Radio Mindanao Network
Encyclopedia
RMN is the largest radio network in the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

 with almost 60 company-owned AM & FM radio stations located around the Philippines. Radio Mindanao Network remains the legal name of the radio network, while Radyo Mo Nationwide is the slogan of the network. The network's first radio station
Radio station
Radio broadcasting is a one-way wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast or both...

 was DXCC, established in Cagayan de Oro in Mindanao
Mindanao
Mindanao is the second largest and easternmost island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three island groups in the country, which consists of the island of Mindanao and smaller surrounding islands. The other two are Luzon and the Visayas. The island of Mindanao is called The...

 on August 28, 1952. The callsign has been supposed as a reference to the surnames of the business' founders (Canoy and Cui) but, according to founder Henry Canoy in his memoir, was actually chosen to mean Cagayan de Oro Community.

The network studios and offices in Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila , the National Capital Region , or simply Metro Manila, is the metropolitan region encompassing the City of Manila and its surrounding areas in the Philippines...

 are located at the 4/F Guadalupe Commercial Complex Bldg. (GCCB), EDSA Guadalupe, Makati City
Makati City
The City of Makati is one of the 17 cities that make up Metro Manila, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Makati is the financial center of the Philippines and one of the major financial, commercial and economic hubs in Asia...

 and Unit 806, Atlanta Centre Annapolis Street, Greenhills, San Juan City.

History

Sometime in 1948, Don
Don (honorific)
Don, from Latin dominus, is an honorific in Spanish , Portuguese , and Italian . The female equivalent is Doña , Dona , and Donna , abbreviated "Dª" or simply "D."-Usage:...

 Henry R. Canoy
Henry Canoy
Don Henry Canoy was a Filipino businessman and founder of Radio Mindanao Network.Canoy was born in Cagayan de Oro City into a family of teachers and traders....

, together with Robin Cui and Vicente Rivera, set up two home-built tube radio receivers bought from Fideng Palacio of Puntod and placed them in an abandoned chicken poultry house situated at the corner of Velez and del Pilar streets in Cagayan de Oro for the purpose of listening to radio broadcasts from Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

. Canoy and friends ended up listening to radio broadcasts at night when reception was better. Eventually, the friends were all convinced to build a radio transmitter of their own. The group managed to assemble a 30-Watt radio transmitter from surplus parts bought at Raon Street in Quiapo
Quiapo, Manila
Quiapo is a district and city square of Manila. Referred as the "Old Downtown", Quiapo in known for where cheap buys or goods are being sold at rock-bottom prices and was the home of the Quiapo Church, where the feast for the Black Nazarene is held, with over millions of people attending...

, Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

. Henry Canoy
Henry Canoy
Don Henry Canoy was a Filipino businessman and founder of Radio Mindanao Network.Canoy was born in Cagayan de Oro City into a family of teachers and traders....

 broke the airwaves as a Pirate radio
Pirate radio
Pirate radio is illegal or unregulated radio transmission. The term is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes, but is also sometimes used for illegal two-way radio operation...

 station in 1949, declaring "This is Cagayan de Oro calling...". Because the broadcast was not authorized by the Radio Control Office (RCO)
National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)
The Philippines' National Telecommunications Commission , abbreviated as NTC, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Commission on Information and Communications Technology responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services throughout the...

, it did not contain call letters.

In 1950 Canoy
Henry Canoy
Don Henry Canoy was a Filipino businessman and founder of Radio Mindanao Network.Canoy was born in Cagayan de Oro City into a family of teachers and traders....

, at the insistence of his brother, lawyer Reuben R. Canoy, decided to establish a more powerful radio station and applied for a congressional franchise in Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

 to support its lawful operation. In 1951, he set up the fledging station in partnership with Robin Cui, Max Suniel, Oscar Neri and Andres Bacal as equity partners with P10,000 in capital. on 23 June 1952 he was granted a permit to maintain and operate the radio broadcasting station.

Using the “Radio Amateur’s Handbook” as their guide and also with surplus parts bought from Raon in Quiapo
Quiapo, Manila
Quiapo is a district and city square of Manila. Referred as the "Old Downtown", Quiapo in known for where cheap buys or goods are being sold at rock-bottom prices and was the home of the Quiapo Church, where the feast for the Black Nazarene is held, with over millions of people attending...

, Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

, they built their own 500-watt AM
Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation is a technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. AM works by varying the strength of the transmitted signal in relation to the information being sent...

 transmitter
Transmitter
In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this alternating...

 with the assistance from Far East Broadcasting Company
Far East Broadcasting Company
Far East Broadcasting CompanyFounded:1945 First broadcast:June 4, 1948Daily broadcasts:650+ hoursLanguages:149Webcasts:...

 engineers, American
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 Dick Rowland and Byrd Bruneimer. The transmitter was transported to Mindanao aboard the boat MV Snug Hitch. With only a telescopic steel pole as antenna borrowed from the Bureau of Telecom
National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)
The Philippines' National Telecommunications Commission , abbreviated as NTC, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Commission on Information and Communications Technology responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services throughout the...

, the improvised horizontal radio antenna was mounted by the team which include Ongkoy Padero, former vice president for engineering of CEPALCO, attaching one end of a copper wire to the pole and the other end to a 30 meters coconut
Coconut
The coconut palm, Cocos nucifera, is a member of the family Arecaceae . It is the only accepted species in the genus Cocos. The term coconut can refer to the entire coconut palm, the seed, or the fruit, which is not a botanical nut. The spelling cocoanut is an old-fashioned form of the word...

 tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...

 a block away . While their first “transmitter building” was financed with a P5, 000 “duck farm” loan from the Philippine National Bank
Philippine National Bank
The Philippine National Bank is one of the largest banks in the Philippines, ranking fourth in terms of assets...

. The Radio Control Office (RCO)
National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)
The Philippines' National Telecommunications Commission , abbreviated as NTC, is an agency of the Philippine government under the Commission on Information and Communications Technology responsible for the supervision, adjudication and control over all telecommunications services throughout the...

 headed by Mr Jose Viado, assigned the station a broadcast frequency of 1560 kHz.

On July 4, 1952, it went on air for test broadcast the second time coinciding with the birthday of his mother. It officially started broadcasting on August 28, 1952, also coinciding with the town
Town
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...

 fiesta
Festival
A festival or gala is an event, usually and ordinarily staged by a local community, which centers on and celebrates some unique aspect of that community and the Festival....

 of San Agustin
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo , also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin, St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius . He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province...

, the patron saint
Saint
A saint is a holy person. In various religions, saints are people who are believed to have exceptional holiness.In Christian usage, "saint" refers to any believer who is "in Christ", and in whom Christ dwells, whether in heaven or in earth...

 of Cagayan de Oro archdiocese. Listeners anticipated the first words they would hear on radio and were greeted the station ID and the following words “You are tuned to Station DXCC, broadcasting with a power of 500 watts on 1560 kilocycles from Cagayan de Oro’s ” Gateway to Mindanao!” and every hour thereafter. The stations first live broadcast
Live radio
Live radio is radio broadcast without delay. Before the days of television, audiences listened to live dramas, comedies, quiz shows, and concerts on the radio much the same way that they now do on TV. Most talk radio is live radio where people can speak about their opinions/lives....

 coincides with its opening and the program involves the airing of a 3-hour “Anejo Rum” show from Plaza Divisoria, a central park in downtown Cagayan de Oro, for which Canoy billed La Tondena
San Miguel Corporation
Established in 1890 as a brewery, San Miguel Corporation is Southeast Asia's largest publicly listed food, beverage and packaging company with over 17,000 employees in over 100 major facilities throughout the Asia-Pacific....

 executive Hugo Chan Hong the sum of P500 as payment for the radio coverage. The Radio signal was able to reach Del Monte Pacific plantation
Plantation
A plantation is a long artificially established forest, farm or estate, where crops are grown for sale, often in distant markets rather than for local on-site consumption...

 in Bukidnon
Bukidnon
Bukidnon is a landlocked province of the Philippines located in the Northern Mindanao region. Its capital is Malaybalay City. The province borders, clockwise starting from the north, Misamis Oriental, Agusan del Sur, Davao del Norte, Cotabato, Lanao del Sur, and Lanao del Norte.Bukidnon is...

 30 km away and as far as Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

 through ham radio operations which managed to call back. (RMN The Henry R. Canoy Story,ISBN ?, Copyright 1997)

In 1954, Henry R. Canoy visited the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 under an observation grant. Instead of going to the giant networks and other big cities, he opted to be taken to a small backwater town of Greeley, Colorado
Colorado
Colorado is a U.S. state that encompasses much of the Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains...

, and he came upon a station that was doing exactly what DXCC was already trying to do in Mindanao. Its broadcast fare was peppered with farm prices, market and road conditions, weather warnings and personal messages. He came back with the blueprint for DXCC, which is entertainment, information and most of all education to the public.

The success of its broadcasting concept enabled DXCC to expand to Iligan, then to Butuan and Davao
Davao
Davao refers to several closely related places in Mindanao in the Philippines. The term is used most often to refer to the city.*Davao Region, an administrative region*Davao del Norte province*Davao del Sur province*Davao Oriental province...

. By 1957, the station with a coconut tree for an antenna had given birth to four others. And so the string of community stations became Radio Mindanao Network (RMN).

In 1962, RMN's approach to broadcasting drew the interest of another visionary business leader, the late Andres Soriano Sr. of San Miguel Corporation
San Miguel Corporation
Established in 1890 as a brewery, San Miguel Corporation is Southeast Asia's largest publicly listed food, beverage and packaging company with over 17,000 employees in over 100 major facilities throughout the Asia-Pacific....

 who eventually bought the majority shares of RMN and brought the radio network to Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

, the first provincial station to do so. "The Sound of the City" concept was born with the establishment of DZHP in Metro Manila. Its format was strictly music and news. RMN joined forces with the Philippine Herald and Inter-Island Broadcasting Corporation
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation
Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is a Philippine VHF television network of the Government Communications Group headed by the Press Secretary. Its studios are located at Broadcast City, Old Balara, Capitol Hills, Diliman, Quezon City and its transmitter is located at the Coca Cola plant,...

 to form the powerful first tri-media organization. That association gave RMN at the forefront of broadcast journalism and public service. Other "Sound of the City" stations soon followed in Cebu
Cebu
Cebu is a province in the Philippines, consisting of Cebu Island and 167 surrounding islands. It is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands...

 in 1963 (DYHP), DZHB in Baguio and DXHP in Cagayan de Oro in 1968.

In 1968, RMN made a "first" in Philippine radio history by initiating the national newscasts via microwave
Microwave
Microwaves, a subset of radio waves, have wavelengths ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter, or equivalently, with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. This broad definition includes both UHF and EHF , and various sources use different boundaries...

. Fast, direct and crystal clear network newscasts emanating from the Tri-Media News Central in Manila brought the events as they happened in all parts of the country via stations DZHP in Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

, DZHB in Baguio, DYHP in Cebu
Cebu
Cebu is a province in the Philippines, consisting of Cebu Island and 167 surrounding islands. It is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands...

, DXVM in Cagayan de Oro and DXDC in Davao
Davao
Davao refers to several closely related places in Mindanao in the Philippines. The term is used most often to refer to the city.*Davao Region, an administrative region*Davao del Norte province*Davao del Sur province*Davao Oriental province...

.

From 1969 to 1970 three more community stations emerged - DXRS in Surigao and DZHN in Naga. In early 1972, station DXHP in Cagayan de Oro was transferred to Bislig, Surigao del Sur
Surigao del Sur
' is a province of the Philippines located in the CARAGA region in Mindanao. Its capital is Tandag City and borders Surigao del Norte to the north, Agusan del Norte and Agusan del Sur to the west, and Davao Oriental to the south...

. By 1972, RMN had twelve (12) AM stations under its wings.

In 1973, with a constitutional limitation prohibiting the ownership of media by non-Filipinos or corporations not 100% Filipino owned, Henry Canoy's group brought out the Soriano-San Miguel group holdings in RMN.

In 1975, the call letters of the Manila flagship station, DZHP was changed to DWXL. Together with this, English programming gave way to Filipino. RMN's AM stations were broadcasting in three major dialects, Filipino, Cebuano and Ilonggo. Noted columnist Teodoro Valencia joined RMN as its Chairman of the Board. Under his guidance RMN was able to secure a loan from the Development Bank of the Philippines
Development Bank of the Philippines
The Development Bank of the Philippines , commonly known by its initials, DBP, is a state-owned development bank in Makati, Philippines.It is the seventh-largest bank in the Philippines in terms of assets, and is the second-largest...

 to finance its massive expansion and development program. A Cebuano drama production center based in DYHP-Cebu was established and subsequently followed by an Ilonggo drama production center based in DYHB-Bacolod.

In 1978, RMN's major expansion program was launched which include the upgrading of the technical facilities of its existing stations and the establishment of additional AM and FM stations. Among the stations that were added to the roster of RMN stations were: DXVM-FM in Cagayan de Oro, DXXL-FM in Davao
Davao
Davao refers to several closely related places in Mindanao in the Philippines. The term is used most often to refer to the city.*Davao Region, an administrative region*Davao del Norte province*Davao del Sur province*Davao Oriental province...

, DYXL-FM in Cebu
Cebu
Cebu is a province in the Philippines, consisting of Cebu Island and 167 surrounding islands. It is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands...

 & DWKC-FM in Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila , the National Capital Region , or simply Metro Manila, is the metropolitan region encompassing the City of Manila and its surrounding areas in the Philippines...

. DWHB-FM in Baguio opened in 1980. DXDR-AM in Dipolog & DXKR in Pagadian was added in 1981.

RMN also increased its coverage by entering into tie-up arrangements with smaller networks. Under this scheme, RMN provided programming, marketing, technical and management expertise where these small stations would be found wanting. This gave birth to a new name for these stations under the RMN umbrella - Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. and Associates.

In 1985, the programming of all RMN FM stations were also re-oriented to cater to a younger pop music audience. This was in line with the network's philosophy of positioning to be No.1 in listenership ratings.To give more emphasis to the emerging FM station market, RMN also divided its operations into two Operating Divisions, AM and FM.

In 1990, RMN undertook another major expansion program which entailed the addition of seven FM radio stations. A permit for RMN's first TV station located in Cagayan de Oro City was also granted.

In April,1991, President
President
A president is a leader of an organization, company, trade union, university, or country.Etymologically, a president is one who presides, who sits in leadership...

 Corazon Aquino
Corazon Aquino
Maria Corazon Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino was the 11th President of the Philippines and the first woman to hold that office in Philippine history. She is best remembered for leading the 1986 People Power Revolution, which toppled Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines...

 signed into law Republic Act 6980 entitled "An Act Renewing the Franchise Granted to Radio Mindanao Network, Inc. under Republic Act Numbered Thirty-One Hundred Twenty-Two to another Twenty-Five (25) years from the date of approval of this Act". This was the first broadcast franchise approved under President Aquino's term of office.

On August 28, 1991, TV-8, RMN's first television station went on the air in Cagayan de Oro City. Thirty nine years after its start, RMN was now venturing into television. In December 1991, RMN was also granted a permit to operate a UHF television station in Metro Manila (which is now branded as BEAM Channel 31 and currently aired as The Game Channel
The Game Channel
The Game Channel is a cable/free TV channel owned and produced by Solar Entertainment Corporation in the Philippines. It is the new sister of the networks Talk TV, ETC, 2nd Avenue, Universal Channel, Jack TV, Basketball TV, Solar Sports, and Diva Universal. It is currently available over Global...

owned by Solar Entertainment Corporation
Solar Entertainment Corporation
Solar Entertainment Corporation is a Makati, Philippines-based media company with 6 cable channels 4 Free-TV Channels and a film distribution company...

).

In 1998, it went global by establishing the first Philippine radio station to conquer the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 airwaves through WRMN in New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

.

In June 2007, RMN fm station DWKC 93.9 in Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

 was the first commercial station in the country to broadcast with HD Radio
HD Radio
HD Radio, which originally stood for "Hybrid Digital", is the trademark for iBiquity's in-band on-channel digital radio technology used by AM and FM radio stations to transmit audio and data via a digital signal in conjunction with their analog signals...

 technology. It broadcast in three HD Radio digital audio channels along with its pre-existing analog signal. The operation of its facility was in high-level combined hybrid mode with an existing 35 kW analog transmitter, a new Nautel
Nautel
Nautel Ltd. is a Canadian manufacturer of AM and FM radio broadcast transmitters, navigational radio beacons, Differential Global Positioning System transmitters, medium frequency telegraph and NAVTEX transmitters, and high frequency amplifiers for dielectric heating applications...

 1 kW HD Radio transmitter, with the digital exciter, importer and exporter providing the digital signal component.

On July 3, 2011, RMN TV station DWKC 31 in Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

 returned after its broadcast and ratings failure from E! Philippines in 2003. RMN together with the joint venture of Broadcasting Enterprise and Affiliated Media, Inc.
Broadcasting Enterprise and Affiliated Media, Inc.
Broadcasting Enterprise and Affiliated Media, Inc. is a broadcast company in the Philippines with primary focus on UHF broadcasting and will use the Digital Terrestrial Television platform for the convergence of multimedia. It is co-owned by Radio Mindanao Network and Bethlehem Holdings, Inc....

 and Solar Entertainment Corporation
Solar Entertainment Corporation
Solar Entertainment Corporation is a Makati, Philippines-based media company with 6 cable channels 4 Free-TV Channels and a film distribution company...

 signed a blocktime agreement to use the CTV-31 facilities, and branded the station as BEAM Channel 31 where currently occupied by The Game Channel
The Game Channel
The Game Channel is a cable/free TV channel owned and produced by Solar Entertainment Corporation in the Philippines. It is the new sister of the networks Talk TV, ETC, 2nd Avenue, Universal Channel, Jack TV, Basketball TV, Solar Sports, and Diva Universal. It is currently available over Global...

. The RMN/BEAM Network is now the 4th free TV station in the Philippines besides RPN
Radio Philippines Network
Radio Philippines Network, Inc. is a broadcast television network in the Philippines co-owned by the Government Communications Group, Solar Entertainment Corporation, Far East Managers and Investors Inc., and private sectors. This station studios are located at Broadcast City, Old Balara, Capitol...

, SBN
Southern Broadcasting Network
SBN is a Philippine television network owned by Filipino-Chinese tycoon Lucio Co, the owner of Puregold Price Club Inc., a supermarket chain. Its main broadcast facilities at 5/F Summit One Bldg, Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong City...

, and its former competitor television network RJTV
Rajah Broadcasting Network
Rajah Broadcasting Network, Inc. is a Philippine television and radio network owned by guitarist-singer-businessman Ramon "RJ" Jacinto...

 to have its airtime blocktimed by Solar. The TV station of RMN/BEAM Channel 31 (The Game Channel) is now available on selected cable recpients, on Global Destiny Cable on Channel 116, on SKYcable on Channel 84 (digital), while the others will soon to operate the station, and also it was recently occupied by Globe Telecom
Globe Telecom
Globe Telecom , commonly known as Globe, is a telecommunications company in the Philippines. Globe provides mobile, fixed line, and broadband Internet services.- History :In 1928, Congress passed Act No...

 via Betlehem Holdings, Inc. and to use the TV network for the future digital broadcast.

Slogans

  • RMN: Radio Mindanao Network (1948–2002)
  • RMN: At Your Service, Wherever You Are (2002–2006)
  • RMN: Kasama Mo! (2006–present)
  • RMN: Radyo Numero Uno (2007–2008)
  • RMN: Radyo Mo Noon, Radyo Mo Ngayon! (2008–2009)
  • RMN: Responsableng Mamahayag Ngayon (2009–2010)
  • Tatak RMN: Radyo Mo Nationwide! (2009–present)
  • RMN: Handang Tumulong Sa Iyo (2011-present)

RMN AM stations

Branding Callsign Frequency Power Location
DZXL Radyo Mo Nationwide 558 DZXL
DZXL
DZXL is an AM station owned and operated by Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station's studio is located at the 4th Floor, Guadalupe Commercial Complex, EDSA Guadalupe, Makati City, while the transmitter is Located at Brgy. Paco, Obando, Bulacan...

558 kHz 50 kW Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

DZWT Radyo Mo Nationwide 540 Baguio DZWT 540 kHz 10 kW Baguio
Baguio City
The City of Baguio is a highly urbanized city in northern Luzon in the Philippines. Baguio City was established by Americans in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway...

DWLW Radyo Mo Nationwide 675 Laoag DWLW
DWLW
DWLW, broadcasting as 100.7 Love Radio, is a music FM radio station owned and operated by Manila Broadcasting Company in the Philippines. The station's studio is located in Lucena City....

675 kHz 10 kW Laoag
Laoag City
The City of Laoag is a 1st class city in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is the capital city of Ilocos Norte, and the province's political, commercial, and industrial hub. It is the location of the Ilocos region's only commercial airport...

DWRS Radyo Mo Nationwide 925 Vigan DWRS 925 kHz 10 kW Vigan
Vigan City
The City of Vigan is a 5th class city in the province of Ilocos Sur, Philippines. It is the capital of the Province of Ilocos Sur...

DWPR Radyo Mo Nationwide 1296 Dagupan DWPR
DWPR
Poweradio 104.7, is a music FM radio station owned by Multipoint Network Management in the Philippines. The station's studio is located at Balanga, Bataan.-MNM stations:...

1296 kHz 10 kW Dagupan
Dagupan City
The City of Dagupan is a 1st class city in the Philippines. It is an independent component city of the province of Pangasinan. According to the latest census, Dagupan City has a population of 149,554 people in 25,921 households. Located on Lingayen Gulf on the island of Luzon, Dagupan is the...

DZCV Radyo Mo Nationwide 684 Tuguegarao DZCV 684 kHz 1 kW Tuguegarao
Tuguegarao City
Tuguegarao City is the city capital of Cagayan, Philippines and the regional capital of Region 02 . Tuguegarao is the economic center of the Cagayan Valley Region; it is located on a peninsula in the Cagayan Valley. It is sheltered by the Sierra Madre Mountains in the East; Cordilleras in the...

DWDY Radyo Mo Nationwide 1107 Cauayan DWDY 1107 khz 5 kW Cauayan
Cauayan City
Cauayan City is a 1st class city in the province of Isabela, Philippines. Cauayan City is the Agro-Industrial Capital of Cagayan Valley and The Commercial Center of The Province of Isabela...

Radyo Mo Nationwide 103.9 Palawan DWAR 103.9 MHz 10 kW Puerto Princesa
Puerto Princesa City
The City of Puerto Princesa is a city located on the western provincial island of Palawan, one of 80 provinces which make up the Philippines...

Radyo Mo Nationwide 91.1 Naga DWNX 91.1 MHz 10 kW Naga
Radyo Mo Nationwide 102.1 Daet DWAT 102.1 MHz 5 kW Daet
Daet, Camarines Norte
Daet, also known as the "Gateway to Bicolandia". A 1st class municipality in the province of Camarines Norte, Philippines. It is the capital municipality of Camarines Norte. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 94,184 or 18.33% of Camarines Norte's population. The current mayor of...

DZRC Radyo Mo Nationwide 873 Legaspi DZRC 873 khz 5 kW Legaspi
DZRS Radyo Mo Nationwide 1179 Sorsogon DZRS 1179 khz 5 kW Sorsogon
Sorsogon City
Sorsogon City is a 2nd class city in Sorsogon, Philippines. It is the capital city of the province of Sorsogon The city is located at southernmost tip province of Luzon. This city was formed by merging the Bacon and Sorsogon towns. The city serves a trans-shipment point from the Visayas and...

DYKR Radyo Mo Nationwide 1161 Kalibo DYKR
DYKR
DYKR, broadcasting as 96.7 WRocK Bacolod, is a music FM radio station owned by ACWS - United Broadcasting Network in the Philippines. The station's studio and transmitter is located in Bacolod City. The main format of the station is lite rock music.-Background:In 1990, ACWS - United Broadcasting...

1161 kHz 3.5 kW Kalibo
Kalibo, Aklan
Kalibo is the capital of the province of Aklan, in the northwest of Panay Island, Philippines. It is a First Class Municipality in the Western Visayas Region practically located at the center of all coastal municipalities of Aklan province...

DYVR Radyo Mo Nationwide 657 Roxas DYVR 657 kHz 3.5 kW Roxas
DYRI Radyo Mo Nationwide 774 Iloilo DYRI 774 kHz 10 kW Iloilo
Iloilo City
The City of Iloilo is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines and the capital city of Iloilo province. It is the regional center of the Western Visayas, as well as the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area...

DYHB Radyo Mo Nationwide 747 Bacolod DYHB 747 kHz 10 kW Bacolod
Bacolod City
The City of Bacolod , is a highly urbanized midsize Philippine city. It is the capital of the Negros Occidental province. Having a total of 499,497 inhabitants as of August 1, 2007, it is the most populous city in the Western Visayas Region. It is currently ranked as the 17th most populous city in...

DYHP Radyo Mo Nationwide 612 Cebu DYHP
DYHP
DYHP "RMN Cebu" is an AM station of Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station's studio is located in 2/F Gold Palace Bldg., Osmeña Blvd., Cebu City and transmitter is located at White Rd., Inayawan, Cebu City. DYHP is operated every Monday to Saturday, 3:00 am to 11:00 pm and on...

612 kHz 10 kW Cebu
Cebu City
The City of Cebu is the capital city of Cebu and is the second largest city in the Philippines, the second most significant metropolitan centre in the Philippines and known as the oldest settlement established by the Spaniards in the country.The city is located on the eastern shore of Cebu and was...

DYWC Radyo Mo Nationwide 801 Dumaguete DYWC 801 kHz 10 kW Dumaguete
Dumaguete City
The City of Dumaguete is a city in the Philippine province of Negros Oriental. It is the capital, principal seaport, and largest city of the province. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 133,470 people. A person from Dumaguete is called a "Dumagueteño"...

DYBR Radyo Mo Nationwide 711 Tacloban DYBR 711 kHz 10 kW Tacloban
Tacloban City
The City of Tacloban is a port city approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila. It is the first in Eastern Visayas to be classified as a Highly Urbanized City. It is the capital of the Philippine province of Leyte and is the largest city in terms of population in Eastern Visayas...

DYRR Radyo Mo Nationwide 792 Ormoc DYRR 792 kHz 5 kW Ormoc
Ormoc City
The City of Ormoc is a 1st class city in the province of Leyte, Philippines. The city's name is derived from ogmok, an old Visayan term for lowland or depressed plain. It is the first non-provincial city of the Philippines. According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 177,524 people...

DYCC Radyo Mo Nationwide 936 Calbayog DYCC 936 kHz 1 kW Calbayog
Calbayog City
Calbayog City is a first class city in the province of Samar, Philippines. It lies along the coastal region of the province stretching about from the northern tip of the island and from southern boundaries...

DXRZ Radyo Mo Nationwide 900 Zamboanga DXRZ 900 kHz 5 kW Zamboanga
Zamboanga City
The City of Zamboanga : is a highly urbanized, independent and a chartered city located in Mindanao, Philippines....

DXDR Radyo Mo Nationwide 981 Dipolog DXDR 981 kHz 5 kW Dipolog
Dipolog City
The City of Dipolog is a 1st class city and the capital of the province of Zamboanga del Norte on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao...

DXPR Radyo Mo Nationwide 603 Pagadian DXPR 603 kHz 5 kW Pagadian
Pagadian City
The City of Pagadian is the provincial capital of Zamboanga del Sur in the island of Mindanao, Republic of the Philippines.-Overview:The city had its beginnings as a...

DXCC Radyo Mo Nationwide 828 Cagayan De Oro DXCC
DXCC-AM
DXCC RMN Cagayan de Oro is the flagship AM station of Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station's studio is located in A, Velez., Cagayan de Oro City The main format of the station is drama, public service and news....

828 kHz 10 kW Cagayan De Oro
Cagayan de Oro City
Cagayan de Oro; , officially the City of Cagayan de Oro, is the provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental in the Philippines...

DXIC Radyo Mo Nationwide 711 Iligan DXIC 711 kHz 6 kW Iligan
Iligan City
The City of Iligan is a highly urbanized industrial city north of the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines, and the province's former capital. It is approximately 795 kilometers southeast of Manila...

DXMB Radyo Mo Nationwide 648 Malaybalay DXMB
DXMB
DXMB-FM 95.1 MHz Butuan City is an FM station owned and operated by Manila Broadcasting Company in the Philippines, broadcasting as Love Radio Butuan. DXMB studio is located at 2nd Floor Montalban Bldg. A.D. Curato Street, Butuan City...

648 kHz 3 kW Malaybalay
DXOC Radyo Mo Nationwide 1494 Ormoc DXOC
DXOC
DXOC, branded as Radyo Asenso 1494, is an AM radio station owned and operated by Radio Corporation of the Philippines in the Philippines. The station's studio is located at Manabay, Ozamiz City.-History:...

1494 kHz 5 kW Ozamis
DXDC Radyo Mo Nationwide 621 Davao DXDC
DXDC
DXDC "RMN Davao" is an AM station of Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station's studio is located along A. Bonifacio St. in Davao City...

621 kHz 25 kW Davao
Davao City
The City of Davao is the largest city in the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Its international airport and seaports are among the busiest cargo hubs in the Philippines....

DXMD Radyo Mo Nationwide 1152 GenSan DXMD 1152 kHz 10 kW General Santos
General Santos City
The City of General Santos is the southernmost port city of the Philippines. Being a highly urbanized first class city, GenSan is one of the most populous urban centers in the country with a population of 679,588 as per census data of 2010...

DXKR Radyo Mo Nationwide 639 Koronadal DXKR
DXKR
DXKR, formerly broadcasting as 95.5 WRocK Davao was a music FM radio station owned by ACWS - United Broadcasting Network in the Philippines. The station's studio and transmitter was located in Davao City. The main format of the station is lite rock music.-Background:In 1990, ACWS - United...

639 kHz 3 kW Koronadal
Koronadal City
Koronadal, also known as Marbel is a 1st class city in the Philippines. It is the capital of South Cotabato province and regional center of region 12. According to the 2009 census, it had a population of 184,573....

DXBC Radyo Mo Nationwide 693 Butuan DXBC
DXBC
MOR 92.7 is an FM station of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation, located in Pioneer Ave., General Santos, Philippines.-Other ABS-CBN channels:...

693 kHz 10 kW Butuan
Butuan City
The City of Butuan is the regional center of Caraga, serving as an administrative region of the Philippines; it is a highly urbanized city. It is located at the northeastern part of Agusan Valley, Mindanao, sprawling across the Agusan River. It is bounded to the north, west and south by Agusan del...

DXRS Radyo Mo Nationwide 918 Surigao DXRS 918 kHz 5 kW Surigao
Surigao City
The City of Surigao The City of Surigao The City of Surigao (Filipino Pronunciation: (sů-rēh-GAŮ) ( Filipino: Lungsod ng Surigao; Surigaonon: Siyudad nan Surigao) located at the northeasternmost tip of Mindanao Island in the Philippines and the capital of the province of Surigao del Norte,...

DXMY Radyo Mo Nationwide 729 Cotabato DXMY 729 kHz 5 kW Cotabato
Cotabato City
The City of Cotabato is one of the cities of the Philippines located in Mindanao. Cotabato City is an exclave of the SOCCSKSARGEN region found within the boundaries of Maguindanao province, but is independent of that province...


i-FM stations

Branding Callsign Frequency Power Location
I! FM 93.9 DWKC-FM 93.9 MHz 35 kW Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

I! FM 103.9 Baguio DWHB-FM 103.9 MHz 10 kW Baguio
Baguio City
The City of Baguio is a highly urbanized city in northern Luzon in the Philippines. Baguio City was established by Americans in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway...

I! FM 99.5 Laoag
DWHP
DWHP, under the brand iFM 99.5, is a music FM station owned and operated by Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station's studio is located at Laoag City, Ilocos Norte.-i FM stations:...

DWHP-FM 99.5 MHz 10 kW Laoag
Laoag City
The City of Laoag is a 1st class city in the province of Ilocos Norte, Philippines. It is the capital city of Ilocos Norte, and the province's political, commercial, and industrial hub. It is the location of the Ilocos region's only commercial airport...

I! FM 104.7 Dagupan DWON-FM 104.7 MHz 5 kW Dagupan
Dagupan City
The City of Dagupan is a 1st class city in the Philippines. It is an independent component city of the province of Pangasinan. According to the latest census, Dagupan City has a population of 149,554 people in 25,921 households. Located on Lingayen Gulf on the island of Luzon, Dagupan is the...

I! FM 88.7 Cauayan DWIN-FM 88.7 MHz 5 kW Cauayan
Cauayan City
Cauayan City is a 1st class city in the province of Isabela, Philippines. Cauayan City is the Agro-Industrial Capital of Cagayan Valley and The Commercial Center of The Province of Isabela...

I! FM 96.7 Lucena DWLM-FM 96.7 MHz 5 kW Lucena
Lucena City
Metro Lucena has an estimated population of 700,000 which is mostly concentrated in the flat south-central portion of Quezon, which includes the cities of Lucena and Tayabas, Sariaya, Candelaria, Lucban & Pagbilao . The people are often characterized as friendly and hardworking...

I! FM 95.5 Legaspi DWRC-FM 95.5 MHz 5 kW Legaspi
I! FM 95.9 Masbate DYME-FM 95.9 MHz 5 kW Masbate
Masbate City
The City of Masbate is a 4th class city in the province of Masbate, Philippines. It is the capital city of Masbate province...

I! FM 95.1 Iloilo DYIC-FM 95.1 MHz 10 kW Iloilo
Iloilo City
The City of Iloilo is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines and the capital city of Iloilo province. It is the regional center of the Western Visayas, as well as the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area...

I! FM 94.3 Bacolod DYHT-FM 94.3 MHz 10 kW Bacolod
Bacolod City
The City of Bacolod , is a highly urbanized midsize Philippine city. It is the capital of the Negros Occidental province. Having a total of 499,497 inhabitants as of August 1, 2007, it is the most populous city in the Western Visayas Region. It is currently ranked as the 17th most populous city in...

I! FM 93.9 Cebu DYXL-FM 93.9 MHz 25 kW Cebu
Cebu City
The City of Cebu is the capital city of Cebu and is the second largest city in the Philippines, the second most significant metropolitan centre in the Philippines and known as the oldest settlement established by the Spaniards in the country.The city is located on the eastern shore of Cebu and was...

I! FM 91.7 Dumaguete DYGB-FM 91.7 MHz 5 kW Dumaguete
Dumaguete City
The City of Dumaguete is a city in the Philippine province of Negros Oriental. It is the capital, principal seaport, and largest city of the province. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 133,470 people. A person from Dumaguete is called a "Dumagueteño"...

I! FM 99.1 Tacloban DYXY-FM 99.1 MHz 10 kW Tacloban
Tacloban City
The City of Tacloban is a port city approximately 360 miles southeast of Manila. It is the first in Eastern Visayas to be classified as a Highly Urbanized City. It is the capital of the Philippine province of Leyte and is the largest city in terms of population in Eastern Visayas...

I! FM 96.3 Zamboanga DXWR-FM 96.3 MHz 10 kW Zamboanga
Zamboanga City
The City of Zamboanga : is a highly urbanized, independent and a chartered city located in Mindanao, Philippines....

I! FM 94.1 Dipolog DXZZ-FM 94.1 MHz 5 kW Dipolog
Dipolog City
The City of Dipolog is a 1st class city and the capital of the province of Zamboanga del Norte on the southern Philippine island of Mindanao...

I! FM 96.7 Pagadian DXWD-FM 96.7 MHz 5 kW Pagadian
Pagadian City
The City of Pagadian is the provincial capital of Zamboanga del Sur in the island of Mindanao, Republic of the Philippines.-Overview:The city had its beginnings as a...

I! FM 99.1 Cagayan De Oro
DXVM
99.1 I! FM is a music FM radio station owned and operated by Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station's studio and transmitter is located at Don Apolinario Velez corner Echem streets, Cagayan De Oro.-History:...

DXVM-FM 99.1 MHz 10 kW Cagayan De Oro
Cagayan de Oro City
Cagayan de Oro; , officially the City of Cagayan de Oro, is the provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental in the Philippines...

I! FM 102.3 Iligan DXIX-FM 102.3 MHz 5 kW Iligan
Iligan City
The City of Iligan is a highly urbanized industrial city north of the province of Lanao del Norte, Philippines, and the province's former capital. It is approximately 795 kilometers southeast of Manila...

I! FM 93.9 Davao
DXXL
DXXL-FM, under the brand iFM, is a music FM station owned and operated by Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station’s studio is located at the 2/F San Vicente Bldg., Anda corner A. Bonifacio Sts., Davao City. The main format of the station is pop music and news format design for...

DXXL-FM 93.9 MHz 25 kW Davao
Davao City
The City of Davao is the largest city in the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Its international airport and seaports are among the busiest cargo hubs in the Philippines....

I! FM 91.9 General Santos
DXCK
iFM 91.9, is a music FM station owned and operated by Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. The station’s studio is located at General Santos. The main format of the station is pop music and news format design for masses.-i FM stations:...

DXCK-FM 91.9 MHz 10 kW General Santos
General Santos City
The City of General Santos is the southernmost port city of the Philippines. Being a highly urbanized first class city, GenSan is one of the most populous urban centers in the country with a population of 679,588 as per census data of 2010...

I! FM 100.7 Butuan
DXXX-FM
iFM 100.7 is a music FM radio station owned and operated by Radio Mindanao Network, located in Butuan.-i FM stations:...

DXXX-FM 100.7 MHz 10 kW Butuan
Butuan City
The City of Butuan is the regional center of Caraga, serving as an administrative region of the Philippines; it is a highly urbanized city. It is located at the northeastern part of Agusan Valley, Mindanao, sprawling across the Agusan River. It is bounded to the north, west and south by Agusan del...

I! FM 97.9 Cotabato DXCC-FM 97.9 MHz 5 kW Cotabato
Cotabato City
The City of Cotabato is one of the cities of the Philippines located in Mindanao. Cotabato City is an exclave of the SOCCSKSARGEN region found within the boundaries of Maguindanao province, but is independent of that province...


RMN/BEAM TV stations

Branding Callsign Ch. # Power Location
BEAM/The Game Channel 31 Manila DWKC-TV
DWKC-TV
DWKC-TV channel 31, is a television station of Radio Mindanao Network in the Philippines. Its Studios are located at the 4th Floor, Guadalupe Commercial Complex, EDSA Guadalupe, Makati City, while the transmitter is now located at Sumulong Highway, Antipolo City, province of Rizal...

TV-31 100 kW Manila
Manila
Manila is the capital of the Philippines. It is one of the sixteen cities forming Metro Manila.Manila is located on the eastern shores of Manila Bay and is bordered by Navotas and Caloocan to the north, Quezon City to the northeast, San Juan and Mandaluyong to the east, Makati on the southeast,...

BEAM/The Game Channel 26 Baguio DWHB-TV TV-26 5 kW Baguio
Baguio City
The City of Baguio is a highly urbanized city in northern Luzon in the Philippines. Baguio City was established by Americans in 1900 at the site of an Ibaloi village known as Kafagway...

BEAM/The Game Channel 32 Naga DWNX-TV TV-32 5 kW Naga
BEAM/The Game Channel 26 Iloilo DYRI-TV
DYRI-TV
RMN DYRI-TV channel 26, is a television station of Radio Mindanao Network. The RMN studios are located at Saint Ann Bldg., Luna Street, La Paz, Iloilo City...

TV-26 5 kW Iloilo
Iloilo City
The City of Iloilo is a highly urbanized city in the Philippines and the capital city of Iloilo province. It is the regional center of the Western Visayas, as well as the center of the Iloilo-Guimaras Metropolitan Area...

BEAM/The Game Channel 36 Bacolod DYHB-TV TV-36 5 kW Bacolod
Bacolod City
The City of Bacolod , is a highly urbanized midsize Philippine city. It is the capital of the Negros Occidental province. Having a total of 499,497 inhabitants as of August 1, 2007, it is the most populous city in the Western Visayas Region. It is currently ranked as the 17th most populous city in...

BEAM/The Game Channel 31 Cebu DYAR-TV TV-31 5 kW Cebu
Cebu City
The City of Cebu is the capital city of Cebu and is the second largest city in the Philippines, the second most significant metropolitan centre in the Philippines and known as the oldest settlement established by the Spaniards in the country.The city is located on the eastern shore of Cebu and was...

BEAM/The Game Channel 31 Zamboanga DXRZ-TV TV-31 10 kW Zamboanga
Zamboanga City
The City of Zamboanga : is a highly urbanized, independent and a chartered city located in Mindanao, Philippines....

BEAM/The Game Channel 8 Cagayan De Oro DXHB-TV TV-8 5 kW Cagayan De Oro
Cagayan de Oro City
Cagayan de Oro; , officially the City of Cagayan de Oro, is the provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental in the Philippines...

BEAM/The Game Channel 33 Cagayan De Oro DXVM-TV TV-33 5 kW Cagayan De Oro (Central)
Cagayan de Oro City
Cagayan de Oro; , officially the City of Cagayan de Oro, is the provincial capital city of the province of Misamis Oriental in the Philippines...

BEAM/The Game Channel 31 Davao DXKC-TV TV-31 5 kW Davao
Davao City
The City of Davao is the largest city in the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. Its international airport and seaports are among the busiest cargo hubs in the Philippines....


BEAM/The Game Channel on Cable Television

Cable Provider Ch. # Location
Cablelink
Cablelink
Cablelink is a subscription-based cable antenna television system operator and broadband Internet service provider in the Philippines, commenced its CATV operation in 1995. It is owned and operated by Cable Link and Holdings Corporation...

Coming Soon Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila , the National Capital Region , or simply Metro Manila, is the metropolitan region encompassing the City of Manila and its surrounding areas in the Philippines...

Global Destiny Cable
Global Destiny Cable
Global Destiny Cable is a direct-to-home cable TV subscription service. Global Destiny Cable is the 2nd largest cable TV company in the Philippines.- History :...

116 Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila , the National Capital Region , or simply Metro Manila, is the metropolitan region encompassing the City of Manila and its surrounding areas in the Philippines...

SkyCable
SkyCable
SkyCable is a direct-to-home cable TV subscription service and the largest cable company in the Philippines. It is established by the Lopez and Central CATV group of companies, and one of ABS-CBN Corporation subsidiaries. In January 1990, SkyCable was founded and started its CATV operation on...

84 Metro Manila
Metro Manila
Metropolitan Manila , the National Capital Region , or simply Metro Manila, is the metropolitan region encompassing the City of Manila and its surrounding areas in the Philippines...


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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