In
chemistryChemistry is the science concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions...
,
residue refers to the material remaining after a distillation or an evaporation, or to a portion of a larger molecule, such as a
methyl groupIn chemistry, a methyl group is a hydrophobic alkyl functional group named after methane . It has the formula -3 and is often abbreviated -Me...
.
In
biochemistryBiochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
and
molecular biologyMolecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry...
, a residue refers to a specific monomer within the
polymeric chainA polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties.Due to the extraordinary...
of a
polysaccharidePolysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units joined together by glycosidic bonds. These structures are often linear, but may contain various degrees of branching. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit...
,
proteinProteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer chain are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues...
or
nucleic acidA nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid . Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as...
. For example, one might say,
"The histidine residue is considered to be basic due to its imidazole ring." Note that a residue is different from a
moietyIn organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part...
, which, in the above example would be constituted by the imidazole ring or "the imidazole moiety".
Note the origin of this usage: during the process by which
monomericA monomer is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer...
building blocks (e.g.
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In
chemistryChemistry is the science concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions...
,
residue refers to the material remaining after a distillation or an evaporation, or to a portion of a larger molecule, such as a
methyl groupIn chemistry, a methyl group is a hydrophobic alkyl functional group named after methane . It has the formula -3 and is often abbreviated -Me...
.
In
biochemistryBiochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
and
molecular biologyMolecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level. The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry...
, a residue refers to a specific monomer within the
polymeric chainA polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties.Due to the extraordinary...
of a
polysaccharidePolysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate structures, formed of repeating units joined together by glycosidic bonds. These structures are often linear, but may contain various degrees of branching. Polysaccharides are often quite heterogeneous, containing slight modifications of the repeating unit...
,
proteinProteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form. The amino acids in a polymer chain are joined together by the peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues...
or
nucleic acidA nucleic acid is a macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides. In biochemistry these molecules carry genetic information or form structures within cells. The most common nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid . Nucleic acids are universal in living things, as...
. For example, one might say,
"The histidine residue is considered to be basic due to its imidazole ring." Note that a residue is different from a
moietyIn organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules. The same functional group will undergo the same or similar chemical reaction regardless of the size of the molecule it is a part...
, which, in the above example would be constituted by the imidazole ring or "the imidazole moiety".
Note the origin of this usage: during the process by which
monomericA monomer is a small molecule that may become chemically bonded to other monomers to form a polymer...
building blocks (e.g.
amino acidAmino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and one of the twenty R-groups. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H
2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent...
s) are strung together into a polymeric chain (e.g. a protein), some material (typically adding up to one molecule of water) is discarded from each building block, and only a "residue" of the building block ends up in the finished product.
For example, a residue is an individual amino acid in a peptide chain. Peptide chains often originate from seminal residue.