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Quadruple bond
 
 
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A quadruple bond is a type of chemical bond
Chemical bond

A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds....
 between two atom
Atom

|-! bgcolor=gray | Properties|-||}The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central atomic nucleus surrounded by a electron cloud of electric charge electrons....
s involving 8 electron
Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has elementary particle and is believed to be a point particle....
s. This bond is an extension of the more familiar types double bonds and triple bonds . Stable quadruple bonds are most common among the middle members transition metal
Transition metal

In chemistry, the term transition metal has two possible meanings:*It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including the group 12 element elements zinc, cadmium and Mercury ....
 elements such rhenium
Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. A rare silvery-white, heavy, polyvalent transition metal, rhenium resembles manganese chemically, and is used in some alloys....
, tungsten
Tungsten

Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element that has the symbol W and atomic number 74.A steel-gray metal, tungsten is found in several ores, including wolframite and scheelite....
, molybdenum
Molybdenum

Molybdenum , is a Group 6 element chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. It has the List of elements by melting point melting point of any element....
, and chromium
Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is a steely-gray, Lustre , hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point....
. Typically the ligands that support quadruple bonds are p-donors, not p-acceptors.

Chromium(II) acetate
Chromium(II) acetate

Chromium acetate, better known as chromous acetate, is the coordination compound with the chemical formula Cr242....
, Cr2(µ-O2CMe)4(H2O)2, was the first chemical compound containing a quadruple bond to be synthesized.






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A quadruple bond is a type of chemical bond
Chemical bond

A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between atoms and molecules, and that which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic chemical compounds....
 between two atom
Atom

|-! bgcolor=gray | Properties|-||}The atom is a basic unit of matter consisting of a dense, central atomic nucleus surrounded by a electron cloud of electric charge electrons....
s involving 8 electron
Electron

The electron is a subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It has elementary particle and is believed to be a point particle....
s. This bond is an extension of the more familiar types double bonds and triple bonds . Stable quadruple bonds are most common among the middle members transition metal
Transition metal

In chemistry, the term transition metal has two possible meanings:*It commonly refers to any element in the d-block of the periodic table, including the group 12 element elements zinc, cadmium and Mercury ....
 elements such rhenium
Rhenium

Rhenium is a chemical element with the symbol Re and atomic number 75. A rare silvery-white, heavy, polyvalent transition metal, rhenium resembles manganese chemically, and is used in some alloys....
, tungsten
Tungsten

Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element that has the symbol W and atomic number 74.A steel-gray metal, tungsten is found in several ores, including wolframite and scheelite....
, molybdenum
Molybdenum

Molybdenum , is a Group 6 element chemical element with the symbol Mo and atomic number 42. It has the List of elements by melting point melting point of any element....
, and chromium
Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is a steely-gray, Lustre , hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point....
. Typically the ligands that support quadruple bonds are p-donors, not p-acceptors.

Chromium(II) acetate
Chromium(II) acetate

Chromium acetate, better known as chromous acetate, is the coordination compound with the chemical formula Cr242....
, Cr2(µ-O2CMe)4(H2O)2, was the first chemical compound containing a quadruple bond to be synthesized. It was described in 1844 by E. Peligot, although its distinctive bonding was not recognized for more than a century. The quadruple bond was first characterized in potassium octachlorodirhenate(III) or K2[Re2Cl8]·2H2O by F.A. Cotton in 1964. The rhenium-rhenium bond length
Bond length

In molecular geometry, bond length or bond distance is the average distance between nuclei of two chemical bond atoms in a molecule....
 in this compound is only 2.24 Angstrom. In the terminology of molecular orbital theory
Molecular orbital theory

In chemistry, molecular orbital theory is a method for determining molecular structure in which electrons are not assigned to individual chemical bonds between atoms, but are treated as moving under the influence of the nuclei in the whole molecule....
, the bonding is described as s2p4d2 with one sigma bond
Sigma bond

In chemistry, sigma bonds are the strongest type of covalent bond chemical bond. Sigma bonding is most clearly defined for diatomic molecules using the language and tools of symmetry groups....
, two p bonds and one delta bond
Delta bond

In chemistry, delta bonds are chemical bonds of the Covalent bond type, where four lobes of one involved electron orbital overlap four lobes of the other involved electron orbital....
. The strength of the delta bond is a matter of debate. The bond order
Bond order

Bond order is the number of bonds between a pair of atoms. For example in nitrogen N=N the bond order is 3, in acetylene H-C=C-H the bond order between the two carbon atoms is also 3 and the C-H bond order is 1....
 for the [Re2Cl8]2- is calculated to be 3.2, not 4.

Many other compounds with quadruple bonds have been described, often by Cotton and his coworkers. Isoelectronic with the dirhenium compound is the salt K4[Mo2Cl8]. An example of a ditungsten compound with a quadruple bond is di-tungsten tetra(hpp)
Di-tungsten tetra(hpp)

Di-tungsten tetra or W24 is a di-tungsten paddlewheeler compound with four hpp or hexahydropyrimidopyrimidine ligands....
.

See also

  • Covalent bond:Bond order
    Covalent bond

    A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds....
  • Quintuple bond
    Quintuple bond

    A quintuple bond in chemistry is an unusual type of chemical bond first reported in 2005 for a dichromium compound. Single bonds, double bonds, and triple bonds are commonplace in chemistry....