All Topics  
Raymond Poincaré

 
Raymond Poincaré

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

Raymond Poincaré
 
 
  Topics Raymond Poincaré Topic Home

Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 conservative
Conservatism

Conservatism is a political and social term whose meaning has changed in different countries and time periods, but which usually indicates support for the status quo or the status quo ante....
 statesman
Statesman

A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a politician or other notable figure of state who has had a long and respected career in politics at the national and international level....
 who served as Prime Minister of France
Prime Minister of France

The Prime Minister of France in French Fifth Republic is the functional head of the government and French government ministers of France. The head of state in France is the President of the French Republic....
 on five separate occasions and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

in Bar-le-Duc
Bar-le-Duc

Bar-le-Duc is a Communes of France in the Meuse Departments of France, of which it is the Prefectures in France . The department is in Lorraine in northeastern France...
, Meuse
Meuse

Meuse is a departments of France in northeast France, named after the Meuse River....
, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, the son of Nicolas Antonin Hélène Poincaré, a distinguished civil servant and meteorologist. Educated at the University of Paris
University of Paris

The historic University of Paris first appeared in the 12th century. In 1970 it was reorganized as 13 autonomous university . The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon....
, Raymond was called to the Paris bar, and was for some time law editor of the Voltaire.

As a lawyer, he successfully defended Jules Verne
Jules Verne

Jules Gabriel Verne was a France author who helped pioneer the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Journey to the Center of the Earth , From the Earth to the Moon , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and Around the World in Eighty Days ....
 in a libel suit presented against the famous author by the chemist Eugène Turpin
Eugene Turpin

Fran?ois Eug?ne Turpin was a French people chemist involved in research of explosive materials. He lived in Colombes,In 1881 Turpin proposed panclastites, a class of Sprengel explosives based on a mixture of a suitable fuel with dinitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer....
, inventor of the explosive Melinite, who claimed that the "mad scientist" character in Verne's book "Facing the Flag
Facing the Flag

Facing the Flag or For the Flag is an 1896 patriotic novel by Jules Verne. The book is part of the Voyages Extraordinaires series....
" was based on himself.






Discussion
Ask a question about 'Raymond Poincaré'
Start a new discussion about 'Raymond Poincaré'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


Raymond Poincaré (20 August 1860 – 15 October 1934) was a French
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 conservative
Conservatism

Conservatism is a political and social term whose meaning has changed in different countries and time periods, but which usually indicates support for the status quo or the status quo ante....
 statesman
Statesman

A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a politician or other notable figure of state who has had a long and respected career in politics at the national and international level....
 who served as Prime Minister of France
Prime Minister of France

The Prime Minister of France in French Fifth Republic is the functional head of the government and French government ministers of France. The head of state in France is the President of the French Republic....
 on five separate occasions and as President of France from 1913 to 1920.

Early life

Born in Bar-le-Duc
Bar-le-Duc

Bar-le-Duc is a Communes of France in the Meuse Departments of France, of which it is the Prefectures in France . The department is in Lorraine in northeastern France...
, Meuse
Meuse

Meuse is a departments of France in northeast France, named after the Meuse River....
, France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
, the son of Nicolas Antonin Hélène Poincaré, a distinguished civil servant and meteorologist. Educated at the University of Paris
University of Paris

The historic University of Paris first appeared in the 12th century. In 1970 it was reorganized as 13 autonomous university . The university is often referred to as the Sorbonne or La Sorbonne after the collegiate institution founded about 1257 by Robert de Sorbon....
, Raymond was called to the Paris bar, and was for some time law editor of the Voltaire.

As a lawyer, he successfully defended Jules Verne
Jules Verne

Jules Gabriel Verne was a France author who helped pioneer the science fiction genre. He is best known for his novels Journey to the Center of the Earth , From the Earth to the Moon , Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea , and Around the World in Eighty Days ....
 in a libel suit presented against the famous author by the chemist Eugène Turpin
Eugene Turpin

Fran?ois Eug?ne Turpin was a French people chemist involved in research of explosive materials. He lived in Colombes,In 1881 Turpin proposed panclastites, a class of Sprengel explosives based on a mixture of a suitable fuel with dinitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer....
, inventor of the explosive Melinite, who claimed that the "mad scientist" character in Verne's book "Facing the Flag
Facing the Flag

Facing the Flag or For the Flag is an 1896 patriotic novel by Jules Verne. The book is part of the Voyages Extraordinaires series....
" was based on himself. (A letter which Verne later sent to his brother Paul seems to suggest that, though acquitted due to Poincaré's spirited defence, Verne did intend to defame Turpin.)

Early political career


Poincaré had served for over a year in the Department of Agriculture when in 1887 he was elected deputy for the Meuse
Meuse

Meuse is a departments of France in northeast France, named after the Meuse River....
. He made a great reputation in the Chamber as an economist, and sat on the budget commissions of 1890–1891 and 1892. He was minister of education, fine arts and religion in the first cabinet (April November 1893) of Charles Dupuy
Charles Dupuy

Charles Alexandre Dupuy was a France statesman, three times prime minister....
, and minister of finance in the second and third (May 1894 January 1895).

In Alexandre Ribot
Alexandre Ribot

Alexandre-F?lix-Joseph Ribot was a France politician, four times List of Prime Ministers of France....
's cabinet Poincaré became minister of public instruction. Although he was excluded from the Radical cabinet which followed, the revised scheme of death duties proposed by the new ministry was based upon his proposals of the previous year. He became vice-president of the chamber in the autumn of 1895, and in spite of the bitter hostility of the Radicals retained his position in 1896 and 1897.

Along with other followers of "Opportunist
Opportunism

Opportunism is a term used in politics and political science. It forms an important rationale as well for transaction cost economics. It is interpreted in different ways, but usually refers to one or more of the following:...
" Léon Gambetta
Léon Gambetta

L?on Gambetta was a France statesman prominent after the Franco-Prussian War....
, Poincaré founded the Democratic Republican Alliance
Democratic Republican Alliance

The Democratic Republican Alliance was a History of France created in 1901 by followers of L?on Gambetta, such as Raymond Poincar? who would be president of the Council in the 1920s....
 (ARD) in 1902, which became the most important center-right party under the Third Republic
French Third Republic

The French Third Republic was the political regime of France between the Second French Empire and the Vichy France. It was a republican parliamentary democracy that was created on 4 September 1870 following the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III of France in the Franco-Prussian War....
. In 1906 he returned to the ministry of finance in the short-lived Sarrien
Ferdinand Sarrien

Jean Marie Ferdinand Sarrien was a France politician of the French Third Republic. He headed a cabinet supported by the Bloc des gauches parliamentary majority....
 ministry. Poincaré had retained his practice at the bar during his political career, and he published several volumes of essays on literary and political subjects.

First premiership

Poincaré became Prime Minister
Prime Minister of France

The Prime Minister of France in French Fifth Republic is the functional head of the government and French government ministers of France. The head of state in France is the President of the French Republic....
 in January 1912, and began pursuing a hard-line anti-German policy, noted for restoring close ties with France's Russian ally. He went in Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
 for a State visit in august 1912.

Presidency

He was elected President of the Republic in 1913, in succession to Armand Fallières
Armand Fallières

Cl?ment Armand Falli?res was a France politician, President of France from 1906 to 1913.He was born at M?zin in the d?partement in France of Lot-et-Garonne, France, where his father was clerk of the peace....
 and attempted to make that office into a site of power for the first time since MacMahon
Patrice MacMahon, duc de Magenta

Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de Mac-Mahon, 1st Duc de Magenta de Magenta, Italy, Marshal of France was a France general and politician. He served as Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as the first president of the Third Republic, from 1875 to 1879....
 in the 1870s. He generally managed to continue to dominate foreign policy, in particular. He went in Russia
Russia

Russia , or the Russian Federation , is a list of countries spanning more than one continent country extending over much of northern Eurasia....
, for the second time, but for the first time as a president, to reinforce the Franco-Russian Alliance
Franco-Russian Alliance

The Franco-Russian Alliance was a military alliance between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire that ran from 1892 to 1917. The alliance ended the diplomatic isolation of France and undermined the supremacy of the German Empire in Europe....
, after Sarajevo
Sarajevo

Sarajevo is the Capital and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a population of 304,065 people in the four municipalities that make up the city proper, and an estimated urban area population of 419,030 people in the Sarajevo Canton ....
, in july 1914. He became increasingly sidelined after the accession to power of Georges Clemenceau
Georges Clemenceau

Georges Benjamin Clemenceau was a French statesman, physician, and journalist. He served as the List of Prime Ministers of France from 1906-1909 and 1917-1920....
 as Prime Minister in 1917. He believed the Armistice
Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)

The armistice treaty between the Allies and German Empire was signed in a railway carriage in Compi?gne Forest on 11 November 1918, and marked the end of the World War I on the Western Front ....
 happened too soon and that the French Army should have penetrated Germany far more. At the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, negotiating the Treaty of Versailles
Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaty at the end of World War I. It ended the declaration of war between German Empire and Allies of World War I....
, he wanted France to wrest the Rhineland
Rhineland

The Rhineland is the general name for the land on both sides of the river Rhine in the west of Germany. After the collapse of the First French Empire in the early 19th century, the German-speaking regions at the middle and lower course of the Rhine were annexed to the kingdom of Prussia....
 from Germany to put it under Allied military control. Poincaré wrote a memorandum for the conference, saying that after the Franco-Prussian War
Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the 1870 War was a conflict between Second French Empire and Kingdom of Prussia, while Prussia was backed by the North German Confederation, of which it was a member, and the South German states of Grand Duchy of Baden, History of W?rttemberg#The Kingdom...
 Germany occupied various French provinces and did not leave until they received all of the indemnity, whereas France was asking for reparations for damaged caused. He further claimed that if the Allies did not occupy the Rhineland and at a later date found that they would need to do so again, Germany would label them the aggressor:

"And, further, shall we be sure of finding the left bank free from German troops? Germany is supposedly going to undertake to have neither troops nor fortresses on the left bank and within a zone extending 50 k.m. east of the Rhine. But the Treaty does not provide for any permanent supervision of troops and armaments on the left bank any more than elsewhere in Germany. In the absence of this permanent supervision, the clause stipulating that the League of Nations may order enquiries to be undertaken is in danger of being purely illusory. We can thus have no guarantee that after the expiry of the fifteen years and the evacuation of the left bank, the Germans will not filter troops by degrees into this district. Even supposing they have not previously done so, how can we prevent them doing it at the moment when we intend to re-occupy on account of their default? It will be simple for them to leap to the Rhine in a night and to seize this natural military frontier well ahead of us. The option to renew the occupation should not therefore from any point of view be substituted for occupation".


Ferdinand Foch
Ferdinand Foch

Ferdinand Foch . Order of Merit List of honorary British knights was a France soldier, military theorist, and writer credited with possessing "the most original and subtle mind in the French Army" in the early 20th century....
 urged Poincaré to invoke his powers as laid down in the Constitution and take over the negotiations of the treaty due to worries that Clemenceau was not achieving France's aims. He did not and when the French Cabinet approved of the terms Clemenceau got Poincaré thought about resigning, although again he refrained.

Second premiership

In 1920, Poincaré's term as President came to an end, and two years later he returned to office as Prime Minister. Once again, his tenure was noted for its strong anti-German policies, with Poincaré justifying these by saying: "Germany's population was increasing, her industries were intact, she had no factories to reconstruct, she had no flooded mines. Her resources were intact, above and below ground...In fifteen or twenty years Germany would be mistress of Europe. In front of her would be France with a population scarcely increased".

Frustrated at Germany's unwillingness to pay reparations, Poincaré hoped for joint Anglo-French economic sanctions against Germany in 1922 and opposed military action. However by December 1922 he was faced with British-American-German hostility and saw coal for French steel production and money for reconstructing the devastated industrial areas draining away. Poincaré was exasperated with British failure to act, and wrote to the French ambassador in London:

"Judging others by themselves, the English, who are blinded by their loyalty, have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them. ... We, on the contrary, believe that if Germany, far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace, has always tried to escape her obligations, it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat. ... We are also certain that Germany, as a nation, resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity".


Poincaré decided to occupy the Ruhr
Occupation of the Ruhr

The Occupation of the Rhineland gave the French and Belgian armies the springboard from which it was easy to undertake the occupation of the Ruhr Area....
 in 11 January 1923 to extract the reparations himself. This "was profitable and caused neither the German hyperinflation, which began in 1922 and ballooned because of German responses to the Ruhr occupation, nor the franc's 1924 collapse, which arose from French financial practices and the evaporation of reparations". The profits, after Ruhr-Rhineland occupation costs, were nearly 900 million gold marks. Poincaré lost the 1924 parliamentary election "more from the franc's collapse and the ensuing taxation than from diplomatic isolation".

Third premiership


Financial crisis brought him back to power in 1926, and he once again became Prime Minister and Finance Minister until his retirement in 1929.

As early as in 1915, Raymond Poincaré introduced a controversial denaturalization law which was applied to naturalized French citizens with "enemy origins" who had continued to maintain their original nationality
Nationality

Nationality is a the relationship between a person and their state of origin, culture, association, affiliation and/or loyalty. Nationality affords the state jurisdiction over the person and affords the person the protection of the state....
. Through another law passed in 1927, the government could denaturalize any new citizen who committed acts contrary to French "national interest".

He died in Paris
Paris

Paris is the Capital of France and the country's largest city. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the ?le-de-France Regions of France ....
 in 1934.

Family


His brother, Lucien Poincaré (b. 1862), famous as a physicist, became inspector-general of public instruction in 1902. He is the author of La Physique moderne (1906) and L'Électricité (1907). Jules Henri Poincaré (b. 1854), also a distinguished physicist and mathematician, belonged to another branch of the same family.

Poincaré's First Ministry, 21 January 1912 21 January 1913

  • Raymond Poincaré - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Alexandre Millerand
    Alexandre Millerand

    Alexandre Millerand was a France socialism politician. He was President of France from 23 September 1920 to 11 June 1924 and Prime Minister of France 20 January to 23 September 1920....
     - Minister of War
  • Théodore Steeg
    Théodore Steeg

    Th?odore Steeg was a French politician of the French Third Republic, Chamber of Deputies of the Seine from 1906 to 1914 and French Senate of the same department from 1914 to 1940....
     - Minister of the Interior
  • Louis Lucien Klotz - Minister of Finance
  • Léon Bourgeois
    Léon Bourgeois

    L?on Victor Auguste Bourgeois was a Jewish France statesman.He was born in Paris, France, and was trained in law. After holding a subordinate office in the department of public works, he became successively prefect of the Tarn and the Haute-Garonne , and then returned to Paris to enter the ministry of the interior....
     - Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
  • Aristide Briand
    Aristide Briand

    Aristide Briand was a France statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize....
     - Minister of Justice
  • Théophile Delcassé
    Théophile Delcassé

    Th?ophile Delcass? was a French statesman....
     - Minister of Marine
  • Gabriel Guist'hau
    Gabriel Guist'hau

    Gabriel Guist'hau, was a France politician .Guist'hau left R?union for Nantes to study law there, and was elected the mayor of Nantes in 1908....
     - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
  • Jules Pams - Minister of Agriculture
  • Albert Lebrun
    Albert Lebrun

    Albert Lebrun was a France politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940, and as such was the last president of the French Third Republic. He was a member of the center-right Democratic Republican Alliance ....
     - Minister of Colonies
  • Jean Dupuy
    Jean Dupuy (politician)

    Jean Dupuy was a French politician and media owner....
     - Minister of Public Works, Posts, and Telegraphs
  • Fernand David - Minister of Commerce and Industry


Changes
  • 12 January 1913 - Albert Lebrun
    Albert Lebrun

    Albert Lebrun was a France politician, President of France from 1932 to 1940, and as such was the last president of the French Third Republic. He was a member of the center-right Democratic Republican Alliance ....
     succeeds Millerand as Minister of War. René Besnard succeeds Lebrun as Minister of Colonies.


Poincaré's Second Ministry, 15 January 1922 29 March 1924

  • Raymond Poincaré - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • André Maginot
    André Maginot

    Andr? Maginot was a France civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament. He is undoubtedly best known for his advocacy for the string of forts that would be known as the Maginot Line....
     - Minister of War
  • Maurice Maunoury
    Maurice Maunoury

    Maurice Maunoury was a French politician born 16 October 1863 in Alexandria and died 16 May 1925 in Paris*D?put? for Eure-et-Loir from 1910 to 1924...
     - Minister of the Interior
  • Charles de Lasteyrie - Minister of Finance
  • Albert Peyronnet - Minister of Labour
  • Louis Barthou
    Louis Barthou

    Jean Louis Barthou was a France politician of the French Third Republic....
     - Minister of Justice
  • Flaminius Raiberti - Minister of Marine
  • Léon Bérard
    Léon Bérard

    L?on B?rard was a French politician and lawyer.He was Minister of Public Instruction in 1919 and from 1921 to 1924, and Minister of Justice from 1931 to 1932 and was elected to the Acad?mie fran?aise in 1934....
     - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
  • Henry Chéron - Minister of Agriculture
  • Albert Sarraut
    Albert Sarraut

    Albert-Pierre Sarraut was a France Radical Party politician, twice List of Prime Ministers of France during the French Third Republic.Sarraut was born in Bordeaux, Gironde, France....
     - Minister of Colonies
  • Yves Le Trocquer - Minister of Public Works
  • Paul Strauss
    Paul Strauss

    Paul Strauss is a "Shadow congressperson" from the District of Columbia....
     - Minister of Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
  • Lucien Dior - Minister of Commerce and Industry
  • Charles Reibel - Minister of Liberated Regions


Changes
  • 5 October 1922 - Maurice Colrat succeeds Barthou as Minister of Justice.


Poincaré's Third Ministry, 29 March 9 June 1924

  • Raymond Poincaré - President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • André Maginot
    André Maginot

    Andr? Maginot was a France civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament. He is undoubtedly best known for his advocacy for the string of forts that would be known as the Maginot Line....
     - Minister of War
  • Justin de Selves
    Justin de Selves

    Justin de Selves was a French politician....
     - Minister of the Interior
  • Frédéric François-Marsal
    Frédéric François-Marsal

    Fr?d?ric Fran?ois-Marsal was a French Politician of the French Third Republic, who served briefly as Prime Minister of France in 1924. Due to his premiership he also served for two as the Acting President of the French Republic between resignation of Alexandre Millerand and election of Gaston Doumergue....
     - Minister of Finance
  • Charles Daniel-Vincent - Minister of Labour and Hygiene
  • Edmond Lefebvre du Prey
    Edmond Lefebvre du Prey

    Edmond Lefebvre du Prey was a French politician of the Third French Republic....
     - Minister of Justice
  • Maurice Bokanowski - Minister of Marine
  • Henry de Jouvenel - Minister of Public Instruction, Fine Arts, and Technical Education
  • Joseph Capus - Minister of Agriculture
  • Jean Fabry - Minister of Colonies
  • Yves Le Trocquer - Minister of Public Works, Ports, and Marine
  • Louis Loucheur
    Louis Loucheur

    Louis Loucheur was a France politician in the French Third Republic, member of the conservative Republican Federation....
     - Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
  • Louis Marin - Minister of Liberated Regions


Poincaré's Fourth Ministry, 23 July 1926 11 November 1928

  • Raymond Poincaré - President of the Council and Minister of Finance
  • Aristide Briand
    Aristide Briand

    Aristide Briand was a France statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize....
     - Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Paul Painlevé
    Paul Painlevé

    Paul Painlev? was a France mathematician and politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of France of the French Third Republic: 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 April – 22 November 1925....
     - Minister of War
  • Albert Sarraut
    Albert Sarraut

    Albert-Pierre Sarraut was a France Radical Party politician, twice List of Prime Ministers of France during the French Third Republic.Sarraut was born in Bordeaux, Gironde, France....
     - Minister of the Interior
  • André Fallières - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
  • Louis Barthou
    Louis Barthou

    Jean Louis Barthou was a France politician of the French Third Republic....
     - Minister of Justice
  • Georges Leygues
    Georges Leygues

    Georges Leygues was a France politician of the French Third Republic. During his time as Minister of Marine he worked with the navy's chief of staff Henri Salaun in unsuccessful attempts to gain naval re-armament priority for government funding over army rearmament such as the Maginot Line....
     - Minister of Marine
  • Édouard Herriot
    Édouard Herriot

    ?douard H?rriot was a French Radical Party politician of the French Third Republic who served three times as Prime Minister of France and for many years as President of the Chamber of Deputies....
     - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
  • Louis Marin - Minister of Pensions
  • Henri Queuille
    Henri Queuille

    Henri Queuille was a France Radical-Socialist Party politician prominent in the French Third Republic and French Fourth Republic Republics. After World War II, he served three times as Prime Minister of France....
     - Minister of Agriculture
  • Léon Perrier - Minister of Colonies
  • André Tardieu
    André Tardieu

    Andr? Pierre Gabriel Am?d?e Tardieu was three times Prime Minister of France and a dominant figure of French political life in 1929-1932....
     - Minister of Public Works
  • Maurice Bokanowski - Minister of Commerce and Industry


Changes
  • 1 June 1928 - Louis Loucheur
    Louis Loucheur

    Louis Loucheur was a France politician in the French Third Republic, member of the conservative Republican Federation....
     succeeds Fallières as Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
  • 14 September 1928 - Laurent Eynac
    Laurent Eynac

    Laurent Eynac was a France politician who was appointed Minister of Transportation on 7 June 1935 until 24 January 1936.He was born in Le Monastier-sur-Gazeille, Haute-Loire....
     enters the ministry as Minister of Air. Henry Chéron succeeds Bokanowski as Minister of Commerce and Industry, and also becomes Minister of Posts and Telegraphs.


Poincaré's Fifth Ministry, 11 November 1928 29 July 1929

  • Raymond Poincaré - President of the Council
  • Aristide Briand
    Aristide Briand

    Aristide Briand was a France statesman who served several terms as Prime Minister of France and won the Nobel Peace Prize....
     - Minister of Foreign Affairs
  • Paul Painlevé
    Paul Painlevé

    Paul Painlev? was a France mathematician and politician. He served twice as Prime Minister of France of the French Third Republic: 12 September – 13 November 1917 and 17 April – 22 November 1925....
     - Minister of War
  • André Tardieu
    André Tardieu

    Andr? Pierre Gabriel Am?d?e Tardieu was three times Prime Minister of France and a dominant figure of French political life in 1929-1932....
     - Minister of the Interior
  • Henry Chéron - Minister of Finance
  • Louis Loucheur
    Louis Loucheur

    Louis Loucheur was a France politician in the French Third Republic, member of the conservative Republican Federation....
     - Minister of Labour, Hygiene, Welfare Work, and Social Security Provisions
  • Louis Barthou
    Louis Barthou

    Jean Louis Barthou was a France politician of the French Third Republic....
     - Minister of Justice
  • Georges Leygues
    Georges Leygues

    Georges Leygues was a France politician of the French Third Republic. During his time as Minister of Marine he worked with the navy's chief of staff Henri Salaun in unsuccessful attempts to gain naval re-armament priority for government funding over army rearmament such as the Maginot Line....
     - Minister of Marine
  • Laurent Eynac
    Laurent Eynac

    Laurent Eynac was a France politician who was appointed Minister of Transportation on 7 June 1935 until 24 January 1936.He was born in Le Monastier-sur-Gazeille, Haute-Loire....
     - Minister of Air
  • Pierre Marraud - Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
  • Louis Antériou - Minister of Pensions
  • Jean Hennessy - Minister of Agriculture
  • André Maginot
    André Maginot

    Andr? Maginot was a France civil servant, soldier, and Member of Parliament. He is undoubtedly best known for his advocacy for the string of forts that would be known as the Maginot Line....
     - Minister of Colonies
  • Pierre Forgeot - Minister of Public Works
  • Georges Bonnefous - Minister of Commerce and Industry