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The Renaixença was an early 19th century late romantic
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
 revivalist
National revival

National revival or national awakening is a period of ethnic self-consciousness that often precedes a political movement for national liberation but that can take place at a time when independence is politically unrealistic....
 movement in Catalan language
Catalan language

Catalan is a Romance languages, the national language and official language of Andorra, and a official language in the Autonomous Communities of Spain of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencian Community and in the city of Alghero in the Italy List of islands in the Mediterranean of Sardinia....
 and culture, akin to the Galician Rexurdimento or the Occitan Félibrige
Félibrige

The F?librige is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Fr?d?ric Mistral and other Proven?al writers to defend and promote the Occitan and literature....
 movements.

Along with the later modernisme
Modernisme

See also: ModernismModernisme also known, in English language, as Catalan modernism, was the Catalonia equivalent to a number of fin-de-si?cle art movements, such as Symbolism , Decadent movement and Art Nouveau / Jugendstil, from roughly 1888 to 1911....
, this movement ended a period of Catalan cultural decline commonly known as Decadència, that dated back at least to defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession
War of the Spanish Succession

War of the Spanish Succession was a war fought in 1701-1714, in which several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch, upsetting the European Balance of power in international relations....
 (1701–1714) and the subsequent Nueva Planta decrees
Nueva Planta decrees

The Nueva Planta decrees were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V of Spain—the first House of Bourbon king of Spain—during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession which he won....
, which suppressed Catalonia
Catalonia

Catalonia , is an Autonomous Community in northeast Spain.Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km? and has an official population of 7,210,508. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east ....
's traditional institutions, privileges, and fuero
Fuero

Fuero is a Spain legal term and concept.The word comes from Latin Forum , an open space used as market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the words for and foire, and the words foral, forais and foro; all of these words have related, but somewhat di...
s beginning January 16, 1716.






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The Renaixença was an early 19th century late romantic
Romanticism

Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution....
 revivalist
National revival

National revival or national awakening is a period of ethnic self-consciousness that often precedes a political movement for national liberation but that can take place at a time when independence is politically unrealistic....
 movement in Catalan language
Catalan language

Catalan is a Romance languages, the national language and official language of Andorra, and a official language in the Autonomous Communities of Spain of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencian Community and in the city of Alghero in the Italy List of islands in the Mediterranean of Sardinia....
 and culture, akin to the Galician Rexurdimento or the Occitan Félibrige
Félibrige

The F?librige is a literary and cultural association founded in the mid-19th century by Fr?d?ric Mistral and other Proven?al writers to defend and promote the Occitan and literature....
 movements.

Along with the later modernisme
Modernisme

See also: ModernismModernisme also known, in English language, as Catalan modernism, was the Catalonia equivalent to a number of fin-de-si?cle art movements, such as Symbolism , Decadent movement and Art Nouveau / Jugendstil, from roughly 1888 to 1911....
, this movement ended a period of Catalan cultural decline commonly known as Decadència, that dated back at least to defeat in the War of the Spanish Succession
War of the Spanish Succession

War of the Spanish Succession was a war fought in 1701-1714, in which several European powers combined to stop a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch, upsetting the European Balance of power in international relations....
 (1701–1714) and the subsequent Nueva Planta decrees
Nueva Planta decrees

The Nueva Planta decrees were a number of decrees signed between 1707 and 1716 by Philip V of Spain—the first House of Bourbon king of Spain—during and shortly after the end of the War of the Spanish Succession which he won....
, which suppressed Catalonia
Catalonia

Catalonia , is an Autonomous Community in northeast Spain.Catalonia covers an area of 32,114 km? and has an official population of 7,210,508. It borders France and Andorra to the north, Aragon to the west, the Valencian Community to the south, and the Mediterranean Sea to the east ....
's traditional institutions, privileges, and fuero
Fuero

Fuero is a Spain legal term and concept.The word comes from Latin Forum , an open space used as market, tribunal and meeting place. The same Latin root is the origin of the words for and foire, and the words foral, forais and foro; all of these words have related, but somewhat di...
s beginning January 16, 1716. Thus, the aim of this movement was the full restoration of Catalan as a language of culture, not only through the promotion of various forms of art
Art

Art is the process or product of deliberately arranging elements in a way that appeals to the senses or emotions. It encompasses a diverse range of human activities, creations, and modes of expression, including music and literature....
, theatre
Theatre

Theatre is the branch of the performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one or more actor, isolated in time and/or Theater , present themselves to Audience." By this broad definition, theatre has existed since the dawn of man, as a result of human tendency for story telling....
 and literature
Literature

Literature is the art of written works. Literally translated, the word means "acquaintance with letters" . In Western culture the most basic written literary types include fiction and non-fiction....
 in this language, but also attempting to establish a normative standard for the language, something however not fully accomplished until the first quarter of the 20th century.

As with most of the other Romantic movements, it was noted for its admiration of the Middle Ages
Middle Ages

File:Karl 1 mit papst gelasius gregor1 sacramentar v karl d kahlen.jpgThe Middle Ages of European history are a period in history which lasted for roughly a millennium, commonly dated from the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the division of Western Christi...
, which was often reflected in art, and in Barcelona
Barcelona

Barcelona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous communities of Spain of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, with a population of 1,615,908 in 2008, while the population of the Metropolitan Area was 3,161,081....
, the literary contest known as Jocs Florals or Jocs de la Gaia Ciència was revived.

The Renaixença occurred not only in Catalonia proper, but also in other Catalan-speaking regions such as the Balearic Islands
Balearic Islands

The Balearic Islands are an archipelago in the western Mediterranean Sea, near the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula.The four largest islands are Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, and Formentera....
.

A journal particularly associated with the movement was the magazine La Renaixença, from which the name was actually taken - originally spelt Renaixensa before the Fabrian Spelling Reform.

Notable individuals related to Renaixença

  • Bonaventura Carles Aribau, writer. - His poem Oda a la pàtria is usually acknowledged to have kick-started the movement.
  • Joan Maragall
    Joan Maragall

    Joan Maragall i Gorina was a Catalan people poet, journalist and translator, the foremost member of the modernisme movement in literature....
    , poet.
  • Jacint Verdarguer, poet, penned L'Atlàntida
    L'Atlàntida

    L'Atl?ntida is an 1877 poem in Catalan language by Jacint Verdaguer. It comprises an introduction, ten books, and a conclusion, dealing with the wanderings of Heracles in the Iberian Peninsula, the sinking of the continent of Atlantis, the creation of the Mediterranean Sea, and the discovery of the Americas....
     and the Catalan national epic, Canigó.
  • Àngel Guimerà
    Àngel Guimerà

    ?ngel Guimer? was a Spain Catalan language writer, born in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, to a Catalan father and a Canary islander mother....
    , playwright.
  • Narcís Oller
    Narcís Oller

    Narc?s Oller i Moragas was a Spain Catalonia author, most noted for the novels La papallona which appeared with a foreword by ?mile Zola in the French translation; his most well-known work L'Escanyapobres ; and La febre d'or which is set in Barcelona during the period of promoterism....
    , novelist heavily influenced by Émile Zola
    Émile Zola

    ?mile Fran?ois Zola was an influential France writer, the most important exemplar of the literary school of Naturalism , an important contributor to the development of Naturalism , and a major figure in the political liberalization of France and in the exoneration of the falsely accused and convicted army officer Alfred Dreyfus....
    's naturalism
    Naturalism (literature)

    Naturalism is a Literature Literary movement that seeks to replicate a Verisimilitude everyday life, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment....
    .
  • Frederic Soler, known as Pitarra, playwright who favoured colloquial Catalan of his time over more classical conventions.
  • Joaquim Rubió i Ors, poet, his moniker to be variously written as Lo Gayté del Llobregat, El Gaiter del Llobregat, among others (depending on the spelling used)
  • Víctor Català (real name Caterina Albert i Paradís), symbolist writer.
  • Martí Genís i Aguilar, writer.
  • Antoni Puigblanch
    Antonio Puigblanch

    Antonio Puigblanch . Spanish philologist and politician. He was living in London during 1815-1820 and 1823-1840. There he published The Inquisition unmasked , translation of the book that had caused his exile from Spain....
    , poet.
  • Francesc Camprodon, poet.
  • Victor Balaguer
    Victor Balaguer

    V?ctor Balaguer , Catalan Spanish politician and author, was born at Barcelona on 11 December 1824, and was educated at the university of his native city....
    , writer. Used the pseudonym Lo trovador de Montserrat.


External links

  • , from the Nou diccionari 62 de la literatura catalana (2000). Page also contains extensive links to other reference-quality material. In Catalan.
  • on the site of the Museu d'Història de Catalunya. In Catalan.
  • . In Catalan.