Remarriage
Encyclopedia
Remarriage is a marriage
that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce
or widowhood
.
Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status (e.g. divorced vs. widowed), level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship, gender, race, and age among other factors. Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation
or Living Apart Together
.
Remarriage also provides mental
and physical health
benefits. However, although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner, they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married.
or permanent separation (i.e. the couple does not live together or share assets but has not filed for divorce) . Couples typically end their marriage because they are unhappy during the partnership; however, while these couples give up hope for their partner, this does not mean they give up on marriage as an institution. Nearly 80% of people who have divorced go on to marry again . On average, these people remarry just under 4 years after they divorce; younger adults tend to remarry more quickly than older adults . Fifty-four percent of divorced women remarry within 5 years, and 75% have remarried with 10 years of a divorce .
People may be eager to remarry because they do not see themselves as responsible for the previous marriage ending; generally, they blame their ex-spouses instead of themselves for the problems that led to the divorce . Therefore, they remain optimistic that a new partnership will lead to better results .
Some women enter cohabiting relationships after a divorce instead of remarrying. This pattern of cohabiting after a first marriage ends is more likely for White than Black women, for women with no religious affiliation, with few or no children, and in communities with low male unemployment and poverty .
However, second marriages do not always fare any better than the first. Couples in second marriages have a significantly higher rate of dissolution (through divorce or separation) than first marriages . Again the rates of divorce and separation vary based on demographic and social factors. Second marriage disruptions are more likely for Black women and for women living in communities with higher unemployment and poverty . Conversely, rates of divorce decline as age at the time of second marriage increases . Also, women who enter their second marriage with no children are generally more likely to sustain their marriages .
. Most people successfully adjust after losing a partner; research on bereavement patterns finds the most frequent outcome is resilience
. Even so, remarriage rates among older widowers are fairly low, and even lower among older widows. However, looking at rates of remarriage vastly underestimates interest in new romantic relationships .
The most frequent reasons older adults give for remaining without a partner after losing a spouse are gender-specific. While the common myth is “women grieve, men replace,” research does not support this pattern. Rather, widows are more likely to report that they are reluctant to give up newfound freedom and independence . Many widows perceive a sense of liberation no longer having to take care of another person, and value this more than additional companionship . For men on the other hand, widowers tend to report that they have not repartnered because they are concerned about being undesirable partners due to older age and poor health.
Some studies have found that women who are not interested in repartnering actively reject the prospect of a new relationship. On the other hand, men were more likely to report that they would not rule out the possibility but had not encountered a suitable relationship yet . Interviews indicate that widowers are more prepared than widows to take a chance on a new relationship .
Among widows, social support appears to promote interest in new intimate partnerships. Widows with confidants are more interested in repartnering than those without close friends . However, for men this pattern may be reversed. While overall widowers are more interested in remarriage than widows, only the men with low or average levels of support from friends are any more likely than women to report desire to remarry in the future. When widowers have high levels of social support from friends, they have equivalent levels of interest as widows. This suggests that men may be more motivated to find repartner if they do not have as much social support as they would like. Women on the other hand tend to have more diverse sources of social support within their social networks .
Although the gender differences in desire to repartner are most well documented,
younger age and greater unhappiness also predict increased interest in remarriage .
There are frequent gender differences in availability, desirability, and feasibility of new relationships. Availability of partners is a greater constraint for older widows; there are far fewer partners available for older women than older men, given that women tend to live longer and men tend to prefer younger partners. As detailed in the previous section, older widowers are also typically have greater desire to repartner than widowers.
Studies have identified many other factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of successfully repartnering following widowhood. Most of these factors fit within Davidson’s framework. For widows, younger age is a predictor of becoming involved in a new romance; younger women typically have more available potential partners. For widowers, repartnering is predicted by higher monthly income and level of education . In Davidson’s model, feasibility of a relationship is affected by age, health, and financial resources; being younger, healthier, and having financial resources makes one a more attractive partner .
, and less depression
) than widows and widowers who have not remarried . Further research has shown this reduced depression in repartnered compared to single widows and widowers is due to the remarried individuals’ greater socioeconomic resources . For example, widows who remarry have been found to have higher household incomes and worry less about finances than widows who do not remarry.
is typically a precursor to marriage, older adults have additional reasons why they may not want to remarry and cohabiting may be the ideal partnership . For some, remarriage inspires feelings of disloyalty, and adult children can discourage remarriage based on concerns about inheritance . Many older women are interested in companionship but may want to avoid long-term obligations and are hesitant to give up their new independence . However, an arrangement called Living Apart Together
(LAT) offers an appealing alternative; it is a form of intimate ongoing companionship that allows each partner to maintain autonomy and independent households .
However, the health benefits of remarriage do not appear to be as strong as those for continuous marriage. Several studies have found that the mental and physical health benefits of remarriage do not fully balance out the negative effects of a previous marital disruption. Compared to the strong advantage of being continuously married, the mental health benefits are progressively weaker the more previous marriages a person has had . Although men seem to benefit as much from remarriage as being continuously married, remarried women have weaker mental health benefits .
The mental health differences between remarried women and unpartnered women appear to be due to differences in economic resources and social support. Findings also indicate that the mental health benefit of marriage for women is primarily driven by the fact that married women tend to be physically healthier than cohabiting and unpartnered women. There may be a selection effect whereby healthy women are more likely to remarry, and subsequently, based on their greater physical health, experience less depression. On the other hand, even when controlling for economic resources, social support, and health, married men experience fewer depressive symptoms compared to cohabiting or unpartnered men. This is likely because depression symptoms in married men are so low .
Marriage
Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found...
that takes place after a previous marital union has ended, as through divorce
Divorce
Divorce is the final termination of a marital union, canceling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties...
or widowhood
Widow
A widow is a woman whose spouse has died, while a widower is a man whose spouse has died. The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed widowhood or occasionally viduity. The adjective form is widowed...
.
Some individuals are more likely to remarry than others; the likelihood can differ based on previous relationship status (e.g. divorced vs. widowed), level of interest in establishing a new romantic relationship, gender, race, and age among other factors. Those who choose not to remarry may prefer alternative arrangements like cohabitation
Cohabitation
Cohabitation usually refers to an arrangement whereby two people decide to live together on a long-term or permanent basis in an emotionally and/or sexually intimate relationship. The term is most frequently applied to couples who are not married...
or Living Apart Together
Living apart together
Living Apart Together is a term to describe couples who have an intimate relationship but live at separate addresses. LAT couples account for around 10% of adults in Britain, a figure which equates to over a quarter of all those not married or cohabiting...
.
Remarriage also provides mental
Mental health
Mental health describes either a level of cognitive or emotional well-being or an absence of a mental disorder. From perspectives of the discipline of positive psychology or holism mental health may include an individual's ability to enjoy life and procure a balance between life activities and...
and physical health
Health
Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of a living being. In humans, it is the general condition of a person's mind, body and spirit, usually meaning to be free from illness, injury or pain...
benefits. However, although remarried individuals tend to have better health than individuals who do not repartner, they still generally have worse health than individuals who have remained continuously married.
Remarriage following divorce or separation
As of 1995, depending on individual and contextual factors, up to 50% of couples ended their first marriage in divorceDivorce
Divorce is the final termination of a marital union, canceling the legal duties and responsibilities of marriage and dissolving the bonds of matrimony between the parties...
or permanent separation (i.e. the couple does not live together or share assets but has not filed for divorce) . Couples typically end their marriage because they are unhappy during the partnership; however, while these couples give up hope for their partner, this does not mean they give up on marriage as an institution. Nearly 80% of people who have divorced go on to marry again . On average, these people remarry just under 4 years after they divorce; younger adults tend to remarry more quickly than older adults . Fifty-four percent of divorced women remarry within 5 years, and 75% have remarried with 10 years of a divorce .
People may be eager to remarry because they do not see themselves as responsible for the previous marriage ending; generally, they blame their ex-spouses instead of themselves for the problems that led to the divorce . Therefore, they remain optimistic that a new partnership will lead to better results .
Factors influencing likelihood of remarriage
Many factors influence the likelihood of remarrying after a divorce. Based on the 2006 census, men are more likely than women to remarry after divorce . The probability of remarriage differs by ethnicity; White women are the most likely to remarry, Black women are the least likely. Age is another determining factor; women who are older than 25 at the time of divorce are less likely to remarry than women who are younger at the time of marital dissolution. Having children is associated with higher rates of remarriage for men and women . Remarriage also differs by community setting. Women from urban areas or areas with higher percent of women who never married are less likely to marry again. Some environmental factors do not affect all ethnicities: only non-White women from communities with high unemployment and poverty have reduced likelihood of remarriage .Some women enter cohabiting relationships after a divorce instead of remarrying. This pattern of cohabiting after a first marriage ends is more likely for White than Black women, for women with no religious affiliation, with few or no children, and in communities with low male unemployment and poverty .
Outcomes of remarriage
On the whole, remarriages are associated with greater socioeconomic security and life satisfaction compared to remaining divorced or separated . People who remarry tend to have better adjustment to their divorce, reporting more positive evaluations of their lives compared to divorced individuals who remain single . While divorced couples have a higher risk of developing a wide range of physical and mental health problems , remarrying may attenuate, but not eliminate, some of these health risks .However, second marriages do not always fare any better than the first. Couples in second marriages have a significantly higher rate of dissolution (through divorce or separation) than first marriages . Again the rates of divorce and separation vary based on demographic and social factors. Second marriage disruptions are more likely for Black women and for women living in communities with higher unemployment and poverty . Conversely, rates of divorce decline as age at the time of second marriage increases . Also, women who enter their second marriage with no children are generally more likely to sustain their marriages .
Why second marriages are vulnerable
There are several reasons why second marriages can be more vulnerable to disruption. Partners bring the same personal qualities to their subsequent marriage as they had during the first, but some of these qualities may have contributed to the first marriage’s problems. People who have divorced and remarried multiple times tend to be relatively impulsive and nonconformist . Furthermore, people who are already familiar with divorce tend to be more accepting of it than people who have stayed married . In second marriages, partners also often have to deal with additional complications that do not exist in first marriages, like combining families. Remarriages involving stepchildren have a greater rate of dissolution than those without .Remarriage following widowhood
As of the 2006 census, 32% of the U.S. population over age 65 was widowedWidow
A widow is a woman whose spouse has died, while a widower is a man whose spouse has died. The state of having lost one's spouse to death is termed widowhood or occasionally viduity. The adjective form is widowed...
. Most people successfully adjust after losing a partner; research on bereavement patterns finds the most frequent outcome is resilience
Psychological resilience
Resilience in psychology refers to the idea of an individual's tendency to cope with stress and adversity. This coping may result in the individual “bouncing back” to a previous state of normal functioning, or using the experience of exposure to adversity to produce a “steeling effect” and function...
. Even so, remarriage rates among older widowers are fairly low, and even lower among older widows. However, looking at rates of remarriage vastly underestimates interest in new romantic relationships .
Differences in desire to repartner
Men and women not only have different remarriage rates, but they also differ in their desire to repartner (to establish a new romantic relationship). A year and a half after the death of a spouse, 15% of widows and 37% of widowers ages 65 and older were interested in dating . Differences in desire to repartner may stem from the different benefits men and women receive in and outside of a marriage.The most frequent reasons older adults give for remaining without a partner after losing a spouse are gender-specific. While the common myth is “women grieve, men replace,” research does not support this pattern. Rather, widows are more likely to report that they are reluctant to give up newfound freedom and independence . Many widows perceive a sense of liberation no longer having to take care of another person, and value this more than additional companionship . For men on the other hand, widowers tend to report that they have not repartnered because they are concerned about being undesirable partners due to older age and poor health.
Some studies have found that women who are not interested in repartnering actively reject the prospect of a new relationship. On the other hand, men were more likely to report that they would not rule out the possibility but had not encountered a suitable relationship yet . Interviews indicate that widowers are more prepared than widows to take a chance on a new relationship .
Among widows, social support appears to promote interest in new intimate partnerships. Widows with confidants are more interested in repartnering than those without close friends . However, for men this pattern may be reversed. While overall widowers are more interested in remarriage than widows, only the men with low or average levels of support from friends are any more likely than women to report desire to remarry in the future. When widowers have high levels of social support from friends, they have equivalent levels of interest as widows. This suggests that men may be more motivated to find repartner if they do not have as much social support as they would like. Women on the other hand tend to have more diverse sources of social support within their social networks .
Although the gender differences in desire to repartner are most well documented,
younger age and greater unhappiness also predict increased interest in remarriage .
Likelihood to repartner
By about two years after a spouse's death, 61% of men and 19% of women are involved in a new romance or remarried . Interest in repartnering is only one factor in determining the likelihood that a widow or widower will establish a new romantic relationship. Davidson (2002) describes a framework which proposes three primary intervening conditions affecting likelihood of repartnering following widowhood: availability of partners, the feasibility of a relationship, and desirability of companionship .There are frequent gender differences in availability, desirability, and feasibility of new relationships. Availability of partners is a greater constraint for older widows; there are far fewer partners available for older women than older men, given that women tend to live longer and men tend to prefer younger partners. As detailed in the previous section, older widowers are also typically have greater desire to repartner than widowers.
Studies have identified many other factors that increase or decrease the likelihood of successfully repartnering following widowhood. Most of these factors fit within Davidson’s framework. For widows, younger age is a predictor of becoming involved in a new romance; younger women typically have more available potential partners. For widowers, repartnering is predicted by higher monthly income and level of education . In Davidson’s model, feasibility of a relationship is affected by age, health, and financial resources; being younger, healthier, and having financial resources makes one a more attractive partner .
Outcomes of remarriage
Widowed older adults show high increases in loneliness, but expanding their social network or repartnering can attenuate this loneliness . Dating and remarriage following widowhood appear are both fairly common and highly adaptive responses . Surviving spouses who remarry within about 1-5 years of being widowed have more positive outcomes (e.g. greater wellbeing, greater life satisfactionLife satisfaction
Life Satisfaction is the way a person perceives how his or her life has been and how they feel about where it is going in the future. It is a measure of well being. Life satisfaction has been measured in relation with economic standing, amount of education, experiences, and the location of people...
, and less depression
Depression
Depression or depress may refer to:-Medicine:* Depression , a state of low mood and aversion to activity** Mood disorder, a class of mental illnesses featuring depressed mood...
) than widows and widowers who have not remarried . Further research has shown this reduced depression in repartnered compared to single widows and widowers is due to the remarried individuals’ greater socioeconomic resources . For example, widows who remarry have been found to have higher household incomes and worry less about finances than widows who do not remarry.
Alternatives to remarriage in later life
Remarriage is not always the goal or ideal arrangement for divorced and widowed adults. Especially among older adults, there is a growing acceptance and interest in alterative romantic commitments like cohabitation or Living Apart Together (LAT). While for younger adults cohabitationCohabitation
Cohabitation usually refers to an arrangement whereby two people decide to live together on a long-term or permanent basis in an emotionally and/or sexually intimate relationship. The term is most frequently applied to couples who are not married...
is typically a precursor to marriage, older adults have additional reasons why they may not want to remarry and cohabiting may be the ideal partnership . For some, remarriage inspires feelings of disloyalty, and adult children can discourage remarriage based on concerns about inheritance . Many older women are interested in companionship but may want to avoid long-term obligations and are hesitant to give up their new independence . However, an arrangement called Living Apart Together
Living apart together
Living Apart Together is a term to describe couples who have an intimate relationship but live at separate addresses. LAT couples account for around 10% of adults in Britain, a figure which equates to over a quarter of all those not married or cohabiting...
(LAT) offers an appealing alternative; it is a form of intimate ongoing companionship that allows each partner to maintain autonomy and independent households .
General physical and mental health benefits of remarriage
Health is influenced both by current marital status and marital transition history. Marriage confers mental and physical health advantages, but remarried individuals who have been widowed or divorced continue to be disadvantaged compared to continuously married individuals .Mental health benefits
Marriage has been shown to impart significant mental health benefits and remarriage seems to be protective as well. Overall, people who remarry have lower levels of depressive symptoms compared to others who have lost a partner (through widowhood, divorce, or separation) and remain single. Remarriage seems to be especially beneficial for men, who have lower levels of depressive symptoms than remarried womenHowever, the health benefits of remarriage do not appear to be as strong as those for continuous marriage. Several studies have found that the mental and physical health benefits of remarriage do not fully balance out the negative effects of a previous marital disruption. Compared to the strong advantage of being continuously married, the mental health benefits are progressively weaker the more previous marriages a person has had . Although men seem to benefit as much from remarriage as being continuously married, remarried women have weaker mental health benefits .
The mental health differences between remarried women and unpartnered women appear to be due to differences in economic resources and social support. Findings also indicate that the mental health benefit of marriage for women is primarily driven by the fact that married women tend to be physically healthier than cohabiting and unpartnered women. There may be a selection effect whereby healthy women are more likely to remarry, and subsequently, based on their greater physical health, experience less depression. On the other hand, even when controlling for economic resources, social support, and health, married men experience fewer depressive symptoms compared to cohabiting or unpartnered men. This is likely because depression symptoms in married men are so low .