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Respiration (physiology)

 

 
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Respiration (physiology)
 
 
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In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of Oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the biochemical
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
 definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cell s to convert Energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate , and then release waste products....
: the metabolic
Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....
 process by which an organism
Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
 obtains energy by reacting oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 with glucose
Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
 to give water
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
, carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 and ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cell s to convert Energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate , and then release waste products....
 and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the animal, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.

In unicellular organisms, simple diffusion
Diffusion

Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion....
 is sufficient for gas exchange: every cell is constantly bathed in the external environment, with only a short distance for gases to flow across.






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In animal physiology, respiration is the transport of Oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 from the outside air to the cells within tissues and the transport of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 in the opposite direction. This is in contrast to the biochemical
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
 definition of respiration, which refers to cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cell s to convert Energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate , and then release waste products....
: the metabolic
Metabolism

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life. These processes allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments....
 process by which an organism
Organism

In biology, an organism is any life thing . In at least some form, all organisms are capable of response to stimulus , reproduction, growth and developmental biology, and maintenance of homeostasis as a stable whole....
 obtains energy by reacting oxygen
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...
 with glucose
Glucose

Glucose , a monosaccharide also known as grape sugar, blood sugar, or corn sugar, is a very important carbohydrate in biology....
 to give water
Water

Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam....
, carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
 and ATP
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (energy). Although physiologic respiration is necessary to sustain cellular respiration
Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolism reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cell s to convert Energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate , and then release waste products....
 and thus life in animals, the processes are distinct: cellular respiration takes place in individual cells of the animal, while physiologic respiration concerns the bulk flow and transport of metabolites between the organism and the external environment.

In unicellular organisms, simple diffusion
Diffusion

Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is a net transport of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration by random molecular motion....
 is sufficient for gas exchange: every cell is constantly bathed in the external environment, with only a short distance for gases to flow across. In contrast, complex multicellular animals such as humans have a much greater distance between the environment and their innermost cells, thus, a respiratory system
Respiratory system

A respiratory system?s function is to allow gas exchange. The space between the alveoli and the capillaries, the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchanged gases vary depending on the organism....
 is needed for effective gas exchange. The respiratory system works in concert with a circulatory system
Circulatory system

The circulatory system is an organ that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis....
 to carry gases to and from the tissues.

In air-breathing vertebrates such as humans, respiration of oxygen includes four stages:
  • Ventilation, moving of the ambient air into and out of the alveoli of the lung
    Lung

    The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart....
    s.
  • Pulmonary gas exchange, exchange of gases between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries.
  • Gas transport, movement of gases within the pulmonary capillaries through the circulation to the peripheral capillaries in the organ
    Organ (anatomy)

    In biology, an organ is a biological tissue that performs a specific function or group of functions. Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues....
    s, and then a movement of gases back to the lung
    Lung

    The lung is the essential respiration organ in air-breathing animals, including most tetrapods, a few fish and a few snails. In mammals and the more complex life forms, the two lungs are located in the chest on either side of the heart....
    s along the same circulatory route.
  • Peripheral gas exchange, exchange of gases between the tissue capillaries and the tissues or organ
    Organ (anatomy)

    In biology, an organ is a biological tissue that performs a specific function or group of functions. Usually there is a main tissue and sporadic tissues....
    s, impacting the cells composing these and mitochondria within the cells.


Note that ventilation and gas transport require energy to power a mechanical pump (the heart
Heart

The heart is a muscle organ in all vertebrates responsible for pumping blood through the blood vessels by repeated, rhythmic contractions, or a similar structure in annelids, mollusks, and arthropods....
) and the muscles of respitation, mainly the diaphragm
Thoracic diaphragm

In the anatomy of mammals, the thoracic diaphragm is a sheet of muscle extending across the bottom of the ribcage. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and performs an important function in Respiration ....
. In heavy breathing, energy is also required to power additional respiatory muscles such as the intercostal muscles. The energy requirement for ventiliation and gas transport is in contrast to the passive diffusion taking place in the gas exchange steps.

Respiratory physiology
Respiratory physiology

Respiratory physiology is the branch of human physiology focusing upon Respiration .Topics include:...
 is the branch of human physiology
Human physiology

Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed....
 concerned with respiration.

Classifications of respiration


There are several way to classify the physiology of respiration:

By species


  • Aquatic respiration
    Aquatic respiration

    Aquatic respiration is the Biological process whereby an aquatic animal obtains oxygen from water.Earth's natural bodies of water have a low oxygen concentration--much lower than the level of oxygen in air at the earth's surface....
  • Buccal pumping
    Buccal pumping

    Buccal pumping is a method of respiration using the throat muscles. Animals using this method will typically move the floor of the mouth or throat in a rhythmic manner that is externally apparent....


By mechanism


  • Respiration organ
    Respiration organ

    Respiration organs are used by most, or all, animals to exchange the gases necessary for their life function known as respiration . These organs come in many forms, some of them apparently having independently evolved:...
  • Gas exchange
    Gas exchange

    Gas exchange or respiration takes place at a respiratory surface?a boundary between the external environment and the interior of the body....
  • Arterial blood gas
    Arterial blood gas

    An arterial blood gas is a blood test that is primarily performed using blood from an artery. It involves puncturing an artery with a thin needle and syringe and drawing a small volume of blood....
  • Control of respiration
    Control of respiration

    Control of ventilation refers to the physiology mechanisms involved in the control of ventilation . Gas exchange primarily controls the rate of respiration....
  • Apnea
    Apnea

    Apnea, apnoea, or apn?a is a technical term for suspension of external respiration . During apnea there is no movement of the muscles of respiration and the volume of the lungs initially remains unchanged....


By experiments


  • Huff and puff apparatus
    Huff and puff apparatus

    The huff and puff apparatus is used in school biology labs to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is a product of Respiration . A pupil breathes in and out of the middle tube....
  • Spirometry
    Spirometry

    Spirometry is the most common of the Pulmonary Function Tests , measuring lung function, specifically the measurement of the amount and/or speed of air that can be inhaled and exhaled....
  • Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
  • Bell jar model lung


By disorders


  • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
    Sudden infant death syndrome

    Sudden infant death syndrome is a syndrome marked by the symptoms of sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant aged one month to one year....
  • Myasthenia gravis
    Myasthenia gravis

    Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue . It is an autoimmunity, in which weakness is caused by circulating antibody that block acetylcholine receptors at the post-synaptic neuromuscular junction, inhibiting the stimulative effect of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine....
  • Asthma
    Asthma

    Asthma is a common chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, in which the Lung constrict, become inflammation, and are lined with excessive amounts of thickened mucus, often in response to one or more triggers....
  • Drowning
    Drowning

    Drowning is death from suffocation caused by a liquid entering the lungs and preventing the absorption of oxygen leading to cerebral Hypoxia and cardiac arrest....
  • Choking
    Choking

    Choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the lungs. Choking prevents breathing, and can be partial or complete, with partial choking allowing some,...
  • Dyspnea
    Dyspnea

    Dyspnea or dyspnoea , from Latin language dyspnoea, from Greek language dyspnoia from dyspnoos, shortness of breath) or shortness of breath is perceived to be difficulty of breathing or painful breathing that a patient is aware of....
  • Anaphylaxis
    Anaphylaxis

    Anaphylaxis is an acute Circulatory system and very severe Type I hypersensitivity allergy reaction in humans and other mammals. The term comes from the Greek words a?a ana and f??a??? phylaxis ....
  • Pneumonia
    Pneumonia

    Pneumonia is an Inflammation illness of the lung. Frequently, it is described as lung parenchyma/alveolus inflammation and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid ....
  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome
    Severe acute respiratory syndrome

    Severe acute respiratory syndrome is a respiratory disease in humans which is caused by the SARS coronavirus . There has been one near pandemic to date, between November 2002 and July 2003, with 8,096 known infected cases and 774 deaths worldwide being listed in the World Health Organization's 21 April 2004 concluding report....
  • Aspiration (medicine) - Pulmonary edema
    Pulmonary edema

    Pulmonary edema , or oedema , is swelling and/or fluid accumulation in the lungs. It leads to impaired gas exchange and may cause respiratory failure....
  • Death
    Death

    Death is the permanent termination of the biological functions that define a life organism. It refers to both a particular event and to the condition that results thereby....

By medication


  • Asthma medication


By intensive care and emergency medicine


  • CPR
    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

    Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an emergency medical procedure for a victim of cardiac arrest or, in some circumstances, respiratory arrest. CPR is performed in hospitals, or in the community by layman or by emergency response professionals....
  • Mechanical ventilation
    Mechanical ventilation

    In medicine, mechanical ventilation is a method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous respiration .Mechanical ventilation is typically used after an invasive intubation, a procedure wherein an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy tube is inserted into the airway....
  • Intubation
    Intubation

    In medicine, intubation refers to the placement of a tube into an external or internal orifice of the body. Although the term can refer to endoscopy procedures, it is most often used to denote tracheal intubation....
  • Iron lung
    Iron lung

    An iron lung is a medium size machine that enables a person to respiration when normal muscle control has been lost or the work of breathing exceeds the person's ability....
  • Intensive care medicine
    Intensive care medicine

    Intensive Care Medicine or critical care medicine is a branch of medicine concerned with the provision of life support or organ support systems in patients who are critically ill and who usually require intensive monitoring....
  • Liquid breathing
    Liquid breathing

    Liquid breathing is a postulated form of Respiration in which a normally air-breathing organism breathes an oxygen-rich liquid , rather than breathing air....
  • ECMO
  • Oxygen toxicity
    Oxygen toxicity

    Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at elevated partial pressures. It is also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, hyperoxia, or the Paul Bert effect and Lorrain Smith effect, after the researchers who pioneered its discovery and desc...
  • Medical ventilator
    Medical ventilator

    A medical ventilator may be defined as any machine designed to mechanically move breatheable air into and out of the lungs, to provide the mechanism of breathing for a patient who is physically unable to breathe, or breathing insufficiently....
  • Paramedic
    Paramedic

    A paramedic is a medical professional, usually a member of the emergency medical services, who primarily provides pre-hospital advanced Medical emergency and Physical trauma care....
  • Life support
    Life support

    Life support, in the medical field, refers to a set of therapies for preserving a patient's life when essential body systems are not functioning sufficiently to sustain life unaided....
  • General anaesthesia
    General anaesthesia

    In modern medical practice, general anaesthesia is a state of total unconsciousness resulting from general anaesthetic drugs. A variety of drugs are given to the patient that have different effects with the overall aim of ensuring unconsciousness, amnesia and analgesia....


  • Laryngoscope
    Laryngoscope

    A laryngoscope is a medical instrument that is used to obtain a view of the vocal folds and the glottis, which is the space between the cords....


By other medical topics


  • Respiratory therapy
    Respiratory therapy

    Respiratory Therapy is an allied health profession in the United States and Canada. In the United States there are currently two levels of respiratory therapist, the Certified Respiratory Therapist and the Registered Respiratory Therapist , both credentials offered by the ....
  • Breathing gas
    Breathing gas

    Air is the most common and only natural breathing gas. Other artificial gases, either pure gases or mixtures of gases, are used in breathing equipment and enclosed habitats such as Scuba set, surface supplied diving equipment, recompression chambers, submarines, space suits, spacecraft and anaesthetic machines....
    es
  • Hyperbaric oxygen therapy
    Hyperbaric oxygen therapy

    Hyperbaric medicine, also known as hyperbaric oxygen therapy , is the medical use of oxygen at a level higher than atmospheric pressure....
  • Hypoxia
    Hypoxia (medical)

    Hypoxia is a Pathology condition in which the body as a whole or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply. Variations in arterial oxygen concentrations can be part of the normal physiology, for example, during strenuous physical exercise....
  • Gas embolism
  • Decompression sickness
    Decompression sickness

    'Decompression sickness' , 'the diver?s disease', 'the bends', 'caisson disease' is the name given to a variety of symptoms suffered by a person exposed to a decrease in the pressure around the body....
  • Barotrauma
    Barotrauma

    Barotrauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding gas or liquid....
  • Oxygen toxicity
    Oxygen toxicity

    Oxygen toxicity is a condition resulting from the harmful effects of breathing molecular oxygen at elevated partial pressures. It is also known as oxygen toxicity syndrome, oxygen intoxication, hyperoxia, or the Paul Bert effect and Lorrain Smith effect, after the researchers who pioneered its discovery and desc...
  • Nitrogen narcosis
    Nitrogen narcosis

    Narcosis while diving, commonly called nitrogen narcosis, inert gas narcosis or rapture of the deep, is a reversible alteration in consciousness in Scuba diving at depth....
  • Carbon dioxide poisoning
  • Carbon monoxide poisoning
    Carbon monoxide poisoning

    Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of carbon monoxide gas. Carbon monoxide is a product of combustion of organic matter under conditions of restricted oxygen supply, which prevents complete oxidation to carbon dioxide ....
  • HPNS
  • Salt water aspiration syndrome
    Salt water aspiration syndrome

    Salt water aspiration syndrome is a rare diving disorders suffered by Scuba diving who inhale a mist of seawater from a faulty demand valve causing irritation of the lungs....


See also


  • Respiratory system
    Respiratory system

    A respiratory system?s function is to allow gas exchange. The space between the alveoli and the capillaries, the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchanged gases vary depending on the organism....
  • List of basic biology topics
    List of basic biology topics

    Biology is the study of living organisms. It is concerned with the characteristics, biological classification, and behaviors of organisms, how species come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the Environment ....