Race Across America
Encyclopedia
The Race Across America, or RAAM, is an ultra marathon bicycle race
Bicycle racing
Bicycle racing is a competition sport in which various types of bicycles are used. There are several categories of bicycle racing including road bicycle racing, cyclo-cross, mountain bike racing, track cycling, BMX, bike trials, and cycle speedway. Bicycle racing is recognised as an Olympic sport...

 across the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...

 that started in 1982 as the Great American Bike Race.

RAAM is among the best-known and longest annual endurance events in the world. All entrants must prove their abilities by competing in any of several qualifying events, completing a course within a specified time period. RAAM is sanctioned by the UMCA.

RAAM has been compared to the Tour de France
Tour de France
The Tour de France is an annual bicycle race held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covers more than and lasts three weeks. As the best known and most prestigious of cycling's three "Grand Tours", the Tour de France attracts riders and teams from around the world. The...

, yet the races differ to a great extent. Both races' courses have varied over their history. However, in the Race Across America the direction has always been from the West Coast
West Coast of the United States
West Coast or Pacific Coast are terms for the westernmost coastal states of the United States. The term most often refers to the states of California, Oregon, and Washington. Although not part of the contiguous United States, Alaska and Hawaii do border the Pacific Ocean but can't be included in...

 to the East Coast of the United States
East Coast of the United States
The East Coast of the United States, also known as the Eastern Seaboard, refers to the easternmost coastal states in the United States, which touch the Atlantic Ocean and stretch up to Canada. The term includes the U.S...

, approximately 3,000 miles (4,800 km) in about a week, making it a transcontinental event. A typical course might be from Oceanside
Oceanside, California
-2010:The 2010 United States Census reported that Oceanside had a population of 167,086. The population density was 3,961.8 people per square mile...

, California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...

, to Atlantic City, New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware...

. In contrast, the Tour de France is about 2,300 miles long, features a different route each year, and is run over the course of about 3 weeks because it is divided into shorter daily stages.

History

The Great American Bike Race was originally organized by John Marino in 1982. There were four competitors, John Marino, John Howard
John Howard (cyclist)
John Kennedy Howard is an Olympic cyclist from the United States, who set a land speed record of 152.2 miles per hour while motor-pacing on a pedal bicycle on July 20, 1985 on Utah's Bonneville Salt Flats...

, Michael Shermer
Michael Shermer
Michael Brant Shermer is an American science writer, historian of science, founder of The Skeptics Society, and Editor in Chief of its magazine Skeptic, which is largely devoted to investigating pseudoscientific and supernatural claims. The Skeptics Society currently has over 55,000 members...

, and Lon Haldeman. The concept caught on and the event grew bigger every year. The name would change and riders from around the world would compete. In 1989 a team division was added in which HPVs
Recumbent bicycle
A recumbent bicycle is a bicycle that places the rider in a laid-back reclining position. Most recumbent riders choose this type of design for ergonomic reasons; the rider's weight is distributed comfortably over a larger area, supported by back and buttocks...

 and faired bikes were allowed and records were shattered. The original course started in Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica, California
Santa Monica is a beachfront city in western Los Angeles County, California, US. Situated on Santa Monica Bay, it is surrounded on three sides by the city of Los Angeles — Pacific Palisades on the northwest, Brentwood on the north, West Los Angeles on the northeast, Mar Vista on the east, and...

 and finished at the Empire State Building
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark skyscraper and American cultural icon in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet , and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft high. Its name is derived...

 in New York City
New York City
New York is the most populous city in the United States and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. New York exerts a significant impact upon global commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and...

. Haldeman won. The race was televised on ABC's
American Broadcasting Company
The American Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcasting television network. Created in 1943 from the former NBC Blue radio network, ABC is owned by The Walt Disney Company and is part of Disney-ABC Television Group. Its first broadcast on television was in 1948...

 Wide World of Sports
Wide World of Sports (US TV series)
ABC's Wide World of Sports is a sports anthology series on American television that ran from 1961 to 1998 and was originally hosted by Jim McKay. The title continued to be used for general sports programs until 2006...

through 1986.

1982 race:
Finish Winner Home Time Average Speed
1 Lon Haldeman Harvard, IL
Harvard, Illinois
Harvard is a city located in McHenry County in the northeastern corner of the U.S. state of Illinois, approximately south of the Illinois/Wisconsin border. The population was 7,996 at the 2000 census...

9d 20h 02m 12.57 mph
2 John Howard Houston, TX
Houston, Texas
Houston is the fourth-largest city in the United States, and the largest city in the state of Texas. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of . Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of , which is the ...

10d 10h 59m 11.83 mph
3 Michael Shermer Tustin, CA
Tustin, California
-Top employers:According to the City's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:-2010:The 2010 United States Census reported that Tustin had a population of 75,540. The population density was 6,816.7 people per square mile...

10d 19h 54m 11.42 mph
4 John Marino Irvine, CA
Irvine, California
Irvine is a suburban incorporated city in Orange County, California, United States. It is a planned city, mainly developed by the Irvine Company since the 1960s. Formally incorporated on December 28, 1971, the city has a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census. However, the California...

12d 07h 37m 10.04 mph


In 1989 the race added a four-man team division in which they could choose to ride together or take turns, thus enabling faster speeds with longer rest periods. In 2006 the race format changed with the addition of a Solo Enduro division in which riders rest off the bike for a total of 40 hours at specified points across the country. The 40 hours are deducted from a rider's total time at the end of the race. These changes were made to improve safety and shift the emphasis to long-distance riding speed and away from the capacity to endure sleep deprivation. The Enduro Division no longer exists, though. The Solo Traditional division still measures lowest elapsed time from west coast to east coast. The official winner is the one in the Solo.

The solo division of the 2009 race began on June 17 in Oceanside
Oceanside
-Places:*Oceanside, New South Wales, Australia*Oceanside, British Columbia, Canada*Oceanside, California, United States*Oceanside, New York, United States*Oceanside, Oregon, United States-Other:...

, California. Teams start on June 20. The finish line was once again in Annapolis, Maryland.
The race is held in several divisions. In 2008 those were:
  • RAAM: Solo Female
  • RAAM: Solo Male
  • RAAM: Solo Male (50–59)
  • RAAM: Solo Male (60–69)
  • RAAM: Solo Male - Recumbent (50–59)
  • RAAM: Two-Person Male
  • RAAM: Two-Person Male (50–59)
  • RAAM: Two-Person Mixed
  • RAAM: Four Person Male
  • RAAM: Four Person Male (50–59)
  • RAAM: Four Person Male (60–69)
  • RAAM: Four Person Female
  • RAAM: Four Person Female (50–59)
  • RAAM: Four Person Mixed
  • RAAM: Four Person Mixed (50–59)
  • RAAM: Eight Person
  • Race Across the West: Solo Male
  • Race Across the West: Solo Male (50–59)
  • Race Across the West: Solo Female
  • Race Across the West: Two-Person Mixed (50–59)
  • Race Across the West: Four-Person Male
  • 24 Hour: Four-Person Female
  • 24 Hour: Eight Person

Fatalities

There have been two fatalities in the race's history. In 2003, team rider Brett Malin was killed when he was hit by an 18-wheel tractor-trailer outside Pie Town, New Mexico
Pie Town, New Mexico
Pie Town is an unincorporated town on U.S. Route 60 in Catron County, New Mexico, United States. Its name comes from a dried-apple pie business that was established by Clyde Norman in the early 1920s. Pie Town hosts a Pie Festival on the second Saturday of each September...

. In 2005, solo participant Bob Breedlove was killed in a collision with an oncoming vehicle near Trinidad, Colorado
Trinidad, Colorado
The historic City of Trinidad is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous city of Las Animas County, Colorado, United States...

. Details are sketchy because he was by himself (his support crew was a few miles behind) and the only witnesses were in the vehicle that collided with him. Outside magazine investigated the crash in its November 2006 issue.

Course structure

Unlike most multi-day bicycle races such as the Tour de France
Tour de France
The Tour de France is an annual bicycle race held in France and nearby countries. First staged in 1903, the race covers more than and lasts three weeks. As the best known and most prestigious of cycling's three "Grand Tours", the Tour de France attracts riders and teams from around the world. The...

, RAAM has no stages. There is no specified distance to travel each day. Until recently, there were no designated rest periods for food and sleep (sleep was optional). The clock runs continuously from start to finish as in a Time Trial
Time trial
In many racing sports an athlete will compete in a time trial against the clock to secure the fastest time. In cycling, for example, a time trial  can be a single track cycling event, or an individual or team time trial on the road, and either or both of the latter may form components of...

. The final overall finish time includes rest periods. The winner is he or she who can ride the fastest while also making fewer and shorter stops. The winner usually finishes in eight to nine days, after riding approximately 22 hours per day through the varied terrain of the US
Geography of the United States
The United States is a country in the Western Hemisphere. It consists of forty-eight contiguous states in North America, Alaska, a peninsula which forms the northwestern most part of North America, and Hawaii, an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean. There are several United States territories in the...

. The recent addition of the team division has enabled finish times in the realm of six to seven days. Each racer has a support crew that follows in vehicles to provide food, water, mechanical repairs and medical aid. During the night, a vehicle with flashing lights is required to follow the rider to ensure safety.

Having to ride continuously for days with little to no sleep puts this event in the ultramarathon category. The continuous physical output places considerable strain on the competitors as well as their support crews. As many as 50% of solo participants drop out due to exhaustion or for medical reasons. In addition, the race takes place on open roads, forcing participants to deal with sometimes dangerous traffic conditions. On June 16, 2010, participant Diego Ballesteros Cucurull of Spain was critically injured when he was struck by a car near Wichita, Kansas. A little less than one month later, Ballesteros was home in Spain and undergoing rehabilitation. He is paralyzed from the waist down, but hopes to walk again one day.

Records

Because the course has varied, performances are not comparable. Records are usually recorded in average speed, not total time, to account in part for the different course lengths. The fastest men's speed was by Pete Penseyres
Pete Penseyres
Pete Penseyres was the winner of the bicycle Race Across America, or RAAM, in 1986, setting aworld record of 3107 miles at 15.40 miles per hour . He finished in 8 days, 9 hours, and 47 minutes. He is the introducer of aerobars to mimic a downhill skier's speed advantage.-References:...

 in 1986, when he rode 3107 miles (5000 km) at 15.40mph (24.8 km/h) in 8 days, 9 hours, and 47 minutes. The fastest woman was Seana Hogan in 1995, who averaged 13.23mph (21.3 km/h) to finish 2912 miles (4686 km) in 9 days, 4 hours, 2 minutes. The fastest eight-person team was established by Team Type 1
Team Type 1
Team Type 1 is a professional cycling team based in the United States of America. It was founded in 2004 and is sponsored by Colnago. The team promotes type 1 diabetes awareness in cycling: a number of the team's riders have type 1 diabetes, including Javier Mejías, Fabio Calabria and Martijn...

 in 2009. The squad of riders who all have type 1 diabetes completed 3,021 miles in 5 days, 9 hours and 5 minutes. The shortest elapsed time for a crossing was outside an official RAAM, by Michael Secrest in 1990, in 7 days 23 hours.

Traditionally RAAM is a solo competitor event – a non-stop individual time trial. In 1989 for the first time, teams were allowed to enter in a new HPV (Human Powered Vehicle) category. Race organizers called it the Human Powered Vehicle Race Across America. HPV RAAM was slated as a platform for technology advancement in cycling aerodynamics and human powered propulsion, but it also paved the way for team competition thereafter. Favored to win, Team Gold Rush led most of the way but did not finish. First, second and third places went to Team Lightning, Team Cronos and Team Strawberry
Team Strawberry
Team Strawberry was a professional bicycle racing team that participated in experiments on human power/performance conducted by their primary sponsor, Balboa Instruments of Newport Beach, California. The Team was founded in 1988 by team captain Alan R. McDonald...

respectively. Team Lightning set the overall fastest RAAM time of 5 days, 1 hour, 8 minutes, and average speed of 24.1 mph, records which still stand over 2 decades later. In later years team members could ride together to take advantage of drafting, so times improved, but in the 1989 race there could only be one rider on the bike at a time.

The all-time record holder is the late Jure Robič
Jure Robic
Jure Robič was a Slovenian cyclist and a soldier in the Slovenian Army. He died on in a traffic accident when he was hit by a car on a forest road in Plavški Rovt near Jesenice....

 of Slovenia who won the race five times. He was killed in September 2010 in a collision with a car while training for the Crocodile Trophy, the endurance mountain bike race held annually in Australia. He was the RAAM title-holder at the time of his death.

List of overall winners

This is an all-time list of winners of Race Across America in Men's Solo category.
Year Winner Nationality Route Miles Km Time Mph Km/h
1982 Lon Haldeman Santa Monica Pier
Santa Monica Pier
The Santa Monica Pier is a large double-jointed pier located at the foot of Colorado Avenue in Santa Monica, California and is a prominent, 100-year-old landmark.-Pacific Park:...

, CA to Empire State Building
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story landmark skyscraper and American cultural icon in New York City at the intersection of Fifth Avenue and West 34th Street. It has a roof height of 1,250 feet , and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft high. Its name is derived...

, NY
29684,776.5 9 days 20 h 02 min 12.620.3
1983 Lon Haldeman Santa Monica Pier, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ 31705,101.6 10 days 16 h 29 min 12.420
1984 Pete Penseyres
Pete Penseyres
Pete Penseyres was the winner of the bicycle Race Across America, or RAAM, in 1986, setting aworld record of 3107 miles at 15.40 miles per hour . He finished in 8 days, 9 hours, and 47 minutes. He is the introducer of aerobars to mimic a downhill skier's speed advantage.-References:...

Huntington Beach
Huntington Beach, California
Huntington Beach is a seaside city in Orange County in Southern California. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 189,992; making it the largest beach city in Orange County in terms of population...

, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ
30474,903.7 9 days 13 h 13 min 13.321.4
1985 Jonathan Boyer Huntington Beach, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ 31205,021.1 9 days 02 h 06 min 14.323
1986 Pete Penseyres
Pete Penseyres
Pete Penseyres was the winner of the bicycle Race Across America, or RAAM, in 1986, setting aworld record of 3107 miles at 15.40 miles per hour . He finished in 8 days, 9 hours, and 47 minutes. He is the introducer of aerobars to mimic a downhill skier's speed advantage.-References:...

Huntington Beach, CA to Boardwalk, Atlantic City, NJ 31075,000.2 8 days 09 h 47 min 15.424.8
1987 Michael Secrest San Francisco, CA to Washington Monument
Washington Monument
The Washington Monument is an obelisk near the west end of the National Mall in Washington, D.C., built to commemorate the first U.S. president, General George Washington...

, DC
31275,032.4 9 days 11 h 35 min 13.722
1988 Franz Spilauer San Francisco, CA to Washington Monument, DC 30734,945.5 9 days 07 h 09 min 13.822.2
1989 Paul Solon Fairgrounds, Irvine
Irvine, California
Irvine is a suburban incorporated city in Orange County, California, United States. It is a planned city, mainly developed by the Irvine Company since the 1960s. Formally incorporated on December 28, 1971, the city has a population of 212,375 as of the 2010 census. However, the California...

, CA to Battery Park
Battery Park
Battery Park is a 25-acre public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City, facing New York Harbor. The Battery is named for artillery batteries that were positioned there in the city's early years in order to protect the settlement behind them...

, NY City, NY
29114,684.8 8 days 08 h 45 min 14.523.3
1990 Bob Fourney Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah
Savannah, Georgia
Savannah is the largest city and the county seat of Chatham County, in the U.S. state of Georgia. Established in 1733, the city of Savannah was the colonial capital of the Province of Georgia and later the first state capital of Georgia. Today Savannah is an industrial center and an important...

, GA
29304,715.4 8 days 11 h 26 min 14.423.2
1991 Bob Fourney Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29304,715.4 8 days 16 h 44 min 1422.5
1992 Rob Kish Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29114,684.8 8 days 03 h 11 min 14.924
1993 Gerry Tatrai Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29104,683.2 8 days 20 h 19 min 13.722
1994 Rob Kish Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29014,668.7 8 days 14 h 25 min 14.122.7
1995 Rob Kish Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29124,686.4 8 days 19 h 59 min 13.722
1996 Daniel Chew Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29054,675.1 8 days 07 h 14 min 14.623.5
1997 Wolfgang Fasching Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 30254,868.3 9 days 04 h 50 min 13.722
1998 Gerry Tatrai Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29064,676.7 8 days 11 h 22 min 14.323
1999 Danny Chew Holiday Inn, Irvine, CA to Rousakis Plaza, Savannah, GA 29384,728.2 8 days 7 h 34 min 14.723.7
2000 Wolfgang Fasching Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...

 to Pensacola Beach, Florida
Pensacola Beach, Florida
Pensacola Beach is an unincorporated community located on Santa Rosa Island, a barrier island, in Escambia County, Florida, United States. It is situated south of Pensacola, and Gulf Breeze connected via bridges spanning to the Fairpoint Peninsula and then to the island, on the Gulf of Mexico...

2975.14,787.9 8 days 10 h 19 min 14.723.7
2001 Andrea Clavadetscher Portland, Oregon to Pensacola Beach, Florida 2983.24,801 9 days 00 h 17 min 13.822.2
2002 Wolfgang Fasching Portland, Oregon to Pensacola Beach, Florida 2991.94,815 9 days 03 h 38 min 13.621.9
2003 Allen Larsen San Diego, CA to Atlantic City, NJ 2921.74,702 8 days 23 h 36 min 13.621.9
2004 Jure Robič
Jure Robic
Jure Robič was a Slovenian cyclist and a soldier in the Slovenian Army. He died on in a traffic accident when he was hit by a car on a forest road in Plavški Rovt near Jesenice....

San Diego, CA to Atlantic City, NJ 2958.54,761.2 8 days 09 h 51 min 14.723.7
2005 Jure Robič San Diego, CA to Atlantic City, NJ 3051.74,911.2 9 days 8 h 48 min 13.621.9
2006 Daniel Wyss Oceanside
Oceanside, California
-2010:The 2010 United States Census reported that Oceanside had a population of 167,086. The population density was 3,961.8 people per square mile...

, CA to Atlantic City, NJ
3042.84,896.9 9 days 11 h 50 min 13.421.6
2007 Jure Robič
Jure Robic
Jure Robič was a Slovenian cyclist and a soldier in the Slovenian Army. He died on in a traffic accident when he was hit by a car on a forest road in Plavški Rovt near Jesenice....

Oceanside, CA to Atlantic City, NJ 3042.84,896.9 8 days 19 h 33 min 14.423.2
2008 Jure Robič
Jure Robic
Jure Robič was a Slovenian cyclist and a soldier in the Slovenian Army. He died on in a traffic accident when he was hit by a car on a forest road in Plavški Rovt near Jesenice....

Oceanside, CA to Annapolis
Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. It had a population of 38,394 at the 2010 census and is situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east of Washington, D.C. Annapolis is...

, MD
3014.44,851.2 8 days 23 h 33 min 1422.5
2009 Daniel Wyss Oceanside, CA to Annapolis, MD 3021.34,862.3 8 days 5 h 45 min 15.2824.6
2010 Jure Robič
Jure Robic
Jure Robič was a Slovenian cyclist and a soldier in the Slovenian Army. He died on in a traffic accident when he was hit by a car on a forest road in Plavški Rovt near Jesenice....

Oceanside, CA to Annapolis
Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. It had a population of 38,394 at the 2010 census and is situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east of Washington, D.C. Annapolis is...

, MD
3005.14,836.2 9 days 1 h 1 min 13.8522.3
2011 Christoph Strasser
Christoph Strasser
Christoph Strasser is an Austrian ultra cyclist. He is currently living in Kraubath an der Mur.In his youth he was quite active and enjoyed such sports as football. At the age of 18 his interests shifted and he began to ride mountainbike . In 2002 he took part in his first 24 hour cycling event...

Oceanside, CA to Annapolis
Annapolis, Maryland
Annapolis is the capital of the U.S. state of Maryland, as well as the county seat of Anne Arundel County. It had a population of 38,394 at the 2010 census and is situated on the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Severn River, south of Baltimore and about east of Washington, D.C. Annapolis is...

, MD
2989.54,811.1 8 days 8 h 6 min 14.9424

External links

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