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Reciprocity (international relations)

 

 
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Reciprocity (international relations)
 
 
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In international relations
International relations

International relations represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, international organization , non-governmental organizations , and multinational corporations ....
 and treaties
Treaty

A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
, the principle of reciprocity states that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state
State (law)

The term State has several meanings in law:# in private international law and conflict of laws, State can refer to a well-defined jurisdiction, with its own set of laws and courts....
 to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind.

For example, reciprocity has been used in the reduction of tariff
Tariff

A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations....
s, the grant of copyright
Copyright

Copyright is a form of intellectual property which gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation; after which time the work is said to enter the public domain....
s to foreign authors, the mutual recognition and enforcement
Enforcement of foreign judgments

In the Conflict of Laws, issues relevant to the enforcement of foreign judgments are frequently regulated by bilateral treaty or multilateral international convention to facilitate the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments between state ....
 of judgments, and the relaxation of travel
Travel

Travel is the change in Location of people on a trip through the means of transport from one location to another. Travel is most commonly for recreation , for business trip or for commuting; but may be for numerous other reasons, such as migration, fleeing war, etc....
 restrictions and visa
Passport

A passport is a document, issued by a national government, which certifies, for the purpose of international travel, the identity and nationality of its holder....
 requirements.

The principle of reciprocity also governs agreements on extradition
Extradition

Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal....
.

ral theorists have drawn a distinction between "specific" forms of reciprocity and "diffuse reciprocity" (Keohane 1986).






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In international relations
International relations

International relations represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states within the international system, including the roles of states, international organization , non-governmental organizations , and multinational corporations ....
 and treaties
Treaty

A Treaty is an agreement under international law entered into by actors in international law, namely states and international organizations. A Treaty may also be known as: agreement, protocol, covenant, convention, exchange of letters, etc....
, the principle of reciprocity states that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state
State (law)

The term State has several meanings in law:# in private international law and conflict of laws, State can refer to a well-defined jurisdiction, with its own set of laws and courts....
 to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind.

For example, reciprocity has been used in the reduction of tariff
Tariff

A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations....
s, the grant of copyright
Copyright

Copyright is a form of intellectual property which gives the creator of an original work exclusive rights for a certain time period in relation to that work, including its publication, distribution and adaptation; after which time the work is said to enter the public domain....
s to foreign authors, the mutual recognition and enforcement
Enforcement of foreign judgments

In the Conflict of Laws, issues relevant to the enforcement of foreign judgments are frequently regulated by bilateral treaty or multilateral international convention to facilitate the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments between state ....
 of judgments, and the relaxation of travel
Travel

Travel is the change in Location of people on a trip through the means of transport from one location to another. Travel is most commonly for recreation , for business trip or for commuting; but may be for numerous other reasons, such as migration, fleeing war, etc....
 restrictions and visa
Passport

A passport is a document, issued by a national government, which certifies, for the purpose of international travel, the identity and nationality of its holder....
 requirements.

The principle of reciprocity also governs agreements on extradition
Extradition

Extradition is the official process by which one nation or state requests and obtains from another nation or state the surrender of a suspected or convicted criminal....
.

Specific and diffuse reciprocity

Several theorists have drawn a distinction between "specific" forms of reciprocity and "diffuse reciprocity" (Keohane 1986). Whilst specific reciprocity is exemplified by international trade negotiations, as suggested above, diffuse reciprocity points to a wider institutionalisation of trust
Trust (sociology)

Trust is a relationship of reliance. A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policy, ethics codes, law and their previous promises.Trust does not need to involve belief in the good character, vices, or morals of the other party....
. Through consistent cooperation in an "international society", states are seen as building generally accepted standards of behaviour. These general standards exert their own normative
Norm (sociology)

A Social norm is the sociology term for the behavioral expectations and cues within a society or group. They have been defined as "the rules that a group uses for appropriate and inappropriate values, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors....
 pressure on state action, contributing to the development of long-term obligations between state
State

A state is a political Social contract with effective sovereignty over a geographic area and representing a population. These may be nation states, State or multinational states....
s which stress cooperation. Thus in a system of diffuse reciprocity, states need not seek the immediate benefit guaranteed by specific reciprocity, but can act in the confidence that their cooperative actions will be repaid in the long run.

See also

  • Comity
    Comity

    Comity, in law, refers to legal reciprocity—the principle that one jurisdiction will extend certain courtesies to other nations , particularly by recognizing the validity and effect of their Executive , Legislature, and Judiciary acts....