Revolutionary Nationalist Movement
Encyclopedia
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement is a Bolivia
n political party
, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections
in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement
, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 out of 27 seats in the Senate. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
, won 22.5% of the popular vote and was subsequently confirmed by parliament as president. After the 2002 elections, it ruled in a coalition with the Revolutionary Left Movement
, with Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
as president (he had previously been president from 1993 to 1997. Sánchez was overthrown in a 2003 popular uprising, and the party's future is presently uncertain, especially as its last government has been tarnished by serious accusations of corruption, mismanagement, and even homicidal repression.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement was founded in 1941 by Víctor Paz Estenssoro
and Hernán Siles Zuazo
. It eventually attracted some of the brightest members of the Bolivian intelligentsia. Among the party's most prominent supporters one can name (in addition to Paz and Siles) historical figures such as Humberto Guzmán Fricke, Juan Lechín, Wálter Guevara
, Lydia Gueiler, Augusto Céspedes, Guillermo Bedregal, and Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
, a number of whom became presidents of Bolivia. At the time, it was a leftist/reformist party, along the lines of similar Latin American parties such as the Dominican Revolutionary Party
, Democratic Action of Venezuela
, and the Peruvian Aprista Party. The MNR first came to power in 1943, in support of the reformist military regime of Gualberto Villarroel
. It was at the time tainted, however, by the alleged pro-fascist sympathies of various of its leaders, and the United States (then at war with the Axis) insisted that its members be removed from the Villarroel government in exchange for official recognition.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led a far-reaching revolution in 1952 and ruled the country, in its first incarnation, until being overthrown by a 1964 military coup. Siles (president from 1956 to 1960) and Paz Estenssoro (president from 1952-56 and 1960-64) were the top leaders of that Revolutionary period, establishing the universal vote, nationalizing the tin mines, and instituting an extensive program of land distribution (agrarian reform). During this time, many of the old elitist parties that had previously dominated Bolivian politics either disappeared or faded into irrelevance. This left the MNR in the center of the Bolivian political spectrum.
Siles and Paz, however, split in the 1960s over Paz's ambitions and personal control of the party. Filled with strong personalities, the party had, in fact, begun to fragment along political and personal lines since the late 1950s, with Wálter Guevara Arze
being the first to leave and the popular Juan Lechín being expelled in 1964. Siles went on to form the Revolutionary Nationalist Leftwing Movement (MNRI) and Lechín the Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left
(PRIN).
The years in exile seemed to only deepen the intra-party squabbles. With the main body of the MNR firmly in Paz Estenssoro's's control, the old leader made what can be seen as a major mistake in 1971, when he supported the coming to power of dictator Hugo Banzer Suárez
. It was a move that was to cost his party dearly at the polls in subsequent years. While Paz seemed to be moving steadily to the right, Siles Zuazo went on to lead the UDP (Union Democratica Popular), in alliance with the new and popular Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR). Indeed, Siles was the post-MNR politician who was best able to capitalize on the remaining legitimacy and respect that accrued to the MNR as a result of the 1952 Revolution. Paz Estenssoro led the MNR-proper in the 1978, 1979, and 1980 elections, finishing third, second, and second, respectively. He was finally elected president (for the 4th time) in 1985, and served as Bolivia's chief executive from 1985 until 1989, when he retired from politics. By this time, the party had moved sharply to the right and now advocated neoliberal
economic policies. Under Paz, important economic reforms designed to curb hyperinflation were instituted, the labor unions were repressed, and 30,000 miners were expunged from state payrolls (read: fired) as a result of the collapse of global tin prices. The painful readjustment policies adoped by the elderly Paz and his vigorous Minister of Planning, Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, came to be known as the New Economic Policy (NEP), and restructured the bulk of the hitherto-statist and now neoliberal Bolivian economy.
Led by Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada
, the MNR won the 1993 elections, and Sanzhez was confirmed as president by parliament. He continued policies of the NEP. The party placed second in 1997 with Juan Carlos Durán (the Bolivian constitution prohibits direct re-election of a sitting president), who lost the contest (and the presidency) to the former dictator Hugo Banzer
.
At the legislative elections
of 30 June 2002, the party, together with the Free Bolivia Movement
, won 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 out of 27 in the Senate. Following these elections, because no candidate could get a majority, the Congress chose the President, and they chose Sánchez de Lozada, the MNR candidate. By 2003, Sánchez de Lozada resigned, and his successor, Carlos Mesa
, took over as an independent (he was never a party member) in hopes of promoting national unity in the face of nation-wide protests. Mesa later resigned and presidential elections were moved up to December 2005.
The MNR earned 6.5% of the popular vote and won 7 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 1 out of 27 seats in the Senate in the legislative elections
. Its candidate in the presidential elections was Michiaki Nagatani, whose poor performance seems to signal a steep decline in the fortunes of the party.
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
n political party
Political party
A political party is a political organization that typically seeks to influence government policy, usually by nominating their own candidates and trying to seat them in political office. Parties participate in electoral campaigns, educational outreach or protest actions...
, perhaps the most important in the country during the 20th century. At the legislative elections
Elections in Bolivia
Elections in Bolivia gives information on elections and election results in Bolivia.Bolivia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people or parliament . The National...
in 2002, the party won, in an alliance with the Free Bolivia Movement
Free Bolivia Movement
The Free Bolivia Movement is a progressive political party in Bolivia. The party was formed on January 15, 1985, following a split in MIR...
, 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 out of 27 seats in the Senate. Its candidate at the presidential elections, Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada y Sánchez de Bustamante , familiarly known as "Goni", is a Bolivian politician, businessman, and former President of Bolivia. A lifelong member of the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario , he is credited for using "shock therapy", the economic theory championed by then...
, won 22.5% of the popular vote and was subsequently confirmed by parliament as president. After the 2002 elections, it ruled in a coalition with the Revolutionary Left Movement
Revolutionary Left Movement (Bolivia)
The Revolutionary Left Movement - New Majority is a social democratic political party in Bolivia...
, with Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada y Sánchez de Bustamante , familiarly known as "Goni", is a Bolivian politician, businessman, and former President of Bolivia. A lifelong member of the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario , he is credited for using "shock therapy", the economic theory championed by then...
as president (he had previously been president from 1993 to 1997. Sánchez was overthrown in a 2003 popular uprising, and the party's future is presently uncertain, especially as its last government has been tarnished by serious accusations of corruption, mismanagement, and even homicidal repression.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement was founded in 1941 by Víctor Paz Estenssoro
Víctor Paz Estenssoro
Ángel Víctor Paz Estenssoro was a politician and president of Bolivia. He ran for president 8 times , winning in 1951, 1960, 1964, and 1985....
and Hernán Siles Zuazo
Hernán Siles Zuazo
Hernán Siles Zuazo was a politician from Bolivia. He served as his country's constitutionally elected president twice, from 1956 to 1960 and again from 1982 to 1985....
. It eventually attracted some of the brightest members of the Bolivian intelligentsia. Among the party's most prominent supporters one can name (in addition to Paz and Siles) historical figures such as Humberto Guzmán Fricke, Juan Lechín, Wálter Guevara
Wálter Guevara
Wálter Guevara Arze was a Bolivian statesman, cabinet minister, writer, diplomat, and, rather briefly, president .-Background and earlier career:...
, Lydia Gueiler, Augusto Céspedes, Guillermo Bedregal, and Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada y Sánchez de Bustamante , familiarly known as "Goni", is a Bolivian politician, businessman, and former President of Bolivia. A lifelong member of the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario , he is credited for using "shock therapy", the economic theory championed by then...
, a number of whom became presidents of Bolivia. At the time, it was a leftist/reformist party, along the lines of similar Latin American parties such as the Dominican Revolutionary Party
Dominican Revolutionary Party
The Dominican Revolutionary Party is one of the main political parties of the Dominican Republic. It has a moderate centrist position, social democratic in name. The party's distinctive color is white....
, Democratic Action of Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
, and the Peruvian Aprista Party. The MNR first came to power in 1943, in support of the reformist military regime of Gualberto Villarroel
Gualberto Villarroel
Gualberto Villarroel López was the head of state of Bolivia from December 20, 1943 to July 21, 1946. A reformist, he is nonetheless remembered for his alleged fascist sympathies, and is sometimes compared with Argentina's Juan Domingo Perón...
. It was at the time tainted, however, by the alleged pro-fascist sympathies of various of its leaders, and the United States (then at war with the Axis) insisted that its members be removed from the Villarroel government in exchange for official recognition.
The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led a far-reaching revolution in 1952 and ruled the country, in its first incarnation, until being overthrown by a 1964 military coup. Siles (president from 1956 to 1960) and Paz Estenssoro (president from 1952-56 and 1960-64) were the top leaders of that Revolutionary period, establishing the universal vote, nationalizing the tin mines, and instituting an extensive program of land distribution (agrarian reform). During this time, many of the old elitist parties that had previously dominated Bolivian politics either disappeared or faded into irrelevance. This left the MNR in the center of the Bolivian political spectrum.
Siles and Paz, however, split in the 1960s over Paz's ambitions and personal control of the party. Filled with strong personalities, the party had, in fact, begun to fragment along political and personal lines since the late 1950s, with Wálter Guevara Arze
Wálter Guevara
Wálter Guevara Arze was a Bolivian statesman, cabinet minister, writer, diplomat, and, rather briefly, president .-Background and earlier career:...
being the first to leave and the popular Juan Lechín being expelled in 1964. Siles went on to form the Revolutionary Nationalist Leftwing Movement (MNRI) and Lechín the Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left
Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left
The Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left was a left-wing political party in Bolivia. It was founded in 1963 by the labor leader Juan Lechín Oquendo and by Mario Torres Calleja and Edwin Moller in lesser roles...
(PRIN).
The years in exile seemed to only deepen the intra-party squabbles. With the main body of the MNR firmly in Paz Estenssoro's's control, the old leader made what can be seen as a major mistake in 1971, when he supported the coming to power of dictator Hugo Banzer Suárez
Hugo Banzer
Hugo Banzer Suárez was a politician, military general, dictator and President of Bolivia. He held the Bolivian presidency twice: from August 22, 1971 to July 21, 1978, as a dictator; and then again from August 6, 1997 to August 7, 2001, as constitutional President.-Military and ideological...
. It was a move that was to cost his party dearly at the polls in subsequent years. While Paz seemed to be moving steadily to the right, Siles Zuazo went on to lead the UDP (Union Democratica Popular), in alliance with the new and popular Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (MIR). Indeed, Siles was the post-MNR politician who was best able to capitalize on the remaining legitimacy and respect that accrued to the MNR as a result of the 1952 Revolution. Paz Estenssoro led the MNR-proper in the 1978, 1979, and 1980 elections, finishing third, second, and second, respectively. He was finally elected president (for the 4th time) in 1985, and served as Bolivia's chief executive from 1985 until 1989, when he retired from politics. By this time, the party had moved sharply to the right and now advocated neoliberal
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism is a market-driven approach to economic and social policy based on neoclassical theories of economics that emphasizes the efficiency of private enterprise, liberalized trade and relatively open markets, and therefore seeks to maximize the role of the private sector in determining the...
economic policies. Under Paz, important economic reforms designed to curb hyperinflation were instituted, the labor unions were repressed, and 30,000 miners were expunged from state payrolls (read: fired) as a result of the collapse of global tin prices. The painful readjustment policies adoped by the elderly Paz and his vigorous Minister of Planning, Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada, came to be known as the New Economic Policy (NEP), and restructured the bulk of the hitherto-statist and now neoliberal Bolivian economy.
Led by Gonzalo Sanchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada
Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada y Sánchez de Bustamante , familiarly known as "Goni", is a Bolivian politician, businessman, and former President of Bolivia. A lifelong member of the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario , he is credited for using "shock therapy", the economic theory championed by then...
, the MNR won the 1993 elections, and Sanzhez was confirmed as president by parliament. He continued policies of the NEP. The party placed second in 1997 with Juan Carlos Durán (the Bolivian constitution prohibits direct re-election of a sitting president), who lost the contest (and the presidency) to the former dictator Hugo Banzer
Hugo Banzer
Hugo Banzer Suárez was a politician, military general, dictator and President of Bolivia. He held the Bolivian presidency twice: from August 22, 1971 to July 21, 1978, as a dictator; and then again from August 6, 1997 to August 7, 2001, as constitutional President.-Military and ideological...
.
At the legislative elections
Elections in Bolivia
Elections in Bolivia gives information on elections and election results in Bolivia.Bolivia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people or parliament . The National...
of 30 June 2002, the party, together with the Free Bolivia Movement
Free Bolivia Movement
The Free Bolivia Movement is a progressive political party in Bolivia. The party was formed on January 15, 1985, following a split in MIR...
, won 26.9% of the popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 out of 27 in the Senate. Following these elections, because no candidate could get a majority, the Congress chose the President, and they chose Sánchez de Lozada, the MNR candidate. By 2003, Sánchez de Lozada resigned, and his successor, Carlos Mesa
Carlos Mesa
Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert is a Bolivian politician, historian and President of Bolivia from October 17, 2003 until his resignation on June 6, 2005....
, took over as an independent (he was never a party member) in hopes of promoting national unity in the face of nation-wide protests. Mesa later resigned and presidential elections were moved up to December 2005.
The MNR earned 6.5% of the popular vote and won 7 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 1 out of 27 seats in the Senate in the legislative elections
Elections in Bolivia
Elections in Bolivia gives information on elections and election results in Bolivia.Bolivia elects on national level a head of state – the president – and a legislature. The president and the vice-president are elected for a five-year term by the people or parliament . The National...
. Its candidate in the presidential elections was Michiaki Nagatani, whose poor performance seems to signal a steep decline in the fortunes of the party.