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Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament

 

 
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Quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament
 
 
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Numerous quotations of the Old Testament
Old Testament

In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christianity Bible Biblical canon. These works correspond to the Hebrew Bible , with some variations and additions....
 of the Bible
Bible

The Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity. The exact Books of the Bible is dependent on the religious traditions of specific denominations....
 are made in the New Testament
New Testament

The New Testament is the name given to the second major division of the Christianity Bible, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
. In general, the New Testament writers quote from the Septuagint
Septuagint

The Septuagint , or simply "LXX", is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd century BC and 1st century BC in Alexandria....
 ("LXX") version of the Old Testament, as it was then in common use among the Jews. However, the quotations quite often are not exact; this can be attributed either to the author using a different source Bible, or simply to the author paraphrasing the quotation.

This article is not intended as a complete reference list of Old Testament quotations in the New Testament; merely as an overview of the practice.

use of the number and disparity of the New Testament authors, there is no uniform standard for these quotes.






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Numerous quotations of the Old Testament
Old Testament

In Western Christianity, the Old Testament refers to the books that form the first of the two-part Christianity Bible Biblical canon. These works correspond to the Hebrew Bible , with some variations and additions....
 of the Bible
Bible

The Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity. The exact Books of the Bible is dependent on the religious traditions of specific denominations....
 are made in the New Testament
New Testament

The New Testament is the name given to the second major division of the Christianity Bible, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
. In general, the New Testament writers quote from the Septuagint
Septuagint

The Septuagint , or simply "LXX", is the Koine Greek version of the Hebrew Bible, translated in stages between the 3rd century BC and 1st century BC in Alexandria....
 ("LXX") version of the Old Testament, as it was then in common use among the Jews. However, the quotations quite often are not exact; this can be attributed either to the author using a different source Bible, or simply to the author paraphrasing the quotation.

This article is not intended as a complete reference list of Old Testament quotations in the New Testament; merely as an overview of the practice.

Quotations not using chapter/verse notation

Because of the number and disparity of the New Testament authors, there is no uniform standard for these quotes. When the New Testament was written, the Old Testament was not divided into chapters and verses, and hence the authors had to provide contextual references:

  • When Luke
    Gospel of Luke

    The Gospel of Luke is a Synoptic Gospels, and is the third and longest of the four Biblical canonical Gospels of the New Testament. The text narrates the life of Jesus of Nazareth....
     (20:37) refers to Exodus
    Exodus

    Exodus is the second book of the Jewish Torah and of the Christian Old Testament. It tells how Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt and through the wilderness to the Mountain of God Sinai....
     3:6, he quotes from "Moses
    Moses

    Moses is a Hebrew Bible Hebrews religious leader, lawgiver, prophet, to whom the Mosaic authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbeinu in Hebrew , he is the most important prophet in Judaism, and also an important prophet of Christianity, Islam, the Bah?'? Faith, Rastafari movement, Chrislam and many ot...
     at the bush", i.e. the section containing the record of Moses at the bush.
  • Mark
    Gospel of Mark

    The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament and was probably the first of the three synoptic gospels to be written....
     (2:26) refers to 1 Samuel
    Books of Samuel

    The Books of Samuel are part of the Tanakh and also of the Christianity Old Testament. The work was originally written in Hebrew language, and the Book of Samuel originally formed a single text, as they are often considered today in Hebrew bibles....
     21:1-6, in the words "in the days of Abiathar
    Abiathar

    Abiathar , in the Bible, son of Achimelech or Ahijah, priest at Nob, the fourth in descent from Eli. The only one of the priests to escape from Saul's massacre, he fled to David at Keilah, taking with him the ephod ....
    ".
  • Paul
    Paul of Tarsus

    Saint Paul, also called Paul the Apostle, the Apostle Paul or Paul of Tarsus , was a Hellenistic Judaism, who called himself the "Apostle to the Gentiles", and was, together with Saint Peter and James the Just, the most notable of early Christian missionaries....
     (Romans
    Epistle to the Romans

    The Epistle of St. Paul the Apostle to the Romans is one of the letters of the New Testament canon of Scripture of the Christianity Bible. Often referred to simply as Romans, it is one of the seven currently undisputed letters of Paul the Apostle....
     11:2) refers to 1 Kings
    Books of Kings

    The Books of Kings are a part of Judaism's Tanakh, the Hebrew Bible. They were originally written in Hebrew language and were later included by Christianity as part of the Old Testament....
     ch. 17-19, in the words, "in Elias", i.e. in the portion of the history regarding Elias
    Elias

    Elias is the Latin language transliteration of the Greek language name ???a?, pronounced either [ IPA ] in most European languages, or [ IPA ] in English-speaking cultures....
    .


Literal versus altered quotations

Sometimes the quotations do not agree literally either with the LXX or the Hebrew text. In about ninety instances, the LXX is literally quoted. However, in around eighty further instances, the quote is corrected or altered in some way. For example, at Jesus says "Did ye never read in the scriptures that the stone which the builders refused is become the head stone of the corner
Cornerstone

The cornerstone concept is derived from the first stone set in the construction of a masonry Foundation , important since all other stones will be set in reference to this stone, thus determining the position of the entire Construction....
?" - a reference to Psalm 118:22. Likewise, Mark 12:10.

Direct quotes from associated religious texts

Other quotations are sometimes made directly from the Hebrew text (; John
Gospel of John

The Gospel of John is the fourth gospel in the Biblical canon of the New Testament, traditionally ascribed to John the Evangelist. Like the three synoptic gospels, it contains an account of some of the actions and sayings of Jesus of Nazareth, but differs from them in ethos and theological emphases....
 19:37; 1 Corinthians 15:54). Besides the quotations made directly, there are found numberless allusions, more or less distinct, showing that the minds of the New Testament writers were filled with the expressions and ideas as well as historical facts recorded in the Old Testament.

XII, Greek manuscript of the Book of Enoch, with the text quoted by Epistle of Jude (4th century)]]There are in all two hundred and eighty-three direct quotations from the Old Testament in the New Testament, and some quotations from other books. A number of Old Testament books remain unquoted in the New Testament. In Paul's writings, there are three quotations from certain Greek
Ancient Greece

The term Ancient Greece refers to the period of History of Greece lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca. 1100 BC and the Dorian invasion, to 146 BC and the Roman Republic conquest of Greece after the Battle of Corinth ....
 poets (Acts
Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles is a book of the Bible, which now stands fifth in the New Testament. It is commonly referred to as simply Acts. The title "Acts of the Apostles" was first used by Irenaeus in the late second century, but some have suggested that the title "Acts" be interpreted as "the Acts of the Holy Spirit" or even "the Acts...
 17:28; 1 Corinthians 15:33; Titus
Apostle Titus

Saint Titus was a companion of Saint Paul, mentioned in several of the Pauline epistles. Titus was with Paul and Barnabas at Antioch and accompanied them to the Council of Jerusalem, although his name nowhere occurs in the Acts of the Apostles....
 1:12). These quotations are memorials of his early classical education. The Epistle of Jude
Epistle of Jude

The brief Epistle of Jude is the penultimate book in the Christian New Testament Biblical canon....
 quotes the pseudepigraphal Book of Enoch
Book of Enoch

The Book of Enoch is a pseudepigraphic work ascribed to Enoch, ancestor of Noah, the great-grandfather of Noah and son of Jared .While this book today is Biblical apocrypha in most Christian Churches, it was explicitly quoted in the New Testament and by many of the early Church Fathers....
 (1 Enoch 1:9) and the Assumption of Moses
Assumption of Moses

The Assumption of Moses is a Jewish apocryphal pseudepigrapha work. It is known from a single sixth-century incomplete manuscript in Latin that was discovered by Antonio Ceriani in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan in the mid-nineteenth century and published by him in 1861....
.

Bibliography

  • Beale, Gregory K., and D. A. Carson. Commentary on the New Testament Use of the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, Mich [u.a.]: Baker Academic [u.a.], 2008. ISBN 0-80-102693-8
  • Archer, Gleason Leonard, Gregory Chirichigno, and Evangelical Theological Society. Old Testament Quotations in the New Testament. Chicago: Moody Press, 1983. ISBN 0-8024-0236-4
  • Brooke Foss Westcott
    Brooke Foss Westcott

    Brooke Foss Westcott was an England churchman and theology, serving as Bishop of Durham from 1890 until his death....
    , Fenton John Anthony Hort
    Fenton John Anthony Hort

    Fenton John Anthony Hort was an Irish people theology and editor, with Brooke Westcott of a critical edition of the The New Testament in the Original Greek....
    .     The New Testament in the Original Greek
    The New Testament in the Original Greek

    The New Testament in the Original Greek is the name of a Greek language version of the New Testament published in 1881. It is also known as the Westcott and Hort text, after its editors Brooke Foss Westcott and Fenton John Anthony Hort ....
    , 1925, pp. 601-618


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