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A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied
Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
 country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence
Nonviolence

Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical violence. As such, nonviolence is an alternative to passive acceptance of oppression and armed struggle against it....
. The term resistance is generally used to designate movement considered legitimate (from speaker's point of view).

Organizations and individuals critical of foreign intervention and supporting forms of organized movement (particularly where citizens are affected) tend to favor the term.






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Quotations


Resistance to tyranny is mans highest ideal.

Emma Goldman, Anarchism and Other Essays, 3rd rev. ed., ch. 3 (1917)

You may either win your peace or buy it: win it, by resistance to evil; buy it, by compromise with evil.

John Ruskin, The Two Paths, lecture 5 (1859)

I shall earnestly and persistently continue to urge all women to the practical recognition of the old Revolutionary maxim. Resistance to tyranny is obedience to God.

Susan B. Anthony, in Federal Court being tried for voting (June 18, 1873)

The history of liberty is a history of resistance. The history of liberty is a history of the limitation of governmental power, not the increase of it.

Woodrow Wilson, Address to the New York Press Club, New York City (September 9, 1912)

Resistance is feasible even for those who are not heroes by nature, and it is an obligation, I believe, for those who fear the consequences and detest the reality of the attempt to impose American hegemony.

Noam Chomsky, In American Power and the New Mandarins (1969)





Encyclopedia


A resistance movement is a group or collection of individual groups, dedicated to fighting an invader in an occupied
Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
 country or the government of a sovereign nation through either the use of physical force, or nonviolence
Nonviolence

Nonviolence is a philosophy and strategy for social change that rejects the use of physical violence. As such, nonviolence is an alternative to passive acceptance of oppression and armed struggle against it....
. The term resistance is generally used to designate movement considered legitimate (from speaker's point of view).

Organizations and individuals critical of foreign intervention and supporting forms of organized movement (particularly where citizens are affected) tend to favor the term. When such a resistance movement uses violence, those favorably disposed to it may also speak of freedom fighters.

There has been a dispute between states since the laws of war
Laws of war

The law of war is law concerning acceptable practices relating to war. In cases other than civil wars, it is considered an aspect of public international law ....
 were first codified in 1899. The Martens Clause
Martens Clause

The Martens Clause was introduced into the preamble to the 1899 Hague Conventions II – Laws and Customs of War on Land.The clause took its name from a declaration read by Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens, the Russian delegate at the Hague Peace Conferences 1899 and was based upon his words:...
 was introduced as a compromise wording for the dispute between the Great Power
Great power

A great power is a nation or state that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess economics, military, diplomacy, and soft power strength, which may cause other, smaller nations to consider the opinions of great powers before taking actions of their own....
s who considered francs-tireurs
Francs-tireurs

The phrase francs-tireurs was used to describe irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War and from that usage it is sometimes used to refer more generally to Guerrilla warfare fighters who fight outside the laws of war....
 to be unlawful combatants subject to execution on capture and smaller states who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants. More recently the 1977 Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, recognised in Article 1. Paragraph 4
Protocol I

The Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts is an amendment to the Geneva Conventions....
 "... in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination and alien occupation and against racist regimes..." contains many ambiguities that cloud the issue of who is or is not a legitimate combatant. Hence depending on the perspective of a state's government, a resistance movement may or may not be labelled terrorist group based on whether the members of a resistance movement are considered lawful or unlawful combatants and their right to resist occupation is recognized. Ultimately, the distinction is a political
Politics

Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behaviour within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporation, academia, and religion institutions....
 judgment.

Etymology

Term "Resistance" originates from the French Resistance
French Resistance

File:Croix de Lorraine2.svgThe French Resistance is the collective name used for the French resistance movements which fought against the Nazi Germany German occupation of France in World War II and the collaborationist Vichy Regime during World War II....
 during World War II
World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global military conflict which involved a Participants in World War II, including all of the great powers, organised into two opposing military alliances: the Allies of World War II and the Axis powers....
 self designation. It has become a generic term that has been used to designate underground resistance movements from any country. While the concept of Resistance may have existed prior to WWII, using the term "resistance" to designate a movement meeting the definition prior WWII might be considered an anachronism
Anachronism

An anachronism is an error in chronology, especially a chronological misplacing of persons, events, objects, or customs in regard to each other....
. While non exclusive, the term is also strongly coined to WWII context.

Background

Resistance movements can include any irregular armed force
Irregular military

Irregular military refers to any non-standard military. Being defined by exclusion, there is a lot of variance in what comes under the term. It can refer to the type of military organization, or to the type of tactics used....
 that rises up against an enforced or established authority, government
Government

Government is the body within any organization that has the authority to make and the power to enforce laws, regulations, or rules. Typically, the government refers to a civil government -- local, provincial, or national -- but commercial, academic, religious, or other formal organizations are also administered by governing bodies....
, or administration
Administration (government)

The term administration, as used in the Context of government, differs according to jurisdiction....
. This frequently includes groups that consider themselves to be resisting tyranny. Some resistance movements are underground organization
Underground Resistance

Underground Resistance is a musical collective from Detroit, Michigan, in the United States of America. They are the most militantly political example of modern Detroit Techno, with a grungy, four-track musical aesthetic and a strictly anti-mainstream business strategy....
s engaged in a struggle for national liberation
Libération

Lib?ration is a France daily newspaper founded in Paris in 1973 by Jean-Paul Sartre, Pierre Victor alias Benny L?vy and Serge July in the wake of the protest movements of May 1968....
 in a country under military occupation
Military occupation

Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a belligerent....
 or totalitarian domination.

Tactics of resistance movements against a constituted authority
Authority

In government, authority is often used interchangeably with the term "power ". However, their meanings differ: while "power" refers to the ability to achieve certain ends, "authority" refers to a claim of legitimacy , the justification and right to exercise that power....
 range from nonviolent resistance
Nonviolent resistance

Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence....
 and civil disobedience
Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power , without resorting to physical violence....
, to industrial sabotage
Sabotage

Sabotage is a deliberate action aimed at weakening an enemy, oppressor or employer through subversion, obstruction, disruption, and/or destruction....
 and guerrilla warfare
Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is the Irregular warfare warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile Military tactics to combat a larger and less mobile formal army....
, or even conventional warfare if the resistance movement is strong enough. Any government facing violent acts from a resistance movement usually condemns such acts as terrorism
Terrorism

Terrorism, according to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, is the systematic use of terror, "violent or destructive acts committed by groups in order to intimidate a population or government into granting their demands." At present, there is no internationally agreed upon definition of terrorism....
, even when such attacks target only the military or security forces.

Resistance during World War II
Resistance during World War II

Resistance movement during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns....
 was mainly dedicated to fighting the Axis
Axis Powers

The Axis powers were those countries that were opposed to the Allies of World War II during World War II. The three major Axis powers - Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy , and Empire of Japan - were part of a military alliance on the signing of the Tripartite Pact in September 1940, which officially founded the Axis powers....
 invaders. Germany itself also had an anti-Nazi German resistance movement in this period. Although mainland Britain
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 did not suffer invasion in World War II, the British made preparations for a British resistance movement in the event of a German invasion.

US government definition

According to Joint Publication 1-02, The United States Department of Defense defines a resistance movement as: An organized effort by some portion of the civil population of a country to resist the legally established government or an occupying power and to disrupt civil order and stability.

In strict military terminology, a resistance movement is simply that; it seeks to resist (change) the policies of a government or occupying power. This may be accomplished though violent or non-violent means. A resistance movement is specifically limited to changing the nature of current power, not to overthrow it. The correct military term for removing or overthrowing a government is an insurgency.

Examples of resistance movements


Pre-20th century

  • Carbonari
    Carbonari

    The Carbonari were groups of secret society founded in early 19th-century Italy. Their goals were patriotic and liberal and they played an important role in the Risorgimento and the early years of Italian nationalism....
     - 19th century Italian
    Italy

    Italy , officially the Italian Republic , is a country located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe and on the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea, Sicily and Sardinia....
     movement resisting Austria
    Austria

    Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It borders both Germany and the Czech Republic to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west....
    n or Bourbon
    House of Bourbon

    The House of Bourbon is an important European royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Bourbon kings first ruled Kingdom of Navarre and France in the 16th century....
     rule.


  • Sons of Liberty
    Sons of Liberty

    The Sons of Liberty was a secret organization of Patriot which originated in the Thirteen Colonies during the American Revolution. Kingdom of Great Britain authorities and their supporters known as Loyalist considered the Sons of Liberty as seditious rebels, referring to them as "Sons of Violence" and "Sons of Iniquity." Patriots attacked t...
     - - Revolutionary patriot
    Patriot (American Revolution)

    Patriots was the name the colonists of the Kingdom of Great Britain Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control during the American Revolution called themselves....
     group that embraced Republicanism
    Republicanism

    Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, where the head of state is appointed by other means than hereditary, often elections....
     in the United States during the 1760s and 1770's and routinely engaged in acts of violent resistance against British government officials and prominent loyalist sympathizers. The Boston branch of the Sons of Liberty met under the Liberty Tree
    Liberty Tree

    The Liberty Tree was a famous elm tree that stood in Boston, near Boston Common, in the days before the American Revolution. The tree was a rallying point for the growing resistance to the rule of England over the Thirteen Colonies....
    , from which they would post messages or hang and burn effigies of their enemies.


  • The Underground Railroad
    Underground Railroad

    The Underground Railroad was an informal network of secret routes and safe houses used by 19th century African American Slavery in the United States in the United States to escape to free state and Canada with the aid of Abolitionism who were sympathetic to their cause....
     - The pre American Civil War
    American Civil War

    The American Civil War , also known as the War Between the States and several Naming the American Civil War, was a civil war in the United States....
     slave escape network consisting of volunteers who were dedicated to secretly helping escaping slave reach free states or Canada
    Canada

    Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
    .


Pre-World War II

  • Irish Republican Army
    Irish Republican Army

    The Irish Republican Army was an Irish republican revolutionary military organisation descended from the Irish Volunteers, established 25 November 1913 and who in April 1916 staged the Easter Rising....
  • The Rising of East Karelians (1921-1922)
  • Lwów Eaglets
    Lwów Eaglets

    Lw?w Eaglets is a term of affection applied to the Poland child soldiers who defended the city of Lviv during the Polish-Ukrainian War .Originally the term was applied exclusively to young volunteers , who had participated in the defense of Lviv during the city's siege by the Ukrainian army from November 1 to November 22 1918....
  • Non-Cooperation Movement
    Non-cooperation movement

    The Edwin Movement , was the first-ever series of nationwide people's movements of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience, led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress....
     (1919-1939)
  • Filipino guerilla units after official end of Philippine-American War
    Philippine-American War

    The Philippine?American War was an armed military conflict between the United States and the Philippines, which arose from the First Philippine Republic struggle against U.S....
     (1902-1913)
  • Pancho Villa
    Pancho Villa

    This article is about the Mexican revolutionary general. For the boxer, see Francisco Guilledo.Doroteo Arango Ar?mbula , better known as Francisco or "Pancho" Villa, was the first Mexican Revolutionary general....
     led a resistance movement/rebellion in Mexico
    Mexico

    The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
     in the early 20th century, as did the Zapata
    Zapata

    Zapata can refer to:...
     brothers.
  • Bolshevik Revolution
    Russian Revolution of 1917

    The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union....
     (1917-1922)


World War II

See also Resistance during World War II
Resistance during World War II

Resistance movement during World War II occurred in every occupied country by a variety of means, ranging from non-cooperation, disinformation and propaganda to hiding crashed pilots and even to outright warfare and the recapturing of towns....
  • Albanian resistance movement
    Military history of Albania during World War II

    Communist and Nationalist resistance...
  • Austrian resistance movement
    Austrian resistance

    The Austrian resistance to the Nazi rule that started with the Anschluss in 1938 had a prehistory of socialist and communist activism against the era of Austrofascism from 1934....
     (O5)
  • Belgian resistance movement
  • Bulgarian resistance movement
  • Burmese resistance movement
    Anti-Fascist Organisation

    The Anti-Fascist Organisation was a Burma resistance movement against the Japanese Occupation during the Second World War. It was the forerunner of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League so renamed at the end of the war on 19 August 1945 after the defeat of Japan and the return of the Great Britain colonial administration....
  • Czech Resistance movement
    Occupation of Czechoslovakia

    The term Occupation of Czechoslovakia may refer to the following events:*The German occupation of Czechoslovakia and its allies:**1938: occupation of border regions of Czechoslovakia following the Munich Agreement which allowed a Partition of the country :...
  • Chinese resistance movements
    Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies

    After the Invasion of Manchuria, and until 1933, large volunteer armies waged war against Empire of Japan and Manchukuo forces over much of Northeast China....
    • Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
      Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army

      The Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army was an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in the Northeast part of China after the occupation of Manchuria by Japan in 1931....
    • Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country
      Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country

      Anti-Japanese Army For The Salvation Of The Country was a Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies led by Li Hai-ching resisting the pacification of Manchukuo....
    • Chinese People's National Salvation Army
      Chinese People's National Salvation Army

      One of the most successful volunteer armies was the Chinese People's National Salvation Army or NSA, led by a former bandit turned soldier, Wang Delin....
    • Heilungkiang National Salvation Army
      Heilungkiang National Salvation Army

      On September 27, 1932, the forces of Gen. Su Bingwen mutinied in Hailar. Calling themselves the Heilungkiang National Salvation Army they moved eastwards aboard trains towards Qiqihar to join Gen....
    • Jilin Self-Defence Army
      Jilin Self-Defence Army

      The Jilin Self-Defence Army was formed in late January 1932, as the Manchukuoan and Japanese troops closed in on Harbin. General Ting Chao, Li Du, Feng Zhanhai, Xing Zhanqing, and Zhao Yi organised the Jilin Self-Defence Army in order to prevent the fall and occupation of the city....
    • Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army
      Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army

      Ma Zhanshan, who had surrendered in January 1932 and joined the Manchukuo regime, rebelled again in late April, forming his own volunteer army in Heilongjiang province at the beginning of May, and then he established another 11 troops of volunteers at Buxi, Gannan, Keshan, Kedong and other places and thus established the Northeast Anti-Japanese Nat...
    • Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
      Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army

      The Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army was an anti-Japanese guerrilla army in the Northeast part of China after the occupation of Manchuria by Japan in 1931....
    • Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army
      Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army

      The Northeast People's Anti-Japanese Volunteer Army was led by Tang Juwu, formerly the commander of a Northeastern infantry regiment, Internment by the Japanese at the beginning of the invasion of Manchuria....
    • Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army
      Northeastern Loyal and Brave Army

      Following the defeat of the forces of Ting Chao at Harbin in February 1932, Feng Zhanhai withdrew his forces to Shan-Ho-Tun, a village in the Wuchang District....
    • Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army
      Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army

      After the Empire of Japan Invasion of Manchuria the Manchuria in 1931, the Chinese Communist Party organized small anti-Japanese guerrilla units, and formed their own Northeastern People's Revolutionary Army, dedicated to social revolution, but these were dwarfed by the Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies which had been raised by their anti-Japanese, p...
    • Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters
      Northeastern Volunteer Righteous & Brave Fighters

      Wang Fengge, a student of traditional martial arts and later an officer in the Chinese Northeast Army, became involved in the Big Swords Society.After the Japanese invasion, he raised a force by linking up with other citizens in the Linjiang and Ji'an areas during late 1931....
    • Hong Kong resistance movements
      Japanese occupation of Hong Kong

      The Japanese occupation of Hong Kong began after the Governor of Hong Kong, Mark Aitchison Young surrendered the territory of Hong Kong to Imperial Japan on 25 December 1941 after Battle of Hong Kong by British and Canadian defenders against overwhelming Japanese Imperial forces....
    • Gangjiu dadui (Hong Kong-Kowloon big army)
    • Dongjiang Guerrillas (East River Guerrillas, Southern China and Hong Kong organisation)
  • Danish resistance movement
    Danish resistance movement

    The Danish Resistance Movement was an resistance movement to resist the Nazi Germany occupation of Denmark during World War II. Due to the unusually lenient terms given to Denmark by the Nazi occupation authority, the movement was slower to develop effective tactics on a wide scale than in some other countries....
  • Dutch resistance movement
    Dutch resistance

    Dutch Resistance to the History of the Netherlands during World War II developed relatively slowly, but its counterintelligence, domestic sabotage, and communications networks provided key support to Allies of World War II beginning in 1944 and continuing until the country was fully liberated....
  • Estonian resistance movement
  • French resistance movement
    French Resistance

    File:Croix de Lorraine2.svgThe French Resistance is the collective name used for the French resistance movements which fought against the Nazi Germany German occupation of France in World War II and the collaborationist Vichy Regime during World War II....
     in World War II, including the
    • Maquis
  • German resistance movements
    • The White Rose
      White Rose

      The White Rose was a Nonviolence Widerstand group in Nazi Germany, consisting of a number of students from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and their philosophy professor....
    • The Red Orchestra
    • The Werwolf
      Werwolf

      Werwolf was the name given to a last-ditch Nazism plan, developed during the closing months of the World War II, to create a Germany commando force which would operate behind enemy lines as the Allies of World War II advanced through the territory of Germany itself....
  • Greek resistance movement
    Greek Resistance

    The Greek Resistance is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political spectrum that resisted the Axis Occupation of Greece in the period 1941-1944 during the Second World War....
  • Italian resistance movement
    Italian resistance movement

    The Italy resistance movement was a Partisan force during World War II....
  • Jewish resistance movement
    Jewish resistance movement

    The Jewish resistance during the Holocaust was the resistance movement of the Jewish people against Nazi Germany leading up to and through World War II....
    , including Jewish partisans
    Jewish partisans

    Jewish partisans were fighters in irregular military groups participating in the Jewish resistance during the Holocaust against Nazi Germany and Non-German cooperation with Nazis during World War II during World War II....
     and Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee
    Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee

    The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was formed in Samara, Russia in April 1942 with the official support of the Soviet authorities. It was designed to influence international public opinion and organize political and material support for the Soviet fight against Nazi Germany, particularly from the Western world....
  • Korean resistance movement
    Korean independence movement

    The Korean independence movement grew out of the Korea under Japanese rule of Korea from 1910-1945....
  • Latvian resistance movement
    Latvian resistance movement

    A large number of Latvians resisted the occupation of Latvia by Nazi Germany. The Latvian resistance movement was divided between the pro-independence units under the Latvian Central Council and the pro-Soviet units under the Central Staff of the Partisan Movement in Moscow....
  • Lithuanian resistance during World War II
  • Lithuanian, Latvian, and Estonian (Forest Brothers
    Forest Brothers

    File:Alfons Rebane in Estonian Army.jpgThe Forest Brothers were the Estonian partisan who waged guerrilla warfare against Soviet rule during the Occupation of Baltic states of the three Baltic states during, and after, World War II....
    , Latvian national partisans
    Latvian national partisans

    Latvian national partisans were the Latvian national partisan who waged the guerrilla warfare against the Soviet rule....
    , and Lithuanian partisans (1944–1953)
    Lithuanian partisans (1944–1953)

    The Lithuanian partisans were partisan who waged guerrilla warfare against the Soviet rule during the Occupation of Baltic states of Lithuania during and after the World War II....
    ) resistance movements during the Soviet
    Soviet Union

    The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
     invasion and occupation of the Baltic countries
    Baltic countries

    The Baltic states , Baltic Nations or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all European Union member state of the European Union: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania....
     (continued after the end of WWII).
  • Norwegian resistance movement
    Norwegian resistance movement

    Norwegian resistance to the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany by Nazi Germany began after Operation Weser?bung in 1940 and ended in 1945. It took several forms:...
  • Philippine resistance movement
    Hukbalahap

    The Hukbalahap was the military arm of the Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas-1930 , formed in 1942 to fight the Japanese Empire's occupation of the Philippines during World War II....
     -- the anti-Japanese phase of the Huk movement
  • Polish Underground State and Polish resistance
    Polish resistance

    File:Jedrusie.jpgPolish resistance can refer to various resistance movements of the Polish people against foreign invaders, occupiers or puppet governments:...
     organizations, such as:
    • Armia Krajowa
      Armia Krajowa

      The Armia Krajowa , abbreviated "AK", was the dominant Polish resistance movement in World War II Nazi Germany-History of Poland . It was formed in February 1942 from the Zwiazek Walki Zbrojnej and over the next two years absorbed most other Polish underground forces....
       (the Home Army), Polish underground army in World War II (400 000 sworn members)
    • Narodowe Sily Zbrojne
      Narodowe Sily Zbrojne

      Narodowe Sily Zbrojne was a right wing, anti-communist, anti-semitic paramilitary organization which was part of the Polish resistance movement in World War II, fighting the Nazism German occupation of Poland in General Government....
    • Bataliony Chlopskie
      Bataliony Chlopskie

      Bataliony Chlopskie was a Poland World War II resistance movement and Partisan organisation. The organisation was created in mid-1940 by the Stronnictwo Ludowe party and by 1944 was partially integrated with the Armia Krajowa....
    • Gwardia Ludowa
      Gwardia Ludowa

      Gwardia Ludowa was a communist armed organisation in Poland, organised by the Soviet created Polish Workers Party. It was the largest military organization which refused to join the structures of the Polish Underground State....
       (the Peoples' Guard) and Armia Ludowa
      Armia Ludowa

      Armia Ludowa was a Partisan force set up by the Polish Workers' Party during World War II. Its aims were to support the Soviet Union military against the German forces and aid the creation of a Soviet-controlled communist regime in Poland....
       (the Peoples' Army)
    • Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa
      Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa

      The Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa was a World War II resistance movement, which was instrumental in engineering the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ZOB took part in a number of other resistance activities as well....
       (ZOB, the Jewish Fighting Organisation), Jewish resistance movement that led the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
      Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

      The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the History of the Jews in Poland insurgency that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in Occupation of Poland during World War II, and which opposed Nazi Germany's effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the Treblinka extermination camp....
       in 1943
    • Zydowski Zwiazek Walki (ZZW, the Jewish Fighting Union), Jewish resistance movement that led the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
      Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

      The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was the History of the Jews in Poland insurgency that arose within the Warsaw Ghetto in Occupation of Poland during World War II, and which opposed Nazi Germany's effort to transport the remaining ghetto population to the Treblinka extermination camp....
       in 1943
  • Slovak resistance movement
    Slovak National Uprising

    The Slovak National Uprising or 1944 Uprising was an armed insurrection organized by the Slovakia Resistance during World War II movement during World War II....
  • Soviet resistance movement of Soviet partisans
    Soviet partisans

    The Soviet Partisan were members of a resistance movement which fought a guerrilla war against the Axis forces occupation of the Soviet Union during the Second World War....
     and underground which had Moscow-organized and spontaneously formed cells opposing German occupation.
  • Thai resistance movement
    Free Thai Movement

    The Free Thai Movement was an underground resistance movement against Japan during World War II. The movement was one of the important sources to the Allies for military intelligence in this region....
  • Ukrainian Insurgent Army
    Ukrainian Insurgent Army

    The Ukrainian Insurgent Army was a group of Ukrainian nationalism Partisans who engaged in a series of guerrilla conflicts during the World War II....
     - fought the Poles, the Germans
    Nazi Germany

    Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the colloquial English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party , which established a Totalitarianism dictatorship that existed from 1933 to 1945....
     and the Soviets
    Soviet Union

    The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
    .
  • Yugoslav
    Yugoslavia

    File:LocationYugoslavia2.pngYugoslavia is a term that describes three political entities that existed successively on the Balkan Peninsula in Europe, during most of the 20th century....
     resistance movements:
    • People's Liberation Army – the partisans
      Partisans (Yugoslavia)

      The Yugoslav Partisans, or simply the Partisans, were a communist-led World War II resistance movement engaged in the fight against Axis forces and their Collaboration during World War II in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia during the Yugoslav People's Liberation War from 1941 to 1945....
    • Yugoslav Royal Army in the Fatherland – Chetniks
      Chetniks

      The Chetnik movement or the Chetniks were a Serbs-nationalist/Monarchism paramilitary organization operating in the Balkans before and during World Wars....
  • Viet Minh
    Viet Minh

    The Vi?t Minh was a national liberation movement which dated its foundation to May 19 1941 in South China. The Vi?t Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from France and later to oppose the Vietnam during World War II....


Planned resistance movements:
  • The Auxiliary Units
    Auxiliary Units

    The Auxiliary Units were specially trained highly secret units created with the aim of resisting the expected Operation Sealion by Nazi Germany during World War II....
    , organized by Colonel Colin Gubbins
    Colin Gubbins

    Major-General Sir Colin McVean Gubbins Order of St Michael and St George, Distinguished Service Order, Military Cross was the prime mover of the SOE in the Second World War....
     as a potential British resistance movement against a possible invasion of the British Isles by Nazi forces, note that it was the only resistance movement established prior to invasion, albeit the invasion never came.
  • Volunteer Fighting Corps (Japan)


Post-World War II

  • Algerian resistance
  • Armenian resistance
    Armenian irregular units

    Armenian irregular units, also known as are Armenian people guerrillas who leave their families to form brigades. The Armenian fighters were volunteers who are literally "one who is ready to sacrifice his life" for his people)....
  • Basque separatists
    ETA

    or ETA , is an illegal and armed Basque nationalist and separatist organisation. Founded in 1959, it evolved from a group advocating traditional cultural ways to a paramilitary group demanding Basque independence....
     (ongoing)
  • Black Panther Party
    Black Panther Party

    The Black Panther Party was an African-American organization established to promote Black Power and Right of self-defense through acts of social agitation....
     
  • Bosnian Resistance
    Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina

    The Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina was a military force of the Bosnia and Herzegovina established by the government of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992 following the outbreak of the Bosnian War....
  • Chechen separatists
    Chechen Republic of Ichkeria

    The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria is the unrecognized secessionist government of Chechnya. Chechnya is located in the Northern Caucasus mountains and borders Stavropol Krai to the northwest, the republic of Dagestan to the northeast and east, Georgia to the south, and the republics of Ingushetia and North Ossetia to the west....
     (ongoing)
  • Colombian communist resistance
    Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia

    The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia ? People?s Army , also known by the acronym of FARC or FARC-EP, is a self-proclaimed Marxism-Leninism revolutionary guerrilla organization....
     (ongoing)
  • Cuban anti-Batista resistance
    Cuban Revolution

    The Cuban Revolution was a revolution that led to the overthrow of the Dictator government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista on January 1, 1959 by the 26th of July movement and other revolutionary organizations....
  • Cuban anti-Castro resistance
    Cuban Libertarian Movement

    The Cuban Anarchist Movement , is a network of Cuban Anarchism living in exile abroad and possibly in Cuba, including collectives and individuals....
     (ongoing)
  • Czechoslovakian resistance
    Prague Spring

    The Prague Spring was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II....
  • Greek resistance
  • Environmentalist resistance
    Earth First!

    Earth First! is a radical Environmental movement that emerged in the Southwestern United States United States in 1979.Inspired by Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, Aldo Leopold's land ethic, and Edward Abbey's The Monkey Wrench Gang, a group of activists pledged "No Compromise in Defense of Mother Earth!" Environmental activist Da...
     (ongoing)
  • Hungarian Uprising
  • Human rights resistance
    Anarchy

    Anarchy may refer to any of the following:* "No ruler ship or enforced authority." * "Absence of government; a state of lawlessness due to the absence or inefficiency of the supreme power; political disorder."...
     (ongoing)
  • Indian Independence movement
    Indian independence movement

    The term Indian independence movement incorporates various national and regional campaigns, agitations and efforts of both Nonviolent and Revolutionary movement for Indian independence philosophy....
  • Iraqi insurgency
    Iraqi insurgency

    The Iraqi insurgency is composed of a diverse mix of militias, foreign fighters, all Iraqi units or mixtures using violent measures against the United States-led Multinational force in Iraq in Iraq and the post-2003 Iraqi government, or by propaganda or money supportive thereof....
     (ongoing)
  • Irish Republicanism
    Irish Republicanism

    Irish republicanism is an ideology based on the Irish nationalist belief that all of Ireland should be a single independent republic.In 1801, under the Act of Union 1800, the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland merged to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland....
     in particular (ongoing)
  • Jewish Zionist resistance to British occupation in Mandate Palestine
  • Khalistan
    Khalistan

    The Khalistan movement is a movement in Indian Punjab to create "The Land of the Pure" as an independent non-democratic theocratic Sikh state in all Punjabi language-speaking areas, which include Indian Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and some other Punjabi speaking parts of states like Gujarat and Rajasthan....
     (ongoing)
  • Kurdish separatism
    Kurdistan Workers Party

    The Kurdistan Workers' Party best known as PKK also called KADEK, Kongra-Gel, and KGK) is a militant organization founded in the 1970s and led by Abdullah ?calan....
     (ongoing)
  • Lebanese Communist Party
    Lebanese Communist Party

    The Lebanese Communist Party is a communist political party in Lebanon, founded in 1924 by the Lebanese intellectual, writer and reporter Youssef Ibrahim Yazbek, and Fou'ad al-shmeli a tobacco worker from Bikfaya....
  • National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam
    National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam

    The Vietcong , or the National Liberation Front, was an army based in South Vietnam that fought the United States and South Vietnamese governments during the Vietnam War ....
  • Polish resistance
    Solidarity

    Solidarity is a Poland trade union federation founded in September 1980 at the Gdansk Shipyard, and originally led by Lech Walesa.Solidarity was the first non-communist trade union in a communist country....
  • Palestinian Resistance
    Al-Aqsa Intifada

    The Second Intifada, also known as the al-Aqsa Intifada was the second Palestinian people uprising, a period of intensified Israeli?Palestinian conflict violence, which began in late September 2000....
     (ongoing)
  • Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
    Romanian anti-communist resistance movement

    The armed resistance against the Communist Romania in Romania lasted between 1948 and the early 1960s. Armed resistance was the first and most structured form of resistance against the communist regime....
  • Somali
    Somalia

    Somalia , officially the Republic of Somalia and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic, is a country located in the Horn of Africa....
     Popular Resistance Movement in the Land of the Two Migrations (ongoing)
  • Tamil Tigers
    Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

    The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam is a militant organization based in northern Sri Lanka. Founded in 1976, it has since actively waged a violent secede campaign that seeks to create an independent Tamil Tamil Eelam in the north and east of Sri Lanka....
     (ongoing)
  • Tibetan resistance movement
    Tibetan resistance movement

    The initial People's Republic of China's military invasion of Tibet in 1950 met with high resistance in the heart of the country. The 14th Dalai Lama, on the urging of his elder brother, Gyalo Thondup, proposed reforms, including limitations on the land holdings of the monasteries, abolishing of debt bondage, and other government and tax reforms as...
  • Tupamaros
    Tupamaros

    Tupamaros, also known as the MLN , was an urban guerrilla organization in Uruguay in the 1960s and 1970s. The MLN is inextricably linked to its most important leader, Ra?l Sendic, and his brand of social politics....
  • Sandinistas
    Sandinista National Liberation Front

    The Sandinista National Liberation Front is a socialist Nicaraguan political party. Their organization is generally referred to by the initials FSLN and its members are called, in both English and Spanish, Sandinistas....
  • South Thailand insurgency
    South Thailand insurgency

    The South Thailand insurgency is a separatist campaign of Islamic terrorism, which is taking place in the predominantly Malay Pattani , made up of the three southernmost provinces of Thailand, with violence increasingly spilling over into other provinces....
     (ongoing)
  • Sudanese resistance
    Sudan Liberation Movement

    The Sudan Liberation Movement/Army or is a nation-wide, plural, multi ? ethnic, secular Sudanese opposition party, whose objective is the creation of a free, secular, democratic State in Sudan, based on equal civil rights, the rule of law, and market economy....
     (ongoing)
  • Viet Minh
    Viet Minh

    The Vi?t Minh was a national liberation movement which dated its foundation to May 19 1941 in South China. The Vi?t Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from France and later to oppose the Vietnam during World War II....
  • West Sahara Independence Intifada
    Independence Intifada

    The Independence Intifada is a Saharawi Polisario activist coinage for a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Morocco-held List of disputed or occupied territories of Western Sahara....
     (ongoing)
  • Ulster Loyalism
    Ulster loyalism

    Ulster loyalism is a militant Unionism in Ireland ideology held mostly by Protestants in Northern Ireland. Some individuals claim that Ulster loyalists are Working class unionists willing to use violence in order to achieve their aims....
     (ongoing)
  • Zapatistas
    Zapatista Army of National Liberation

    The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is an armed revolutionary group based in Chiapas, one of the poorest states of Mexico. Since 1994, they have been in a declared war "against the Mexican state." Their social base is mostly Indigenous peoples of Mexico but they have some supporters in urban areas as well as an international web of s...
     (ongoing)


Notable individuals in resistance movements


World War II (anti-Nazi, anti-Fascist)

  • Mordechaj Anielewicz
    Mordechaj Anielewicz

    Mordechaj Anielewicz was the commander of the Jewish Combat Organization , also known as ZOB, during the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. ...
  • Josip Broz - Tito
    Josip Broz Tito

    Josip Broz Tito, original name Josip Broz was the leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 until his death in 1980. During World War II, Tito organized the anti-fascist resistance movement known as the People's Liberation Movement led by Yugoslav Partisans....
  • Edmund Charaszkiewicz
    Edmund Charaszkiewicz

    Edmund Kalikst Eugeniusz Charaszkiewicz was a Poland military intelligence who specialized in guerrilla warfare. Between the World Wars, he helped establish Poland's interbellum borders in conflicts over territory with Poland's neighbors....
  • Mildred Harnack
    Mildred Harnack

    Mildred Harnack was an United States-Germany History of literature, translator, and Widerstand fighter in Nazi Germany....
  • Jan Karski
    Jan Karski

    Jan Karski , was a Poland World War II Polish resistance fighter and scholar at Georgetown University. In 1942 and 1943 Karski reported to the Polish government in exile and the Western Allies on the situation in Poland, especially the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and the extermination camps....
  • Henryk Iwanski
    Henryk Iwanski

    Henryk Iwanski , nom de guerre Bystry, was a member of the Polish resistance during WWII. He is known for leading one of the most daring actions of the Armia Krajowa in support of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising....
  • Draža Mihailovic
    Draža Mihailovic

    Dragoljub "Dra?a" Mihailovic was a Serbian general now primarily remembered as the World War II leader of the Chetnik movement. The organization, officially named the "Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland" , was founded as a royalist/nationalist Serbian resistance movement, but eventually transformed into a Collaborationism Axis militia fighting...
  • Jean Moulin
    Jean Moulin

    Jean Moulin was a high-profile member of the France French Resistance during World War II. He is remembered today as an emblem of the Resistance primarily due to his courage and death at the hands of the Germans....
  • Christian Pineau
    Christian Pineau

    Christian Pineau was a noted French Resistance fighter.He was born in Chaumont-en-Bassigny, Haute-Marne, France and died in Paris.A World War II French Resistance leader and a close ally of Charles de Gaulle, he was arrested by the Gestapo in 1943 and survived Buchenwald concentration camp....
  • Hannie Schaft
    Hannie Schaft

    Jannetje Johanna Schaft , was a Netherlands communist resistance fighter during World War II. She became known as the girl with the red hair ....
  • Claus von Stauffenberg
  • Aris Velouchiotis
    Aris Velouchiotis

    Aris Velouchiotis , real name Athanasios Klaras , was a prominent leader of the Greek People's Liberation Army , the military branch of the National Liberation Front , which was the major resistance organization in Greece from 1942 to 1945....
  • Mao Zedong
    Mao Zedong

    Mao Zedong was a China military and politics dictator. Mao led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War, and was the leader of the People?s Republic of China from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976....
  • Chiang Kai Shek
  • Sandro Pertini
    Sandro Pertini

    Alessandro Pertini was an Italy Socialism, probably the most popular President of the Italian Republic....
  • Luigi Longo
    Luigi Longo

    Luigi Longo , also known as Gallo, was an Italy Communism politician and general secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1964 to 1972....
  • Ferruccio Parri
    Ferruccio Parri

    Ferruccio Parri was an Italy partisan and politician who served as Prime Minister of Italy for several months in 1945. During the resistance he was known as Maurizio....


Other resistance movements

  • Michel Bakunin
  • Buenaventura Durruti
    Buenaventura Durruti

    Buenaventura Durruti Dumange was a central figure of Anarchism in Spain during the period leading up to and including the Spanish Civil War....
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi
    Giuseppe Garibaldi

    Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italians military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection....
  • Geronimo
    Geronimo

    Geronimo was a prominent Native Americans in the United States leader of the Chiricahua Apache who fought against Mexico and the United States and their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades....
  • William Wallace
    William Wallace

    William Wallace was a Scotland knight and landowner who is known for leading a resistance during the Wars of Scottish Independence and regarded as a patriot and national hero....
  • Lembitu
  • Louis Joseph Papineau
  • Nelson Mandela
    Nelson Mandela

    Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was the first President of South Africa of South Africa to be elected in a universal suffrage democratic election, serving in the office from 1994?99....
  • Nestor Makhno
    Nestor Makhno

    Nestor Ivanovych Makhno was an anarchist communism guerrilla leader turned army commander who led an independent anarchist army in Ukraine during the Russian Civil War....
  • Maria Nikiforova
    Maria Nikiforova

    Maria Nikiforova, or Nikiphorova , was an anarchist Partisan leader whose activities influenced the Ukraine revolutionary Nestor Makhno....
  • Michael Collins
    Michael Collins (Irish leader)

    Michael John Collins was an Ireland revolutionary leadership, Minister for Finance and Member of Parliament for South Cork in the First D?il of 1919, Director of Military intelligence for the Irish Republican Army, and member of the Irish delegation during the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations....
  • Osceola
    Osceola

    Osceola was a war chief of the Seminole in Florida. Osceola led a small band of warriors in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War when the United States tried to remove the Seminoles from their lands....
  • Red Cloud
    Red Cloud

    Red Cloud , was a war leader of the Oglala Sioux Lakota people . One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army ever faced, he led a successful conflict in 1866?1868 known as Red Cloud's War over control of the Powder River Country in northwestern Wyoming and southern Montana....
  • Joan of Arc
    Joan of Arc

    Saint Joan of Arc also known as the Maid of Orleans, is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, claiming divine guidance, and was indirectly responsible for the coronation of Charles VII of Franc...
  • Juba
    Juba

    Juba may refer to:...
  • Palestine Liberation Organization
    Palestine Liberation Organization

    The Palestine Liberation Organization is a political and paramilitary organization regarded by the Arab League since October 1974 as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people."...
  • Port Militarization Resistance
    Port Militarization Resistance

    Port Militarization Resistance is an anti-war organization in the United States. The organization began in May 2006, in Olympia, Washington, but also has chapters in Tacoma, Washington, Grays Harbor, Washington, and the Mid-Atlantic region....
  • Provisional Irish Republican Army
    Provisional Irish Republican Army

    The Provisional Irish Republican Army , is an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that considers itself a direct continuation of the Irish Republican Army that fought in the Irish War of Independence....
  • Rummu Jüri
    Rummu Jüri

    Rummu J?ri is the archetype Estonians folk hero, an outlaw who stole from the rich to give to the poor. Although most noted for his material egalitarianism, in the stories he also pursues other types of equality and justice....
  • Theobald Wolfe Tone
    Theobald Wolfe Tone

    Theobald Wolfe Tone, commonly known as Wolfe Tone was a leading figure in the United Irishmen Irish independence movement and is regarded as the father of Irish republicanism....
  • Sultan Kenesari
  • Dukchi Ishan
  • Sirim Batur
  • Osman Batur
  • William Lyon Mackenzie
    William Lyon Mackenzie

    William Lyon Mackenzie was a Scottish people-Canadian journalist, politician, and rebellion leader. He served as the first Mayor of Toronto of the city of Toronto and was an important leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion....
  • Aivar Voitka
    Aivar Voitka

    Aivar Voitka is an Estonians freedom fighter, Guerrilla warfare, pro-anarchist. His brother is ?lo Voitka....
  • Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
  • Ülo Voitka
    Ülo Voitka

    ?lo Voitka is an Estonians freedom fighter, Guerrilla warfare, and pro-anarchist. His brother is Aivar Voitka....
  • Pancho Villa
    Pancho Villa

    This article is about the Mexican revolutionary general. For the boxer, see Francisco Guilledo.Doroteo Arango Ar?mbula , better known as Francisco or "Pancho" Villa, was the first Mexican Revolutionary general....
  • Zapata
    Zapata

    Zapata can refer to:...
  • City 17 Uprising (Fictional)


See also

  • Anti-communism
    Anti-communism

    Anti-communism is opposition to communism. Historically, the word communism has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and their supporters, but, since the mid-19th century, the dominant school of communism in the world has been Marxism....
  • Anti-fascism
    Anti-fascism

    Anti-fascism is the opposition to fascism ideologies, organizations, governments and people. Another term for anti-fascism is antifa. Most major Resistance during World War II were anti-fascist....
  • Asymmetric warfare
    Asymmetric warfare

    Asymmetric warfare originally referred to war between two or more belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly. Contemporary military thinkers tend to broaden...
  • Collaborationism
    Collaborationism

    Collaborationism, can describe the treason of cooperation with enemy forces Military occupation one's country. As such it implies Crime deeds in the service of the occupying Power , including complicit with the occupying power in murder, persecutions, pillage, and economy exploitation as well as participation in a puppet government....
     (and Collaboration
    Collaboration

    Collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals ? for example, an intellectual endeavor that is creative in nature?by sharing knowledge, learning and building consensus....
    ), the opposite of resistance
  • Covert cell
  • Fictional resistance movements and groups
    Fictional resistance movements and groups

    This article examines the resistance organization in works of fiction that resist tyranny. While these are fiction an author will often seek realism by examining similar historical organizations....
     - Resistance groups and movements depicted in fiction, often based on real resistance groups and movements.
  • Fifth column
    Fifth column

    A fifth column is a group of people who :wikt:clandestine undermine a larger group, such as a nation, to which it is regarded as being loyal....
     - clandestine citizen operatives loyal to a foreign government
  • Guerrilla warfare
    Guerrilla warfare

    Guerrilla warfare is the Irregular warfare warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile Military tactics to combat a larger and less mobile formal army....
  • Irregular military
    Irregular military

    Irregular military refers to any non-standard military. Being defined by exclusion, there is a lot of variance in what comes under the term. It can refer to the type of military organization, or to the type of tactics used....
  • List of guerrillas
    List of guerrillas

    List of famous guerrilla warfares, ordered by region:...
  • List of revolutions and rebellions
    List of revolutions and rebellions

    This is a list of revolutions and rebellions. A list of coups d'?tat and coup attempts can be found here: List of coups d'?tat and coup attempts....
  • Nonviolent resistance
    Nonviolent resistance

    Nonviolent resistance is the practice of achieving socio-political goals through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, and other methods, without using violence....
  • Partisan (military)
    Partisan (military)

    A partisan is a member of an irregular military force formed to oppose control of an area by a foreign power or by an army of occupation. The term can apply to the field element of resistance movements that opposed Nazi Germany rule in several countries during World War II, or those who after the war fought the Soviet Union in the Eastern blo...
  • Polish Secret State
    Polish Secret State

    The Polish Underground State refers collectively to the Polish resistance movement in World War II in Poland during World War II, both military and civilian, loyal to the Polish Government in Exile in London....
  • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
    Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

    The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine is a Marxism-Leninism, secular, nationalism Palestinian political and paramilitary organization, founded in 1967....
  • Rebellion
    Rebellion

    Rebellion is a refusal of obedience. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors from civil disobedience and mass nonviolent resistance, to violent and organized attempts to destroy an established authority such as the government....
  • Resistance Studies Magazine
    Resistance Studies Magazine

    Resistance Studies Magazine is an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed open access journal devoted to the analysis contemporary and historical practices of Resistance movement....
  • Special Operations Executive
    Special Operations Executive

    The Special Operations Executive , was a United Kingdom World War II organisation. It was initiated by Winston Churchill and Hugh Dalton in July 1940, to conduct warfare by means other than direct military engagement....
  • Unconventional warfare
  • Valkenburg resistance
    Valkenburg resistance

    The Valkenburg Resistance was the resistance movement in Valkenburg aan de Geul, Limburg , Netherlands, during World War II. Most of the activities were related to helping people who had gone into hiding for various reasons....
     - an example of (Dutch) resistance in practise.