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Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Quebec
Quebec

Quebec , in French language, Qu?bec , is a Provinces and territories of Canada in the Central Canada and Eastern Canada regions of Canada....
 province of Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
.

Canadien liberal nationalism
1534–1774

Canada was first a French colony. Jacques Cartier claimed it for France in 1534, and permanent French settlement began in 1608. It was part of New France
New France

The Viceroyalty of New France was the area French colonization of the Americas by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763....
, which constituted all French colonies in North America. Up until 1760, Canadian nationalism had developed itself free of all external influences.






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Encyclopedia


Quebec nationalism is a contemporary nationalist movement in Quebec
Quebec

Quebec , in French language, Qu?bec , is a Provinces and territories of Canada in the Central Canada and Eastern Canada regions of Canada....
 province of Canada
Canada

Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean....
.

Canadien liberal nationalism


1534–1774

Canada was first a French colony. Jacques Cartier claimed it for France in 1534, and permanent French settlement began in 1608. It was part of New France
New France

The Viceroyalty of New France was the area French colonization of the Americas by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763....
, which constituted all French colonies in North America. Up until 1760, Canadian nationalism had developed itself free of all external influences. However, during the Seven Year's War, the British army invaded the French colony as part of its North American strategy, winning a conclusive victory at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham
Battle of the Plains of Abraham

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham, also known as the Battle of Quebec, was a pivotal battle in the Seven Years' War . The confrontation, which began on 12 September 1759, was fought between the British Army and Royal Navy, and the French Army, on a plateau just outside the walls of Quebec City....
. At the Treaty of Paris (1763)
Treaty of Paris (1763)

The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on February 10, 1763, by the kingdoms of Kingdom of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement....
, France agreed to abandon its claims in Canada in return for permanent French control of Guadeloupe. From the 1760s onward, French-Canadian nationalism had to develop itself within the constraints imposed by the British Crown. Immediately following the British conquest, French-Canadians, who were forbidden by the Crown to connect with France, were in protest against British domination to protect their own rights and not to be assimilated by the English minority. However, in 1774, the British government drafted the Quebec Act
Quebec Act

The Quebec Act of 1774 was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain setting procedures of governance in the Province of Quebec ....
 which guaranteed the restoration of French civil law and guaranteed the free practice of the Catholic faith. Although detrimental to Britain's relationship with the Thirteen Colonies
Thirteen Colonies

The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris recognized the independence of the original thirteen United States of America in 1783....
, this has, in its contemporary assessment, been viewed as an act of appeasement and was largely effective at dissolving French-Canadian nationalism in the 18th century (especially considering the threat and proximity of American revolutionary ideology) yet it became less effective with the arrival of loyalists after the revolutions.

1800s - 1880s

From 1776 to the late 1830s the world witnessed the creation of many new national states with the birth of the United States of America
United States

The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
, the French Republic, Haiti
Haiti

Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Haitian Creole language- and French language-speaking Caribbean country. Along with the Dominican Republic, it occupies the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antilles archipelago....
, Paraguay
Paraguay

Paraguay, officially the Republic of Paraguay , is one of the only two landlocked countries in South America . It lies on both banks of the Paraguay River and is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to the east and northeast, and Bolivia to the northwest....
, Argentina
Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic , is a country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city....
, Chile
Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean....
, Mexico
Mexico

The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
, Brazil
Brazil

Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is a country in South America. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, occupying nearly half of South America, the List of countries by population country, and the fourth most populous democracy in the world....
, Peru
Peru

Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
, Colombia
Colombia

Colombia , officially the Republic of Colombia , is a country in north-western South America. Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the north west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean....
, Belgium
Belgium

* A small German-speaking Community of Belgium exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political and cultural conflicts are reflected in the history of Belgium and a complex Communities and regions of Belgium....
, Greece
Greece

Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkans. It has borders with Albania, Bulgaria and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the north, and Turkey to the east....
 and others. Often accomplished militarily, these national liberations occurred in the context of complex ideological and political struggles pitting European metropolis
Metropolis

A metropolis , also referred to as a metropolitan, is a big city, in most cases with over half a million inhabitants in the city proper, and with a population of at least one million living in its Agglomeration....
 against their respective colonies, often assuming the dichotomy of monarchists against republicans
Republicanism

Republicanism is the ideology of governing a nation as a republic, where the head of state is appointed by other means than hereditary, often elections....
. These battles succeeded in creating independent republican states in some regions of the world, but they failed in other places, such as Ireland
Ireland

Ireland is the List of islands by area in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world. It lies to the north-west of continental Europe and is surrounded by hundreds of islands and islet....
, Upper Canada
Upper Canada

The Province of Upper Canada was a British colony located in what is now the southern portion of the Province of Ontario in Canada. Upper Canada officially existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841 and generally comprised present-day Southern Ontario and, until 1797, the Upper Peninsula of what is now part of the U.S....
, Lower Canada
Lower Canada

The Province of Lower Canada was a British colonization of the Americas on the lower Saint Lawrence River and the shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence ....
, and Germany
Germany

Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south by Austria and Switzerland; and to the west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands....
.

There is no consensus on the exact time of the birth of a national consciousness in French Canada
French Canada

French Canada is a term to distinguish the French-speaking population of Canada from English Canada....
. Some historians defend the thesis that it existed before the 19th century, because the Canadiens saw themselves as a people culturally distinct from the French even in the time of New France
New France

The Viceroyalty of New France was the area French colonization of the Americas by France in North America during a period extending from the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River, by Jacques Cartier in 1534, to the cession of New France to Spain and Kingdom of Great Britain in 1763....
. The cultural tensions were indeed palpable between the governor of New France, the Canadian-born Pierre de Vaudreuil and the General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Saint-Veran was the commander of the France forces in North America during the Seven Years' War . He is most remembered for his role in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and remains a controversial figure....
, a Frenchman, during the French and Indian War
French and Indian War

The French and Indian War was the North American chapter of the Seven Years' War, known in Canada as the War of the Conquest. The name refers to the two main enemies of the British: the royal French forces and the various Indigenous peoples of the Americas forces allied with them....
. However, the use of the expression la nation canadienne (the Canadian nation) by French Canadians is a reality of the 19th century. The idea of a nation canadienne was supported by the liberal or professional class in Lower Canada: lawyers, notaries, librarians, accountants, doctors, journalists, and architects, among others.

A political movement for the independence of the Canadien people slowly took form following the enactment of the Constitutional Act of 1791
Constitutional Act of 1791

The Constitutional Act of 1791 was an Act of Parliament of the Parliament of Great Britain which changed the government of the province of Quebec to accommodate the many English-speaking settlers, known as the United Empire Loyalists, who had arrived from the United States following the American Revolution....
. The Act of the British Parliament created two colonies, Lower Canada and Upper Canada, each of which had its own political institutions. In Lower Canada, the French-speaking and Catholic Canadiens held the majority in the elected house of representatives, but were either a small minority or simply not represented in the appointed legislative and executive councils, both appointed by the Governor, representing the British Crown in the colony. Most of the members of the legislative council and the executive council were part of the British ruling class, composed of wealthy merchants, judges, military men, etc., supportive of the Tory party. From early 1800 to 1837, the government and the elected assembly were at odds on virtually every issue.

Under the Leadership of Speaker Louis-Joseph Papineau
Louis-Joseph Papineau

File:Louis-Joseph Papineau 1878.jpgLouis-Joseph Papineau , born in Montreal, Quebec, was a politician, lawyer, and the landlord of the seigneurie de la Petite-Nation....
, the Parti canadien
Parti canadien

The Parti canadien was a political party in what is now Quebec, that was founded by members of the political liberalism elite of Lower Canada at the beginning of the 19th century....
 (renamed Parti patriote in 1826) initiated a movement of reform of the political institutions of Lower Canada. The party's constitutional policy, summed up in the Ninety-Two Resolutions
Ninety-Two Resolutions

The Ninety-Two Resolutions were drafted by Louis-Joseph Papineau and other members of the Parti patriote of Lower Canada in 1834. The resolutions were a long series of demands for political reforms in the United Kingdom-governed colony....
 of 1834, called for the election of the legislative and executive councils.

The movement of reform gathered the support of the majority of the representatives of the people among Francophones but also among liberal Anglophones. A number of the prominent characters in the reformist movement were of British origin, for example John Neilson
John Neilson

John Neilson was a Scots-Quebecer editor of the newspaper Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph and a politician....
, Wolfred Nelson
Wolfred Nelson

Wolfred Nelson, was from 1854 to 1856 the mayor of Montreal, Quebec, Quebec. Nelson was born in Montreal the son of William Nelson, an immigrant to Colonial America from Newsham, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom....
, Robert Nelson and Thomas Storrow Brown
Thomas Storrow Brown

Thomas Storrow Brown was a journalist, writer, orator, and revolutionary in Lower Canada ....
 or of Irish extraction, Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan
Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan

Edmund Bailey O'Callaghan, was a doctor and journalist.Born in Mallow, County Cork, Ireland, he studied medicine in Paris and immigrated to Lower Canada in 1823 where he became involved in the political reform movement of the Parti patriote....
, Daniel Tracey
Daniel Tracey

Daniel Tracey was born in Roscrea, Tipperary, Ireland, a doctor, journalist and Canadian politician.He is considered by some political historians to be a formidable early pioneer in the establishment of Canadian independent political thinking and democracy....
 and Jocquelin Waller.

Two currents existed within the reformists of the Parti canadien
Parti canadien

The Parti canadien was a political party in what is now Quebec, that was founded by members of the political liberalism elite of Lower Canada at the beginning of the 19th century....
: a moderate wing, whose members were fond of British institutions and wished for Lower Canada to have a government more accountable to the elective house's representative and a more radical wing whose attachment to British institutions was rather conditional to this proving to be as good as to those of the neighbouring American republics.

The formal rejection of all 92 resolutions
Ninety-Two Resolutions

The Ninety-Two Resolutions were drafted by Louis-Joseph Papineau and other members of the Parti patriote of Lower Canada in 1834. The resolutions were a long series of demands for political reforms in the United Kingdom-governed colony....
 by the Parliament of Great Britain in 1837 lead to a radicalization of the patriotic movement's actions. Louis-Joseph Papineau took the leadership of a new strategy which included the boycott of all British imports. During the summer, many popular gatherings (assemblées populaires) were organized to protest against the policy of Great Britain in Lower Canada. In November, Governor Archibald Acheson ordered the arrest of 26 leaders of the patriote movement, of which Louis-Joseph Papineau and many other reformists members of parliament. This instigated an armed conflict which developed into the Lower Canada Rebellion
Lower Canada Rebellion

The Lower Canada Rebellion is the name given to the armed conflict between the rebels of Lower Canada and the United Kingdom colonial power of that province....
.

Following the repression of the insurrectionist movement of 1838, many of the most revolutionary nationalist and democratic ideas of the Parti patriote were discredited.

Ultramontane nationalism


1840s to 1950s

Although it was still defended and promoted up until the beginning of the 20th century, the French-Canadian liberal nationalism born out of the American and French revolutions began to decline in the 1840s, gradually being replaced by both a more moderate liberal nationalism and the ultramontanism
Ultramontanism

Ultramontanism is a religious philosophy within the Catholic Church that places strong emphasis on the prerogatives and powers of the Pope. In particular, ultramontanism may consist in asserting the superiority of Papal authority over the authority of local temporal or spiritual hierarchies ....
 of the powerful Catholic clergy as epitomized by Lionel Groulx
Lionel Groulx

Lionel-Adolphe Groulx , often called by his priestly titles Abb? Groulx or "Chanoine Groulx" , was a Roman Catholic priest, historian, Quebec nationalist, and traditionalist....
.

In opposition with the other nationalists, Ultramontanes rejected the idea that the people are sovereign and that church and state should be absolutely separated. They accepted the authority of the British crown in Canada, defended its legitimacy, and preached obedience to the British ruler. For ultramontanes, the faith of Franco-Canadians was to survive by defending their Roman Catholic religion and the French language.

Contemporary Quebec nationalism


Understanding contemporary Quebec nationalism is difficult considering the ongoing debates on the political status of the province and its complex public opinion. No political option (outright independence, sovereignty-association, constitutional reforms, or signing on to the present Canadian constitution) has achieved decisive majority support and contradictions remain within the Quebec polity.

One debated subject that has often made the news is whether contemporary Quebec nationalism is still "ethnic" or if it is really "territorial" as is Canadian, American, or French nationalism.

The notion of "territorial nationalism" (promoted by all Quebec premiers since Jean Lesage
Jean Lesage

Jean Lesage, Queen's Privy Council for Canada, Order of Canada, Canadian Forces Decoration was a lawyer and politician in Quebec, Canada. He served as Premier of Quebec from June 22, 1960, to August 16, 1966....
) gathers the support of the majority of the sovereignists and essentially all Quebec federalist nationalists. Interesting debates on the nature of Quebec's nationalism are currently going on and various intellectuals from Quebec or other parts of Canada have published works on the subject, notably Will Kymlicka
Will Kymlicka

Will Kymlicka is a Canadian political philosophy best known for his work on multiculturalism. He is currently Professor of Philosophy and Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy at Queen's University at Kingston, and Recurrent Visiting Professor in the Nationalism Studies program at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary....
, professor of philosophy at Queen's University
Queen's University

Queen's University, generally referred to simply as Queen's, is a coeducational, non-sectarian, research intensive, public university located in Kingston, Ontario, Ontario, Canada....
 and Charles Blattberg
Charles Blattberg

Charles Blattberg is a professor of political philosophy at the Universit? de Montr?al. Blattberg grew up in Toronto and completed his undergraduate degree at the University of Toronto, where he also served as president of its Students? Administrative Council during the 1989-90 academic year....
 and Michel Seymour
Michel Seymour

Dr. Michel Seymour is a Quebec philosophy and professor at the Universit? de Montr?al, where he has been teaching analytical philosophy since 1990....
, both professors at the Université de Montréal
Université de Montréal

Universit? de Montr?al is a Public_university#Canada francophone university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It comprises thirteen faculties, more than sixty departments and two affiliated schools: the ?cole Polytechnique de Montr?al and HEC Montr?al ....
.

People who feel that Quebec nationalism is still ethnic, have often expressed their opinion that the worldview of Quebec's nationalists is insular and parochial and concerned with preserving a "pure laine" population of white francophones within the province. These accusations have always been vigorously denounced by Quebec nationalists of all sides and are generally considered as unrepresentative of the intellectual and mainstream political movements in favour of a wider independence for Quebec, seeing the movement as a multi-ethnic cause. However, there are those in Quebec, in particular many non-Francophones such as Anglophones, First Nations
First Nations

First Nations is a term of ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor M?tis people....
, Inuit
Inuit

Inuit is a general term for a group of culturally similar indigenous peoples inhabiting the Arctic regions of Canada, Greenland, Russia and Alaska, United States....
, and Allophones
Allophone (Quebec)

In Quebec, an allophone is a resident, usually an immigrant, whose mother tongue or home language is neither English language nor French language....
, who do not consider themselves to be part of a Québécois nation of any sort.

There is little doubt that the post-1950s era witnessed a remarkable awakening of Quebecers' self-identity. The rural, conservative and Catholic
Catholic

Catholic is an adjective derived from the Greek language adjective , meaning "whole" or "complete". In the context of Christianity ecclesiology, it has a rich history and several usages....
 Quebec of the 19th and early 20th centuries has given way to a confident, cosmopolitan society that has many attributes of a modern, internationally recognized community with a unique culture worth preserving. In recent years, however, this has often been manifested in the reasonable accommodation
Reasonable accommodation

Reasonable accommodation is a term used in Canada to refer to the theory that equality rights set out in section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms demands that accommodation be made to various ethnic minorities....
 debate, even or especially at official levels.

In English


Works
  • Henderson, Ailsa (2007). Hierarchies of Belonging: National Identity and Political Culture in Scotland and Quebec, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 250 p. (ISBN 978-0-7735-3268-7)
  • McEwen, Nicola (2006). Nationalism and the State: Welfare and Identity in Scotland and Quebec, Brussels: P.I.E.-Peter Lang, 212 p. (ISBN 90-5201-240-7)
  • Seymour, Michel
    Michel Seymour

    Dr. Michel Seymour is a Quebec philosophy and professor at the Universit? de Montr?al, where he has been teaching analytical philosophy since 1990....
     (2004). Fate of the Nation State, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, 432 p. (ISBN 0773526862) ()
  • Gagnon, Alain (2004). Québec. State and Society, Broadview Press, 500 p. (ISBN 1551115794) ()
  • Cook, Ramsay (2003). Watching Quebec. Selected Essays, Montreal, McGill-Queen's Press, 225 p. (ISBN 0773529195) ()
  • Mann, Susan
    Susan Mann

    Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, Order of Canada, Royal Society of Canada is a Canada historian and was president of York University from 1992 to 1997....
     (2002). The Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec, McGill-Queen's University Press; 2nd edition, 360 p. (ISBN 077352410X) ()
  • Requejo, Ferran (2001). Democracy and National Pluralism, 182 p. (ISBN 0415255775) ()
  • Venne, Michel
    Michel Venne

    Michel Venne is a Quebec journalist, author and intellectual. He is a columnist for the Montreal newspaper Le Devoir. He is founder and director of the Institut du Nouveau Monde....
     (2001). Vive Quebec! New Thinking and New Approaches to the Quebec Nation, James Toronto: Lorimer & Company, 221 p. (ISBN 1550287346) ()
  • Poliquin, Daniel (2001). In the Name of the Father: An Essay on Quebec nationalism, Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 222 p. (ISBN 1-55054-858-1)
  • Barreto, Amílcar Antonio (1998). Language, Elites, and the State. Nationalism in Puerto Rico and Quebec, Greenwood Publishing Group, 165 p. (ISBN 0275961834) ()
  • Keating, Michael
    Michael Keating (political scientist)

    Michael Keating is a political scientist specialising in nationalism, European politics and regional politics. He is Professor of Political and Social Sciences at the European University Institute in Florence, Italy, on secondment from the University of Aberdeen, where he holds the post of Professor of Politics....
     (1996). Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec, Catalonia, and Scotland, St. Martins Press, 260 p. (ISBN 0312158173)
  • Carens, Joseph H., ed. (1995), Is Quebec Nationalism Just?: Perspectives from Anglophone Canada, Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press, 225 p. (ISBN 0773513426) ()
  • Berberoglu, Berch, ed., (1995). The National Question: Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Self-Determination in the 20th Century, Temple University Press, 329 p. (ISBN ISBN 1566393434) ()
  • Gougeon, Gilles (1994). A History of Quebec Nationalism, Lorimer, 118 p. (ISBN 155028441X) ()


Newspapers, journals
  • Rocher, François. "The Evolving Parameters of Quebec Nationalism", in JMS: International Journal on Multicultural Societies. 2002, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 74-96. UNESCO. (ISSN 1817-4574) ()
  • Venne, Michel. "Re-thinking the Quebec nation", in Policy Options, January-February 2000, pp. 53-60 ()
  • Kymlicka, Will
    Will Kymlicka

    Will Kymlicka is a Canadian political philosophy best known for his work on multiculturalism. He is currently Professor of Philosophy and Canada Research Chair in Political Philosophy at Queen's University at Kingston, and Recurrent Visiting Professor in the Nationalism Studies program at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary....
    . "Quebec: a modern, pluralist, distinct society", in Dissent, American Multiculturalism in the International Arena, Fall 1998, p. 73-79 ()
  • Couture, Jocelyne, Kai Nielsen
    Kai Nielsen

    Kai Nielsen is adjunct professor of philosophy at Concordia University in Montreal and professor emeritus of philosophy at the University of Calgary....
    , and Michel Seymour
    Michel Seymour

    Dr. Michel Seymour is a Quebec philosophy and professor at the Universit? de Montr?al, where he has been teaching analytical philosophy since 1990....
     (ed). "Rethinking Nationalism", in Canadian Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume XXII, 1996, 704 p. (ISBN 0919491227)


In French


Works
  • Bock-Côté, Mathieu (2007). La dénationalisation tranquille : mémoire, identité et multiculturalisme dans le Québec postréférendaire, Montréal: Boréal, 211 p. (ISBN 978-2-7646-0564-6)
  • Ryan, Pascale (2006). Penser la nation. La ligue d'action nationale 1917-1960, Montréal: Leméac, 324 p. (ISBN 2760905993)
  • Montpetit, Édouard (2005). Réflexions sur la question nationale: Édouard Montpetit; textes choisis et présentés par Robert Leroux, Saint-Laurent: Bibliothèque québécoise, 181 p. (ISBN 2-89406-259-1)
  • Lamonde, Yvan (2004). Histoire sociale des idées au Québec, 1896-1929, Montréal: Éditions Fides, 336 p. (ISBN 2-7621-2529-4)
  • Bock, Michel
    Michel Bock

    Michel Bock is a Canada historian, who specializes in the history of Franco-Ontarian communities and cultures. His book Quand la nation d?bordait les fronti?res: les minorit?s fran?aises dans la pens?e de Lionel Groulx was the winner of the 2005 Governor General's Awards in the French language non-fiction category....
     (2004). Quand la nation débordait les frontières. Les minorités françaises dans la pensée de Lionel Groulx, Montréal: Hurtubise HMH, 452 p.
  • Bellavance, Marcel (2004). Le Québec au siècle des nationalités. Essai d’histoire comparée, Montréal: VLB, 250 p.
  • Bouchard, Gérard (2004). La pensée impuissante : échecs et mythes nationaux canadiens-français, 1850-1960, Montréal: Boréal, 319 p. (ISBN 2-7646-0345-2)
  • Bouchard, Catherine (2002). Les nations québécoises dans l'Action nationale : de la décolonisation à la mondialisation, Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université Laval, 146 p. (ISBN 2-7637-7847-X)
  • Sarra-Bournet, Michel ed., (2001) Les nationalismes au Québec, du XIXe au XXIe siècle, Québec: Presses de L’Université Laval, 2001
  • Diane, Lamoureux (2001). L'amère patrie : féminisme et nationalisme dans le Québec contemporain, Montréal: Éditions du Remue-ménage (ISBN 2-89091-182-9)
  • Monière, Denis (2001). Pour comprendre le nationalisme au Québec et ailleurs, Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal 148 pé (ISBN 2-7606-1811-0)
  • Denise Helly and Nicolas Van Schendel (2001). Appartenir au Québec : Citoyenneté, nation et société civile : Enquête à Montréal, 1995, Québec: Les Presses de l'Université Laval ()
  • Brière, Marc (2001). Le Québec, quel Québec? : dialogues avec Charles Taylor, Claude Ryan et quelques autres sur le libéralisme et le nationalisme québécois, Montréal: Stanké, 325 p. (ISBN 2-7604-0805-1)
  • Paquin, Stéphane (2001). La revanche des petites nations : le Québec, l'Écosse et la Catalogne face à la mondialisation, Montréal: VLB, 219 p. (ISBN 2-89005-775-5)
  • Lamonde, Yvan (2000). Histoire sociale des idées au Québec, 1760-1896, Montréal: Éditions Fides, 576 p. (ISBN 2-7621-2104-3) ()
  • Venne, Michel, ed., (2000). Penser la nation québécoise, Montréal: Québec Amérique, Collection Débats
  • Brière, Marc (2000). Point de départ! : essai sur la nation québécoise, Montréal : Hurtubise HMH, 222 p. (ISBN 2-89428-427-6)
  • Seymour, Michel (1999). La nation en question, L'Hexagone,
  • Seymour, Michel, ed. (1999). Nationalité, citoyenneté et solidarité, Montréal: Liber, 508 p. (ISBN 2-921569-68-X)
  • Martel, Marcel (1997). Le deuil d'un pays imaginé : rêves, luttes et déroute du Canada français : les rapports entre le Québec et la francophonie canadienne, 1867-1975, Ottawa: Presses de l'Université d'Ottawa, 203 p. (ISBN 2-7603-0439-6)
  • Keating, Michael (1997). Les défis du nationalisme moderne : Québec, Catalogne, Écosse, Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 296 p. (ISBN 2-7606-1685-1)
  • Bourque, Gilles (1996). L'identité fragmentée : nation et citoyenneté dans les débats constitutionnels canadiens, 1941-1992, Saint-Laurent: Fides, 383 p. (ISBN 2-7621-1869-7)
  • Moreau, François (1995). Le Québec, une nation opprimée, Hull : Vents d'ouest, 181 p (ISBN 2-921603-23-3)
  • Ignatieff, Michael
    Michael Ignatieff

    Michael Grant Ignatieff, Doctor of Philosophy, Member of Parliament is a Canadian historian, politician, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and the Leader of the Opposition in Canada....
     (1993). Blood & belonging : journeys into the new nationalism, Toronto : Viking, 201 p. (ISBN 0670852694)
  • Gougeon, Gilles (1993). Histoire du nationalisme québécois. Entrevues avec sept spécialistes, Québec: VLB Éditeur
  • Roy, Fernande (1993). Histoire des idéologies au Québec aux XIXe et XXe siècles, Montréal: Boréal, 128 p. (ISBN 2890525880)
  • Balthazar, Louis. "L'évolution du nationalisme québécois", in Le Québec en jeu, ed. Gérard Daigle and Guy Rocher, pp. 647 à 667, Montréal: Les Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 1992, 812 p.


Newspapers, journals
  • Robitaille, Antoine. "", in Le Devoir, November 25, 2006
  • Gueydan-Lacroix, Saël. "", in L'Agora, April 10, 2003
  • Courtois, Stéphane
    Stéphane Courtois

    St?phane Courtois is a France historian.He is currently employed as research director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique , in the G?ode at University Paris X....
    . "Habermas et la question du nationalisme : le cas du Québec", in Philosophiques, vol. 27, no 2, Autumn 2000
  • Seymour, Michel. "", in Le Devoir, 26-27 April 1999
  • Kelly, Stéphane. "", in L'Encyclopédie de l'Agora, Cahiers d'histoire du Québec au XXe siècle, no 6, 1996
  • Beauchemin, Jacques. "Nationalisme québécois et crise du lien social", in Cahiers de recherche sociologique, n° 25, 1995, pp. 101-123. Montréal: Département de sociologie, UQAM.
  • Dufresne, Jacques. "", dans L'Agora, vol. 1, no. 10, July/August 1994.
  • Seymour, Michel. "Une nation peut-elle se donner la constitution de son choix?", in Philosophiques, Numero Special, Vol. 19, No. 2 (Autumn 1992)
  • Unknown. "", in Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, May, 20 2000
  • Roy-Blais, Caroline. "", in Les Patriotes de 1837@1838, 2006-12-03


See also

  • Nationalism
    Nationalism

    Nationalism refers to an ideology, a feeling, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. While there is significant debate over the historical origins of nations, nearly all Expert accept that nationalism, at least as an ideology and social movement, is a Modernity phenomenon originating in Europe....
  • Politics of Quebec
    Politics of Quebec

    File:Qu?becgovt.svgThe politics of Quebec are centred on a provincial government resembling that of the other Canada Provinces and territories of Canada, namely a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy....
  • Quebec sovereignty movement
    Quebec sovereignty movement

    The Quebec sovereignty movement refers to the history and present status of multiple, multi-lateral political movements aimed at attaining statehood for the Canadian province of Quebec....
  • Quebec federalism
  • Canadian nationalism
    Canadian nationalism

    Canadian nationalism is a term which has been applied to ideologies of several different types which highlight and promote specifically Canadian interests over those of other countries, notably the United States....
  • Politics of Canada
    Politics of Canada

    The politics of Canada function within a framework of constitutional monarchy and a federation of Parliament of Canada with strong Democracy traditions....
  • Aboriginal peoples in Canada
    Aboriginal peoples in Canada

    Aboriginal people in Canada, also known as First Nations, Inuit and M?tis, are people who belong to recognized indigenous groups in the Canada Constitution Act, 1982, Section Twenty-five of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and Section Thirty-five of the Constitution Act, 1982, respectively as First Nations, M?tis people , and...
  • List of active autonomist and secessionist movements
    List of active autonomist and secessionist movements

    This is a list of currently active Autonomous entity and secessionist movements around the world.Entries on this list meet two criteria: they are active movements with living, active members, and they are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region ....
  • Quiet Revolution
    Quiet Revolution

    The Quiet Revolution was the 1960s period of intense change in Quebec, Canada, characterized by the rapid and effective secularization of society, the creation of a welfare state and a re-alignment of Quebec's politics into Quebec federalism and Quebec separatism factions....
  • History of Quebec
    History of Quebec

    File:Montreal from Mount Royal4.jpgQuebec has played a special role in History of Canada; it is the site where French settlers founded the colony of Canada, New France in the 1600s and 1700s....