Recognition of human individuals

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Recognition of acquaintances

• usually most of the body is covered with clothing
  Clothing
  
  A feature of all human societies, except perhaps the most primitive, is the wearing of clothing or clothes, especially in public. The primary purpose of clothing is functional, as a protection from the weather....
  , which may vary from day to day;
• body parts other than the face that are uncovered, such as hand
  Hand
  
  The hands are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a human or other primate. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, using anywhere from the roughest motor skills to the finest , and since the fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve e...
  s, are not as easy to use to tell people apart;
• the arrangement of the hair
  Hair
  
  Hair is a protein filament that epidermal growth from hair follicle deep within the dermis. The fine, soft hair found on many nonhuman mammals is typically called fur; wool is the characteristically curly hair found on sheep and goats....
   also helps recognizing people, but, like clothing, a person may vary this, and it may also be covered by headgear
  Headgear
  
  Headgear, headwear or headdress is the name given to any element of clothing which is worn on one's head .Headgear serve a variety of purposes:...
  .

Recognition for commercial, security and legal reasons, including forensics

• comparing the face with that on a passport
  Passport
  
  A passport is a document, issued by a national government, which certifies, for the purpose of international travel, the identity and nationality of its holder....
   photograph
  Photograph
  
  A photograph is an created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager such as a Charge-coupled device or a Complementary metal?oxide?semiconductor chip....
  ;
• fingerprint
  Fingerprint
  
  A fingerprint is an impression of the friction ridges of all part of the finger. A friction ridge is a raised portion of the epidermis on the palmar or digits or plantar skin, consisting of one or more connected ridge units of friction ridge skin....
  s;
• DNA fingerprinting;
• Iris scan;
• Retina scan;
• other biometrics
  Biometrics
  
  Biometrics refers to two different fields of study and application:In biological studies it refers to the collection, synthesis, analysis and management of data in biology....
  ;
• Birthmark
  Birthmark
  
  A birthmark is a blemish on the skin formed before birth. A little over 1 in 10 babies have a vascular birthmark. They are part of the group of skin lesions known as "nevus"....
  s - May be duplicated cosmetically;
• Dentition
  Dentition
  
  Dentition is the tooth development of teeth and their arrangement in the mouth.All mammals except the monotremes, the xenarthrans, the pangolins, and the cetaceans have up to four distinct types of teeth, with a maximum number for each....
   - Identity may be mistaken by lack of or falsification of dental X-ray
  X-ray
  
  X-radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation. X-rays have a wavelength in the range of 10 to 0.01 nanometers, corresponding to frequency in the range 30 Hertz to 30 Hertz and energies in the range 120 Electron volt to 120 keV....
   records;
• signature
  Signature
  
  A signature is a handwritten depiction of someone's name, nickname or even a simple "X" that a person writes on documents as a legal proof of Identity and intent....
  ;

• Name
  Name
  
  A name is a label for a noun, , normally used to distinguish one from another. Names can identify a class or Category of things, or a single thing, either uniquely, or within a given wiktionary:context....
  ;
• Address
  Address (geography)
  
  An address is a code and abstract concept expressing the fixed location of a home, business or other building on the earth's surface....
  ;
• Postcode or ZIP Code
  ZIP Code
  
  File:UseZipCode.JPGThe ZIP code is the system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service . The letters ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, are properly written in capital letters and were chosen to suggest that the mail travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly, when senders use the code....
  ;
• Phone number;
• Credit card number, National Insurance
  National Insurance
  
  National Insurance is a system of taxation and related social security benefits in the United Kingdom. It was first introduced by the National Insurance Act 1911, and expanded by the government of Clement Attlee in 1946....
   number (UK
  United Kingdom
  
  The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
  ) or Social Security number
  Social Security number
  
  In the United States, a Social Security number is a nine-digit number issued to United States nationality law, Permanent residence , and temporary residents under section 205 of the Social Security Act, codified as ....
   (US
  United States
  
  The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
  ) or Personal Identification Number
  Personal identification number
  
  A personal identification number is a secret numeric password shared between a user and a system that can be used to authenticate the user to the system....
   (in countries like Moldova
  Moldova
  
  Moldova , officially the Republic of Moldova is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east and south....
  , Romania
  Romania
  
  Romania is a country located in Southeastern Europe Central Europe, North of the Balkan Peninsula, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian Mountains, bordering on the Black Sea....
  , Russia
  Russia
  
  Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
  ) - may be mistaken through an administrative error
  Administrative Error
  
  Administrative Error The results of improper Administration or execution of the research task are administrative errors. Such errors can be caused by carelessness, confusion, neglect, omission or some other blunder....
  , or falsified by someone acquiring the number from discarded records or receipts;
• Tattoo
  Tattoo
  
  A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons. Tattoos on humans are a type of decorative body modification, while tattoos on animals are most commonly used for identification or branding....
  s - may be duplicated cosmetically;
• Various authentication
  Authentication
  
  Authentication is the act of establishing or confirming something as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the subject are true....
   techniques;

See also

• authentication
  Authentication
  
  Authentication is the act of establishing or confirming something as authentic, that is, that claims made by or about the subject are true....
  
• costume
  Costume
  
  The term costume can refer to Wardrobe and style of dress in general, or to the distinctive style of dress of a particular people, class, or period....
  
• digital identity
  Digital identity
  
  Digital identity refers to the aspect of digital technology that is concerned with the mediation of people's experience of their own identity and the identity of other people and things....
  
• disguise
• face perception
  Face perception
  
  Face perception is the process by which the brain and mind understand and interpret the face, particularly the human face.The face is an important site for the identification of others and conveys significant social information....
  
• identity document
  Identity document
  
  An identity document is any documentation which may be used to verify aspects of a person's . If issued in the form of a small, mostly standard-sized card, it is usually called an identity card ....
  
• identity (social science)
  Identity (social science)
  
  Identity is an umbrella term used throughout the social sciences to describe an individual's comprehension of him or herself as a discrete, separate entity....
  
• impersonation
• makeup
• pattern recognition
  Pattern recognition
  
  Pattern recognition is a sub-topic of machine learning. It is "the act of taking in raw data and taking an action based on the Category of the data"....