the Revolutionary Party had treacherously betrayed the cause by turning an approver, giving evidence, which led to the execution. Baikunth was commissioned to plan the execution of Ghosh as an act of ideological vendetta which he carried out successfully on 9 November 1932. He was arrested and tried for the killing. Baikunth was convicted and hanged in
GayaGaya is a city in Bihar, India, and it is also the headquarters of Gaya District.Gaya is 100 kilometers south of Patna, the capital city of Bihar. Situated on the banks of Falgu River , it is a place sanctified by both the Hindu and the Buddhist religions...
Central Jail on May 14, 1934. He was only 28 years old.
On 27 February, 1931, Chandrasekar Azad was killed in a gunfight with the police.
It is unclear of the eventual fate of the Association, but the common understanding is that it disbanded with the death of Chandrashekar Azad and the hanging of its popular activists:
Bhagat SinghBhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
,
SukhdevSukhdev Thapar was an Indian freedom fighter who lived from 15 May 1907 to March 23, 1931). He is best known as an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P...
and Rajguru.
Dalhousie Square Bomb Case
A bomb was thrown on the Calcutta Police Commissioner,
Charles TegartSir Charles Augustus Tegart , the second son of Rev. Joseph Poulter Tegart, was a colonial police officer in British India and Mandatory Palestine, variously earning praise for his industry and efficiency, and notoriety for his brutality and use of torture.-Career in India:He joined the Calcutta...
on 25 August,1930.
Kakori train robbery
Chandrasekhar AzadChandrashekhar Sitaram Tiwari, better known as Chandrasekhar Azad is one of the most important Indian revolutionaries, and is considered the mentor of Bhagat Singh.-History:Chandrashekhar Azad, often called, Panditji was the founder of Garam Dal...
, Ramprasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Ashfaqullah Khan, Banwari lal and their accomplices participated in the robbery of treasury money that was being transported by train. The looting took place between Kakori station and Alamnagar, within of
LucknowLucknow is the capital city of Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state of India. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of Lucknow District and Lucknow Division...
on 9 August,1925. Police started an intense man-hunt and arrested a large number of rebels and tried them in the Kakori case. Ashfaqullah Khan, Ramprasad Bismil,
Roshan SinghThakur Roshan Singh was a great Indian revolutionary.He hailed from Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh....
,
Rajendra LahiriRajendra Lahiri was a Bengali revolutionary who participated in various revolutionary activities of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association aimed at ousting the British from India....
were hanged, four others were sent to the
Cellular JailThe Cellular Jail, also known as Kālā Pānī situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was completed in 1906...
in
Port BlairPort Blair is the largest town and a municipal council in Andaman district in the Andaman Islands and the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India...
,
AndamanAndaman could mean:* Andaman Discoveries* Andaman Islands* Andaman Sea* The book The Andaman Islanders by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown....
for life and seventeen others were sentenced to long terms of imprisonment.
World War II
The scenario changed with the years. The British were thinking to quit India and religious politics came into play. The basic political background of revolutionary ideas seemed to evolve in a new direction. The organized revolutionary movements can be said to have nearly ceased by 1936, apart from some stray sparks, like the killing of Sir
Michael O'DwyerSir Michael Francis O'Dwyer was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab from 1912 until 1919. O'Dwyer supported General Reginald Dyer's action regarding the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and termed it a 'correct action.' He was later assassinated by an Indian Sikh patriot Udham Singh.-Early life:O'Dwyer was...
, generally held responsible for the Amritsar Massacre, on 13 March 1940, by
Udham SinghUdham Singh , born Sher Singh Jammu, , was an Indian independence activist, best known for assassinating Michael O'Dwyer in March 1940 in what has been described as an avenging of the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.Singh was also known as Ram Mohammed Singh Azad, symbolizing the unification of the...
in London.
During the
Quit India movementThe Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience movement launched in India in August 1942 in response to Mohandas Gandhi's call for immediate independence. Gandhi hoped to bring the British government to the negotiating table...
of 1942, several other activities took place in different parts of
IndiaIndia, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west, and the Bay of Bengal...
. However, those were discrete occurrences and hardly any large scale planned terrorism took place that could shake the British administration. Meanwhile, Subhas Chandra Bose was organising an
Indian National ArmyThe Indian National Army or Azad Hind Fauj was an armed force formed by Indian nationalists in 1942 in Southeast Asia during World War II.The aim of the army was to overthrow the British Raj in colonial India, with Japanese assistance...
outside India and leading the army towards India, while at the same time the
CongressThe Indian National Congress is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian...
was negotiating with the British. Finally India was free on 15 August 1947, virtually by non-violence against the British but, unfortunately, with lots of bloodshed, rioting and violence among the fellow countrymen (and near-future neighbours) during the
partitionThe Partition of India was the partition of British India that led to the creation, on August 14, 1947 and August 15, 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India...
, which was quite shocking to the past revolutionaries and also to Gandhi.
Many revolutionaries participated in mainstream politics and joined political parties like the
CongressThe Indian National Congress is a major political party in India. Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Dadabhai Naoroji, Dinshaw Wacha, Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee, Surendranath Banerjee, Monomohun Ghose, and William Wedderburn, the Indian National Congress became the leader of the Indian...
and, especially, the communist parties and took part in the parliamentary democracy that was India. On the other hand, many past revolutionaries, being released from captivity, led the lives of common men.
Non-cooperation movement
It was started by Mahatma Ghandhi with the help of the congress leaders. It was started Calcutta in 1920 the movement had two types of objectives - constructive & destructive. in the first place Mahatma Ghandhi started constructive program by popularising Khadhi or hand woven cloth to attain self-reliance. Secondly, the destructive aspect of the movement include boycott of British goods,legislatures,law courts,banks,offices,and educational institutions; and renunciation of titles and honour given by the British.
It struggled up to 1922 after that it was stopped by Gandhi because of a bad incidence in which some people who took part in the movement set a police station on fire in which many police officers were killed. Gandhi ji was of opinion no violence should be there in the movement. he became angry so, he stopped the movement.
Notable revolutionaries
- Amarendra Chatterjee
Amarendra or Amarendranath Chatterjee was a leading Bengali/Indian freedom fighter. In charge of raising funds for the Jugantar movement, his activities largely covered revolutionary centres in Bihar, Orissa and U.P.-Early life:...
- Atulkrishna Ghosh
Atulkrishna Ghosh was a Bengali Indian revolutionary, member of the Anushilan Samiti, and a leader of the Jugantar movement involved in Hindu German Conspiracy during World War I.-Early life:...
- Aurobindo Ghosh
- Badal Gupta
Badal Gupta was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary.-Early activities:Badal Gupta was born Sudhir Gupta in the village Purba Shimulia in the Bikrampur region of Dhaka, now in Munshiganj District, Bangladesh . Badal was greatly inspired towards patriotism by Nikunja Sen, a teacher...
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Bal Gangadhar Tilak –, was an Indian nationalist, teacher, social reformer and independence fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. The British colonial authorities derogatorily called him the "Father of the Indian unrest"...
- Barindra Kumar Ghosh
Barindra Ghosh or Barindranath Ghose, or, popularly, Barin Ghosh was an Indian freedom fighter, revolutionary and journalist. He was one of the founding members of Jugantar, a revolutionary outfit in Bengal...
- Batukeshwar Dutt
Batukeshwar Dutt was an Indian revolutionary in the early 1900s. He is best known for having bombed, along with Bhagat Singh, the Punjab Legislative in the Assembly on 8 April 1929. After his arrest, he and Singh were instrumental in initiating a hunger strike protesting against the rights and...
- Bagha Jatin
Bagha Jatin , born Jatindranath Mukherjee was a Bengali Indian revolutionary philosopher against British rule. He was the principal leader of the Yugantar party that was the central association of revolutionaries in Bengal...
- Baikuntha Shukla
Baikunth Shukla was an Indian nationalist and revolutionary. He was the nephew of Yogendra Shukla, one of the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association ....
- Basawon Singh (Sinha)
Basawon Singh has been among the greatest nationalists who joined into the freedom struggle at a tender age of 13 and kept on his struggle for the independence of the country from the colonial yoke and fighting for the rights of the underprivileged, industrial labours and agricultural workers all...
- Benoy Basu
Benoy Krishna Basu or Benoy Basu or Benoy Bose was an Bengali Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter.-Early life:...
- Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter, considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement...
- Bhavabhushan Mitra
Bhavabhushan Mitra, or Bhaba Bhusan Mitter, alias Swami Satyananda Puri was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter and an influential social worker....
- Bhupendranath Datta
- Bhupendra Kumar Datta
Bhupendra Kumar Dutta was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary. In addition to his other specific contributions as a Jugantar leader, he holds the record of a hunger strike for 78 days in Bilaspur Jail in December 1917.-Early days:He was born on 8 October 1894, in the village...
- Bina Das
Bina Das was an Indian revolutionary and nationalist from Bengal.Bina Das was a member of Chatri Sangha , a semi-revolutionary outfit for women in Kolkata.In 1932, she attempted to assassinate the Bengal Governor Stanley Jackson, a former England cricket captain, in the Convocation hall of the...
- Bipin Behari Ganguli
Bipin Behari Ganguli was an Indian freedom fighter born in Hoogli, now in West Bengal, in 1887.Bipin Behari Ganguli joined the Congress party during the Non-Cooperation Movement and became the secretary of Bengal Congress in 1923....
- Chandrasekhar Azad
Chandrashekhar Sitaram Tiwari, better known as Chandrasekhar Azad is one of the most important Indian revolutionaries, and is considered the mentor of Bhagat Singh.-History:Chandrashekhar Azad, often called, Panditji was the founder of Garam Dal...
- Dinesh Gupta
Dinesh Chandra Gupta or Dinesh Gupta was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary.-Early activities:...
- Durga Bhabhi
- Ganesh Ghosh
Ganesh Ghosh was a Bengali Indian freedom fighter, revolutionary and politician.-Biography:...
- Guran Ditt Kumar
Guran Ditt Kumar was an Indian revolutionary, associated with the pioneers of the Gadhar movement, involved in the Indo-German conspiracy during the First World War.-Beginning in the North-West of India:...
- Hem Chandra Das
- Hemchandra Qanungo
- Jatindra Nath Das
Jatindra Nath Das was an Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary. The death of Jatin Das in Lahore jail after 63 days of hunger strike shocked the whole of India...
- Khudiram Bose
-Khudiram Bose:Khudiram Bose was a boy of 18 years when he threw the bomb in Muzaffarpur which immortalised him as “the first Indian to use any dangerous product of modern science” against the British...
- Matangini Hazra
Matangini Hazra was an Indian revolutionary who participated in the Indian independence movement until she was shot dead by the British Indian police in front of the Tamluk Police Station on September 29, 1942...
- Prafulla Chaki
Prafulla Chaki was a Bengali & Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary associated with the Jugantar group of revolutionaries.- Early life :...
- Pritilata Waddedar
Pritilata Waddedar was an anti-British pro-India revolutionary in East Bengal, , now in Bangladesh....
- Pulin Behari Das
- Rajguru
- Rasbihari Bose
- Sukhdev
Sukhdev Thapar was an Indian freedom fighter who lived from 15 May 1907 to March 23, 1931). He is best known as an accomplice of Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru in the killing of a British police officer J.P...
- Surya Sen
Surya Sen was a prominent Bengali Indian freedom fighter and was the chief architect of anti-British freedom movement in Chittagong, Bengal .-Early life:His father's name was Ramaniranjan...
- Taraknath Das
- Trailokya Nath Chakraborty
- Udham Singh
Udham Singh , born Sher Singh Jammu, , was an Indian independence activist, best known for assassinating Michael O'Dwyer in March 1940 in what has been described as an avenging of the Jallianwalla Bagh Massacre.Singh was also known as Ram Mohammed Singh Azad, symbolizing the unification of the...
- Ullaskar Dutta
Ullaskar Dutta was an Bengali Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter.-Early life:Ullaskar was born in the village of Kalikachha in the Brahmanbaria district of present day Bangladesh. His father Dwijadas Dutta was a member of the Brahmo Samaj and had a degree in Agriculture from the University...
- Upendranath Banerjee
- Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
Swatantryaveer Vināyak Dāmodar Sāvarkar was an Indian politician and an Indian Independence Movement activist, who is credited with developing the Hindu nationalist political ideology Hindutva...
- Virendranath Chattopadhyay
- Yogendra Shukla
Yogendra Shukla was an Indian nationalist born in a Bhumihar Brahmin family in Bihar. He served in the Cellular Jail , and he was among the founders of Hindustan Socialist Republican Association...
See also
- Provisional Government of India
Provisional Government of India was a provisional government-in-exile established by Indian Nationalists in Afghanistan during World War I with support from the Central Powers. Its purpose was to enroll support from both the Afghan Emir, as well as Tsarist Russia, China and Japan for the Indian...
External links