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Rehabilitation (Soviet)
 
 
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Rehabilitation in the context of the former Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
, and the Post-Soviet states
Post-Soviet states

The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as the former Soviet Union or former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent state that split off from the Soviet Union in its collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991....
, was the restoration of a person who was criminally prosecuted without due basis, to the state of acquittal
Acquittal

In criminal law, an acquittal is a verdict of not guilty, or some similar end of the proceeding that terminates it with prejudice without a verdict of Guilt y being entered against the accused....
 or being "not guilty".

Rehabilitation used in this way is a linguistic false cognate
False cognate

False cognates are pairs of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different root . That is, they appear to be or are sometimes considered cognates when in fact they are not....
 for the Russian
Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
 term reabilitatsiya.

amnesty
Amnesty

Amnesty is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to the positions of innocent persons....
 of the victims of Soviet repressions started after the death of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
.






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Rehabilitation in the context of the former Soviet Union
Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a Constitution of the Soviet Union socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.The name is a translation of the , romanization of Russian Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, abbreviated ????, SSSR....
, and the Post-Soviet states
Post-Soviet states

The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as the former Soviet Union or former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent state that split off from the Soviet Union in its collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991....
, was the restoration of a person who was criminally prosecuted without due basis, to the state of acquittal
Acquittal

In criminal law, an acquittal is a verdict of not guilty, or some similar end of the proceeding that terminates it with prejudice without a verdict of Guilt y being entered against the accused....
 or being "not guilty".

Rehabilitation used in this way is a linguistic false cognate
False cognate

False cognates are pairs of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different root . That is, they appear to be or are sometimes considered cognates when in fact they are not....
 for the Russian
Russian language

Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe....
 term reabilitatsiya.

Rehabilitation of the victims of Soviet repressions

Mass amnesty
Amnesty

Amnesty is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to the positions of innocent persons....
 of the victims of Soviet repressions started after the death of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin

Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1922 until his death in 1953....
. Initially, in 1953, this did not entail any form of exoneration, and the amnestees were released into internal exile in remote areas, without any right to return to their original places of settlement. The amnesty
Amnesty

Amnesty is a legislative or executive act by which a state restores those who may have been guilty of an offense against it to the positions of innocent persons....
 was applied first for those who had been sentenced for a term of at most 5 years prosecuted for those articles in the Soviet Criminal Code that were not political (for example children of those repressed on political grounds were often prosecuted as "antisocial elements", i.e. on the same grounds as prostitutes). The regular release of political prisoner
Political prisoner

A political prisoner is someone held in prison or otherwise detained, perhaps under house arrest, for his or her involvement in Politics....
s from Gulag
Gulag

The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union. Gulag is the Russian acronym for The Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps and Colonies of the NKVD....
 labor camps started in 1954. This release became coupled with rehabilitations after Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalinism
Stalinism

File:Joseph Stalin.jpgStalinism is a term that purportedly describes the political system of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929?1953....
 in his 1956 speech On the Personality Cult and its Consequences
On the Personality Cult and its Consequences

The Personality Cult and its Consequences , commonly known as the Secret Speech or the Khrushchev Report, was a report to the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on February 24-25 1956 by Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev....
.

In most cases, the persons were released with the phrases "due to the lack of a criminal matter" and "based on previously unavailable information". Some were released "due to the lack of a proof of guilt". Many rehabilitations occurred posthumously. Many cases were subject to amnesty only, but not to rehabilitation (in particular those who were prosecuted for "belonging to Trotskyite Opposition").

Both the modern Russian Federation and Ukraine
Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east; Belarus to the north; Poland, Slovakia, and Hungary to the west; Romania and Moldova to the southwest; and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south....
 have enacted laws "On the Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repressions", which provide the basis for the continued post-Stalinist rehabilitation of victims.

Further reading

  • Adler, N. The Gulag Survivor: Beyond the Soviet System. New Brunswick, USA/London: Transaction Publishers, 2002.
  • Iakovlev, A. (ed.) Reabilitatsiia: politicheskie protsessy 30-50-kh godov. Moscow: Politizdat, 1991.
  • Smith, K. Remembering Stalin’s Victims: Popular Memory and the End of the USSR. Cornell University Press, 1996.