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Restriction fragment length polymorphism

 

 
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Restriction fragment length polymorphism
 
 
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A restriction fragment length polymorphism is a variation
Polymorphism (biology)

Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species ? in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph....
 in the DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
 sequence of a genome
Genome

In classical genetics, the genome of a diploid organism including eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a gamete; thereby, a regular somatic cell contains two full sets of genomes....
 that can be detected by breaking the DNA into pieces with restriction enzymes and analyzing the size of the resulting fragments by gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of DNA , RNA , or protein molecules using an electric current applied to a gel matrix....
. It is the sequence
DNA sequence

A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology....
 that makes DNA from different sources different, and RFLP analysis is a technique that can identify some differences in sequence (when they occur in a restriction site
Recognition sequence

The recognition sequence, sometimes also referred to as recognition site, of any DNA-binding domain that exhibits binding specificity, refers to the DNA sequence , to which the domain is specific....
). Though DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing

The term DNA sequencing refers to methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a molecule of DNA....
 techniques can characterize DNA very thoroughly, RFLP analysis was developed first and was cheap enough to see wide application.






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A restriction fragment length polymorphism is a variation
Polymorphism (biology)

Polymorphism in biology occurs when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species ? in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph....
 in the DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
 sequence of a genome
Genome

In classical genetics, the genome of a diploid organism including eukarya refers to a full set of chromosomes or genes in a gamete; thereby, a regular somatic cell contains two full sets of genomes....
 that can be detected by breaking the DNA into pieces with restriction enzymes and analyzing the size of the resulting fragments by gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of DNA , RNA , or protein molecules using an electric current applied to a gel matrix....
. It is the sequence
DNA sequence

A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA molecule or strand, with the capacity to carry information as described by the central dogma of molecular biology....
 that makes DNA from different sources different, and RFLP analysis is a technique that can identify some differences in sequence (when they occur in a restriction site
Recognition sequence

The recognition sequence, sometimes also referred to as recognition site, of any DNA-binding domain that exhibits binding specificity, refers to the DNA sequence , to which the domain is specific....
). Though DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing

The term DNA sequencing refers to methods for determining the order of the nucleotide bases, adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, in a molecule of DNA....
 techniques can characterize DNA very thoroughly, RFLP analysis was developed first and was cheap enough to see wide application. Analysis of RFLP variation was an important tool in genome mapping, localization of genetic disease
Genetic disorder

A genetic disorder is an illness caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes. While some diseases, such as cancer, are due in part to a genetic disorders, they can also be caused by Environment factors....
 genes, determination of risk
Genetic testing

Genetic testing allows the Genetics diagnosis of vulnerabilities to inherit diseases, and can also be used to determine a person's ancestry. Normally, every person carries two copies of every gene, one inherited from their mother, one inherited from their father....
 for a disease, genetic fingerprinting, and paternity testing.

Analysis technique

The basic technique for detecting RFLPs involves fragmenting a sample of DNA by a restriction enzyme
Restriction enzyme

A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts double-stranded or single stranded DNA at specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites....
, which can recognize and cut DNA wherever a specific
Recognition sequence

The recognition sequence, sometimes also referred to as recognition site, of any DNA-binding domain that exhibits binding specificity, refers to the DNA sequence , to which the domain is specific....
 short sequence occurs, in a process known as a restriction digest
Restriction digest

A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare Deoxyribonucleic acid for analysis or other processing. It is also known as DNA fragmentation ....
. The resulting DNA fragments are then separated by length through a process known as agarose gel electrophoresis
Agarose gel electrophoresis

Agarose gel electrophoresis is a method used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate DNA, or RNA molecules by size. This is achieved by moving negatively charged nucleic acid molecules through an agarose matrix with an electric field ....
, and transferred to a membrane via the Southern blot
Southern blot

A Southern blot is a method routinely used in molecular biology to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample. Southern blotting combines agarose gel electrophoresis electrophoresis for size separation of DNA with methods to transfer the size-separated DNA to a filter membrane for probe hybridization....
 procedure. Hybridization of the membrane to a labeled DNA probe
Hybridization probe

In molecular biology, a hybridization probe is a fragment of DNA or RNA of variable length , which is used to detect in DNA or RNA samples the presence of nucleotide sequences that are Complementarity to the sequence in the probe....
 then determines the length of the fragments which are complementary
Complementarity (molecular biology)

In molecular biology, complementarity is a property of double-stranded nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNA:RNA duplexes. Each strand is complementary to the other in that the base pairs between them are non-covalent bond connected via two or three hydrogen bonds....
 to the probe. A RFLP occurs when the length of a detected fragment varies between individuals. Each fragment length is considered an allele
Allele

An allele is one member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene. Usually alleles are coding region, but sometimes the term is used to refer to a junk DNA....
, and can be used in genetic analysis
Genetics

Genetics , a discipline of biology, is the science of heredity and Genetic variation in living organisms. The fact that living things inherit traits from their parents has been used since prehistoric times to improve crop plants and animals through selective breeding....
.