Restriction enzyme

Restriction Enzyme

	Email		Print
	Bookmark		Link

Restriction enzyme

A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease

Endonuclease

Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, in contrast to exonucleases, which cleave phosphodiester bonds at the end of a polynucleotide chain....
) is an enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
that cuts double-stranded or single stranded DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
at specific recognition nucleotide
Nucleotide

Nucleotides are molecules that comprise the structural units of RNA and DNA. Additionally, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy , participate in cell signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ....
sequences known as restriction sites. Such enzymes, found in bacteria
Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
and archaea
Archaea

The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon . Archaea, like bacteria, are prokaryotic....
, are thought to have evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading virus
Virus

A virus is a Optical microscope#Limitations of light microscopes infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell . Viruses infect all cellular life....
es. Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; host DNA is methylated
Methylation

Methylation in the chemical sciences denotes the attachment or substitution of a methyl on various Substrate . This term is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science and the biological sciences....
by a modification enzyme (a methylase
Methylase

A methylase is an enzyme that attaches a methyl group to a molecule.These are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Bacteria use methylase to differentiate between foreign genetic material and their own, thus protecting their DNA from their own immune system....
) to protect it from the restriction enzyme’s activity.

Discussion

Ask a question about 'Restriction enzyme'

Start a new discussion about 'Restriction enzyme'

Answer questions from other users

Full Discussion Forum

Encyclopedia

A restriction enzyme (or restriction endonuclease
Endonuclease

Endonucleases are enzymes that cleave the phosphodiester bond within a polynucleotide chain, in contrast to exonucleases, which cleave phosphodiester bonds at the end of a polynucleotide chain....
) is an enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
that cuts double-stranded or single stranded DNA
DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
at specific recognition nucleotide
Nucleotide

Nucleotides are molecules that comprise the structural units of RNA and DNA. Additionally, nucleotides play central roles in metabolism. In that capacity, they serve as sources of chemical energy , participate in cell signaling , and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions ....
sequences known as restriction sites. Such enzymes, found in bacteria
Bacteria

The Bacteria are a large group of unicellular microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals....
and archaea
Archaea

The Archaea are a group of single-celled microorganisms. A single individual or species from this domain is called an archaeon . Archaea, like bacteria, are prokaryotic....
, are thought to have evolved to provide a defense mechanism against invading virus
Virus

A virus is a Optical microscope#Limitations of light microscopes infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell . Viruses infect all cellular life....
es. Inside a bacterial host, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction; host DNA is methylated
Methylation

Methylation in the chemical sciences denotes the attachment or substitution of a methyl on various Substrate . This term is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, soil science and the biological sciences....
by a modification enzyme (a methylase
Methylase

A methylase is an enzyme that attaches a methyl group to a molecule.These are found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Bacteria use methylase to differentiate between foreign genetic material and their own, thus protecting their DNA from their own immune system....
) to protect it from the restriction enzyme’s activity. Collectively, these two processes form the restriction modification system
Restriction modification system

The restriction modification system is used by bacteria, and perhaps other prokaryote organisms to protect themselves from foreign DNA, such as bacteriophages....
. To cut the DNA, a restriction enzyme makes two incisions, once through each sugar-phosphate backbone (i.e. each strand) of the DNA double helix.

After isolating the first restriction enzyme, HindIII, in 1970, and the subsequent discovery of numerous restriction endonucleases, the Nobel Prize
Nobel Prize

The Nobel Prize , established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize in Literature, and Nobel Peace Prize in 1901....
in Medicine was awarded, in 1978, to Daniel Nathans
Daniel Nathans

Daniel Nathans was an American microbiologist.He was born in Wilmington, Delaware, Delaware, the last of nine children born to Russian Jewish immigrant parents....
, Werner Arber
Werner Arber

Werner Arber is a Swiss microbiologist and geneticist. Along with American researchers Hamilton Smith and Daniel Nathans, Werner Arber shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of restriction endonucleases....
, and Hamilton Smith. Their discovery led to the development of recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA is a form of synthetic DNA thereby combining DNA sequences that would not normally occur together. In terms of genetic modification, recombinant DNA is produced through the addition of relevant DNA into an existing organismal genome, such as the plasmid of bacteria, to code for or alter different traits for a specific purpos...
technology that allowed, for example, the large scale production of human insulin
Insulin

Insulin is a hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other body systems . Insulin causes most of the body's cells to take up glucose from the blood , storing it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source....
for diabetics using E. coli bacteria. Over 3000 restriction enzymes have been studied in detail, and more than 600 of these are available commercially and are routinely used for DNA modification and manipulation in laboratories.

Recognition site

5'-GTATAC-3'

3'-CATATG-5'
A palindromic recognition site reads the same on the reverse strand as it does on the forward strand
Restriction enzymes recognize a specific sequence of nucleotides and produce a double-stranded cut in the DNA. While recognition sequences vary widely, with lengths between 4 and 8 nucleotides, many of them are palindromic
Palindrome

A palindrome is a word, phrase, palindromic number or other sequence of units that can be read the same way in either direction . Composing literature in palindromes is an example of constrained writing....
, which correspond to nitrogenous base sequences that read the same backwards and forwards. In theory, there are two types of palindromic sequences that can be possible in DNA. The mirror-like palindrome is similar to those found in ordinary text, in which a sequence reads the same forward and backwards on the same DNA strand (i.e., single stranded) as in GTAATG. The inverted repeat palindrome is also a sequence that reads the same forward and backwards, but the forward and backward sequences are found in complementary DNA strands (i.e., double stranded) as in GTATAC (Notice that GTATAC is complementary
Complementarity (molecular biology)

In molecular biology, complementarity is a property of double-stranded nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA as well as DNA:RNA duplexes. Each strand is complementary to the other in that the base pairs between them are non-covalent bond connected via two or three hydrogen bonds....
to CATATG). The inverted repeat is more common and has major biological importance than the mirror-like.

EcoRI
EcoRI

EcoRI is a nuclease enzyme isolated from certain strains of E. coli, and is part of the restriction modification system.In molecular biology, it is a commonly used restriction enzyme....
digestion produces "sticky" ends, whereas SmaI restriction enzyme cleavage produces "blunt" ends

Recognition sequences in DNA differ for each restriction enzyme, producing differences in the length, sequence and strand orientation (5' end or the 3' end) of a sticky-end
DNA end

DNA end or sticky end refers to the properties of the end of a molecule of DNA. The concept is important in molecular biology, especially in Clone or when subcloning insert DNA into vector DNA....
"overhang" of an enzyme restriction.

Different restriction enzymes that recognize the same sequence are known as neoschizomer
Neoschizomer

Neoschizomers are restriction enzymes that recognize the same nucleotide sequence as their prototype but cleave at a different site. In some special applications this is a very helpful feature....
s. These often cleave in a different locales of the sequence; however, different enzymes which recognize and cleave in the same location are known as an isoschizomer
Isoschizomer

Isoschizomers are pairs of restriction enzymes specific to the same recognition sequence and cut in the same location. For example, Sph I and Bbu I are isoschizomers of each other....
.

Bacteria prevent their own DNA from being cut by modifying their nucleotides via DNA methylation
DNA methylation

DNA methylation is a type of chemical modification of DNA that can be inherited and subsequently removed without changing the original DNA sequence....
.

Types
Restriction endonucleases are categorized into three general groups (Types I, II and III) based on their composition and enzyme cofactor requirements, the nature of their target sequence, and the position of their DNA cleavage site relative to the target sequence.

Type I
Type I restriction enzymes were the first to be identified and are characteristic of two different strains (K-12 and B) of E. coli
Escherichia coli

'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....
. These enzymes cut at a site that differs, and is some distance (at least 1000 bp) away, from their recognition site. The recognition site is asymmetrical and is composed of two portions – one containing 3-4 nucleotides, and another containing 4-5 nucleotides – separated by a spacer of about 6-8 nucleotides. Several enzyme cofactors, including S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionine

S-Adenosyl methionine is a coenzyme involved in methyl group transfers. SAM was first discovered in Italy by G. L. Cantoni in 1952. It is made from adenosine triphosphate and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase ....
(AdoMet), hydrolyzed adenosine triphosphate (ATP
ATP

ATP may refer to:...
) and magnesium
Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element with the symbol Mg, atomic number 12, atomic weight 24.3050 and common oxidation number +2.Magnesium, an alkaline earth metal, is the ninth most abundance of the chemical elements in the universe by mass....
(Mg²⁺) ion
Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge. According to the Bohr_model this will be from or in the outer shield 'n'....
s, are required for their activity. Type I restriction enzymes possess three subunits called HsdR, HsdM, and HsdS; HsdR is required for restriction, HsdM is necessary for adding methyl groups to host DNA (methyltransferase activity) and HsdS is important for specificity of cut site recognition in addition to its methyltransferase activity.

Type II
Typical type II restriction enzymes differ from type I restriction enzymes in several ways. They are composed of only one subunit, their recognition sites are usually undivided and palindromic and 4-8 nucleotides in length, they recognize and cleave DNA at the same site, and they do not use ATP or AdoMet for their activity – they usually require only Mg²⁺ as a cofactor. These are the most commonly available and used restriction enzymes. In the 1990s and early 2000s, new enzymes from this family were discovered that did not follow all the classical criteria of this enzyme class, and new subfamily nomenclature
Nomenclature

Nomenclature can refer to a system of names or terms, or the rules used for forming the names, as used by an individual or community, especially those used in a particular science or art....
was developed to divide this large family into subcategories based on deviations from typical characteristics of type II enzymes. These subgroups are defined using a letter suffix.

Type IIB restriction enzymes (e.g. BcgI and BplI) are multimers, containing more than one subunit. They cleave DNA on both sides of their recognition to cut out the recognition site. They require both AdoMet and Mg²⁺ cofactors. Type IIE restriction endonucleases (e.g. NaeI) cleave DNA following interaction with two copies of their recognition sequence. One recognition site acts as the target for cleavage, while the other acts as an allosteric effector
Allosteric regulation

In biochemistry, allosteric regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an Effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site ....
that speeds up or improves the efficiency of enzyme cleavage. Similar to type IIE enzymes, type IIF restriction endonucleases (e.g. NgoMIV) interact with two copies of their recognition sequence but cleave both sequences at the same time. Type IIG restriction endonucleases (Eco57I) do have a single subunit, like classical Type II restriction enzymes, but require the cofactor AdoMet to be active. Type IIM restriction endonucleases, such as DpnI, are able to recognize and cut methylated DNA. Type IIS restriction endonucleases (e.g. FokI) cleave DNA at a defined distance from their non-palindromic asymmetric recognition sites. These enzymes may function as dimer
Dimer

File:Carboxylic acid dimers.pngA dimer is a chemical or biological entity consisting of two identical subunits called monomers, which are held together by either intramolecular forces or weaker intermolecular forces....
s. Similarly, Type IIT restriction enzymes (e.g., Bpu10I and BslI) are composed of two different subunits. Some recognize palindromic sequences while others have asymmetric recognition sites.

Type III
Type III restriction enzymes (e.g. EcoP15) recognize two separate non-palindromic sequences that are inversely oriented. They cut DNA about 20-30 base pairs after the recognition site. These enzymes contain more than one subunit and require AdoMet and ATP cofactors for their roles in DNA methylation and restriction, respectively.

Nomenclature

E Escherichia (genus)
co coli (species)
R RY13 (strain)
I First identified (order of identification in the bacterium)
Since their discovery in the 1970s, more than 100 different restriction enzymes have been identified in different bacteria. Each enzyme is named after the bacterium from which it was isolated using a naming system based on bacterial genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
, species
Species

In biology, a species is one of the basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring....
and strain
Strain (biology)

In biology, strain is a low-level taxonomic rank used in three related ways....
. For example, the name of the EcoRI
EcoRI

EcoRI is a nuclease enzyme isolated from certain strains of E. coli, and is part of the restriction modification system.In molecular biology, it is a commonly used restriction enzyme....
restriction enzyme was derived as shown in the box.

Restriction enzymes as tools

See the main article on restriction digest
Restriction digest

A restriction digest is a procedure used in molecular biology to prepare Deoxyribonucleic acid for analysis or other processing. It is also known as DNA fragmentation ....
s.
Isolated restriction enzymes are used to manipulate DNA for different scientific applications.

They are used to assist insertion of genes into plasmid
Plasmid

File:plasmid .svgA plasmid is an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosome which is capable of replicating independently of the chromosomal DNA....
vector
Vector

Vector may refer to:...
s during gene cloning and protein expression
Protein expression

Protein expression is a subcomponent of gene expression. It consists of the stages after DNA has been translated into amino acid chains, which are ultimately folded into proteins....
experiments. For optimal use, plasmids that are commonly used for gene cloning are modified to include a short polylinker sequence (called the multiple cloning site
Multiple cloning site

A multiple cloning site , also called a polylinker, is a short segment of DNA which contains many restriction sites - a standard feature of engineered plasmids....
, or MCS) rich in restriction enzyme recognition sequences. This allows flexibility when inserting gene fragments into the plasmid vector; restriction sites contained naturally within genes influence the choice of endonuclease for digesting the DNA since it is necessary to avoid restriction of wanted DNA while intentionally cutting the ends of the DNA. To clone a gene fragment into a vector, both plasmid DNA and gene insert are typically cut with the same restriction enzymes, and then glued together with the assistance of an enzyme known as a DNA ligase
DNA ligase

In molecular biology, DNA ligase is a special type of ligase that can link together two DNA strands that have double-strand break . The alternative, a single-strand break, is fixed by a different type of DNA ligase using the Complementary DNA as a template but still requires DNA ligase to create the final phosphodiester bond to fully repair...
.

Restriction enzymes can also be used to distinguish gene allele
Allele

An allele is one member of a pair or series of different forms of a gene. Usually alleles are coding region, but sometimes the term is used to refer to a junk DNA....
s by specifically recognizing single base changes in DNA known as single nucleotide polymorphism
Single nucleotide polymorphism

A single-nucleotide polymorphism is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide — adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine — in the genome differs between members of a species ....
s (SNPs). This is only possible if a SNP alters the restriction site present in the allele. In this method, the restriction enzyme can be used to genotype
Genotype

The genotype is the trait we can't see. The genotype is the Genetics constitution of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific character under consideration....
a DNA sample without the need for expensive gene sequencing
Gene sequencing

Gene Sequencing may refer to: DNA sequencing, or a comprehensive variant of it: Full genome sequencing...
. The sample is first digested with the restriction enzyme to generate DNA fragments, and then the different sized fragments separated by gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used for the separation of DNA , RNA , or protein molecules using an electric current applied to a gel matrix....
. In general, alleles with correct restriction sites will generate two visible bands of DNA on the gel, and those with altered restriction sites will not be cut and will generate only a single band. The number of bands reveals the sample subject's genotype, an example of restriction mapping.

In a similar manner, restriction enzymes are used to digest genomic DNA for gene analysis by Southern blot
Southern blot

A Southern blot is a method routinely used in molecular biology to check for the presence of a DNA sequence in a DNA sample. Southern blotting combines agarose gel electrophoresis electrophoresis for size separation of DNA with methods to transfer the size-separated DNA to a filter membrane for probe hybridization....
. This technique allows researchers to identify how many copies (or paralogues) of a gene are present in the genome of one individual, or how many gene mutation
Mutation

In biology, mutations are changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division, by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or virus , or can be induced by the organism, itself, by cellular processes such as s...
s (polymorphism
Polymorphism

In general, polymorphism describes multiple possible states for a single property .Polymorphism may specifically refer to:In the biological sciences...
s) have occurred within a population. The latter example is called restriction fragment length polymorphism
Restriction fragment length polymorphism

A restriction fragment length polymorphism is a Polymorphism in the DNA sequence of a genome that can be detected by breaking the DNA into pieces with restriction enzymes and analyzing the size of the resulting fragments by gel electrophoresis....
(RFLP).

Examples
Examples of restriction enzymes include:

Enzyme Source Recognition Sequence Cut
EcoRI
EcoRI

EcoRI is a nuclease enzyme isolated from certain strains of E. coli, and is part of the restriction modification system.In molecular biology, it is a commonly used restriction enzyme....
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli

'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....
5'GAATTC 3'CTTAAG 5'---G AATTC---3' 3'---CTTAA G---5'
EcoRII Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli

'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....
5'CCWGG 3'GGWCC 5'--- CCWGG---3' 3'---GGWCC ---5'
BamHI
BamHI

BamHI is a restriction enzyme, derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. It has the recognition site , and leaves a sticky end....
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a species of bacterium that is the source of the BamH1 restriction enzyme. It also synthesizes a natural antibiotic protein barnase, a widely studied ribonuclease that forms a famously tight complex with its intracellular inhibitor barstar....
5'GGATCC 3'CCTAGG 5'---G GATCC---3' 3'---CCTAG G---5'
HindIII
HindIII

HindIII is a type II site-specific deoxyribonuclease restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus influenzae that cleaves the palindromic DNA sequence AAGCTT in the presence of the cofactor Mg2+ via hydrolysis....
Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic....
5'AAGCTT 3'TTCGAA 5'---A AGCTT---3' 3'---TTCGA A---5'
TaqI
TaqI

TaqI is a restriction enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus in 1978. It has a recognition sequence of 5'TCGA 3'AGCTand makes the cut...
Thermus aquaticus
Thermus aquaticus

Thermus aquaticus is a species of bacterium that can tolerate high temperatures, one of several thermophilic bacteria that belong to the Deinococcus-Thermus group....
5'TCGA 3'AGCT 5'---T CGA---3' 3'---AGC T---5'
NotI
Noti

Noti may refer to:*Noti, Oregon*Notia, Greece...
Nocardia otitidis 5'GCGGCCGC 3'CGCCGGCG 5'---GC GGCCGC---3' 3'---CGCCGG CG---5'
HinfI Haemophilus influenzae
Haemophilus influenzae

Haemophilus influenzae, formerly called Pfeiffer's bacillus or Bacillus influenzae, is a non-motile Gram-negative coccobacillus first described in 1892 by Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer during an influenza pandemic....
5'GANTC 3'CTNAG 5'---G ANTC---3' 3'---CTNA G---5'
Sau3A Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of staph infections. It is a spherical Bacteria, frequently found in the nose and skin of a person....
5'GATC 3'CTAG 5'--- GATC---3' 3'---CTAG ---5'
PovII* Proteus vulgaris
Proteus vulgaris

Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped, Gram negative bacterium that inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals. It can be found in soil, water and fecal matter....
5'CAGCTG 3'GTCGAC 5'---CAG CTG---3' 3'---GTC GAC---5'
SmaI* Serratia marcescens
Serratia marcescens

Serratia marcescens is a species of Gram-negative, bacillus bacteria in the family Enterobacteriaceae. A human pathogen, S. marcescens is involved in nosocomial infections, particularly Central venous catheter#Infection bacteremia, urinary tract infections and wound infections, and is responsible for 1.4% of nosocomial bacteremi...
5'CCCGGG 3'GGGCCC 5'---CCC GGG---3' 3'---GGG CCC---5'
HaeIII*
HaeIII

HaeIII is one of the 100+ restriction enzymes discovered since 1970. It was isolated from the Haemophilus aegyptius bacteria, and has a molecular weight of 37126....
Haemophilus aegyptius 5'GGCC 3'CCGG 5'---GG CC---3' 3'---CC GG---5'
AluI* Arthrobacter luteus 5'AGCT 3'TCGA 5'---AG CT---3' 3'---TC GA---5'
EcoRV*
EcoRV

EcoRV is a type II restriction endonuclease isolated from certain strains of Escherichia coli. It has the alternative name Eco32I.In molecular biology, it is a commonly used restriction enzyme....
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coli

'Escherichia coli' , is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in the lower gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals. Most E....
5'GATATC 3'CTATAG 5'---GAT ATC---3' 3'---CTA TAG---5'
KpnI
KPNI

KPNI - SMU Radio is the student-run radio station of Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas.External links *...
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative, non-motile, encapsulated, lactose fermentation , facultative anaerobic, rod shaped bacterium found in the normal flora of the mouth, skin, and intestines....
5'GGTACC 3'CCATGG 5'---GGTAC C---3' 3'---C CATGG---5'
PstI Providencia stuartii 5'CTGCAG 3'GACGTC 5'---CTGCA G---3' 3'---G ACGTC---5'
SacI
Saci

Saci may be:* An alternative name for the Hindu goddess Indrani* Saci , an impish mythical character of Brazilian folk tales* Saci , a Lua -driven content management system...
Streptomyces achromogenes
Streptomyces achromogenes

Streptomyces achromogenes is a species of gram-positive bacterium that belongs in the genus Streptomyces. S. achromogenes can be grown at 26°C in a medium of yeast and malt extract with glucose ....
5'GAGCTC 3'CTCGAG 5'---GAGCT C---3' 3'---C TCGAG---5'
SalI
Sali

Sali is a municipality in Croatia in the Zadar county. According to the 2001 census, there are 1,820 inhabitants, 96% which are Croats....
Streptomyces albus 5'GTCGAC 3'CAGCTG 5'---G TCGAC---3' 3'---CAGCT G---5'
ScaI
SCAI

SCAI may refer to:*SCAI, the Fraunhofer-Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, see Fraunhofer Society#Institutes*Students Confronting Apartheid in Israel...
Streptomyces caespitosus 5'AGTACT 3'TCATGA 5'---AGT ACT---3' 3'---TCA TGA---5'
SphI Streptomyces phaeochromogenes 5'GCATGC 3'CGTACG 5'---G CATGC---3' 3'---CGTAC G---5'
StuI Streptomyces tubercidicus 5'AGGCCT 3'TCCGGA 5'---AGG CCT---3' 3'---TCC GGA---5'
XbaI Xanthomonas badrii 5'TCTAGA 3'AGATCT 5'---T CTAGA---3' 3'---AGATC T---5'
* = blunt ends
N = C or G or T or A
W = A or T

See also

Star activity
Star activity

Star activity is a relaxation or alteration of the specificity of restriction enzyme mediated cleavage of DNA that can occur under reaction conditions that differ significantly from those optimum for the enzyme....
molecular weight size marker
Molecular weight size marker

A molecular weight size marker is used to identify the approximate size of a molecule run on a gel electrophoresis. This marker can be composed either of different proteins of known size, used in a Western Blot, or can be a nucleic acid that has been digested with a restriction enzyme into fragments of known size....

External links
General: Databases: Software: