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Qt (toolkit)
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Qt (pronounced "cute" by its creators) is a cross-platform application development framework, widely used for the development of GUI programs (in which case it is known as a widget toolkit), and also used for developing non-GUI programs such as console tools and servers. Qt is most notably used in KDE, Opera, Google Earth, Skype, Qt Extended, Adobe Photoshop Album, VirtualBox and OPIE. It is produced by the Norwegian company Qt Software, formerly known as Trolltech, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia since June 17, 2008.
Qt uses C++ with several non-standard extensions implemented by an additional pre-processor that generates standard C++ code before compilation.
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Encyclopedia
Qt (pronounced "cute" by its creators) is a cross-platform application development framework, widely used for the development of GUI programs (in which case it is known as a widget toolkit), and also used for developing non-GUI programs such as console tools and servers. Qt is most notably used in KDE, Opera, Google Earth, Skype, Qt Extended, Adobe Photoshop Album, VirtualBox and OPIE. It is produced by the Norwegian company Qt Software, formerly known as Trolltech, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nokia since June 17, 2008.
Qt uses C++ with several non-standard extensions implemented by an additional pre-processor that generates standard C++ code before compilation. Qt can also be used in several other programming languages; bindings exist for Ada (QtAda), C# (Qyoto/Kimono), Java (Qt Jambi), Pascal, Perl (; The Qt3 bindings are unmaintained). PHP (PHP-Qt), Ruby (QtRuby), and Python (PyQt). It runs on all major platforms, and has extensive internationalization support. Non-GUI features include SQL database access, XML parsing, thread management, network support and a unified cross-platform API for file handling.
Varieties
Qt is released by Trolltech on the following platforms:
Qt software on October 20, 2008 announced a version of Qt on S60 platform.
There are four editions of Qt available on each of these platforms, namely:
- Qt Console – edition for non-GUI development
- Qt Desktop Light – entry level GUI edition, stripped of network and database support
- Qt Desktop – complete edition
- Qt Open Source Edition – "complete" edition, with some exceptions, for free software/open source developers
License
Until version 1.45, source code for Qt was released under the FreeQt license — which was viewed as not compliant with the open source principle by the Open Source Initiative and the free software definition by Free Software Foundation, because while the source was available it did not allow the redistribution of modified versions.
With the release of version 2.0 of the toolkit, the license was changed to the Q Public License (QPL), a free software license but one regarded by the Free Software Foundation as incompatible with the GPL. Compromises were sought between KDE and Trolltech whereby Qt would not be able to fall under a more restrictive license than the QPL, even if Trolltech were bought out or went bankrupt. This led to the creation of the , which guarantees that Qt would fall under a BSD-style license should no free software/open source version of Qt be released during 12 months.
Later Qt became available under a dual license, the GPL v2 or v3 with special exception and a proprietary commercial license on all supported platforms. The commercial license allows the final application to be licensed under various free software/open source licenses such as the LGPL or the Artistic License, or a proprietary software license.
As announced on January 14, 2009, Qt version 4.5 adds another option, the LGPL, which should make Qt more suitable for non-GPL open source projects and for commercial users.
All editions support a wide range of compilers, including the GCC C++ compiler and the Visual Studio suite.
Current
Trolltech released Qt 4 on June 28, 2005 and introduced five new technologies in the framework:
- Tulip A set of template container classes.
- Interview A model/view architecture for item views.
- Arthur A 2D painting framework.
- Scribe A Unicode text renderer with a public API for performing low-level text layout.
- MainWindow A modern action-based main window, toolbar, menu, and docking architecture.
Qt 4.1, released on December 19, 2005, introduced integrated SVG Tiny support, a PDF backend to Qt's printing system, and .
Qt 4.2, released on October 4, 2006, introduced Windows Vista support, introduced native CSS support for widget styling, as well as the QGraphicsView framework for efficient rendering of thousands of 2D objects onscreen, to replace Qt 3.x's QCanvas class.
Qt 4.3, released on May 30, 2007, improved Windows Vista support, improved OpenGL engine, SVG file generation, added QtScript (ECMAScript scripting engine based on QSA).
Qt 4.4, released on May 6, 2008. Features included are improved multimedia support using Phonon, enhanced XML support, a concurrency framework to ease the development of multi-threaded applications, an IPC framework with a focus on shared memory, and WebKit integration.
Qt 4.5, released on March 3, 2009. Major included features are QtCreator, improved graphical engine, improved integration with WebKit, OpenDocument Format read support and new licensing options. Mac OS X Cocoa Framwork support.
History
Haavard Nord and Eirik Chambe-Eng (the original developers of Qt and the CEO and President, respectively, of Trolltech) began development of "Qt" in 1991, three years before the company was incorporated as Quasar Technologies, then changed the name to Troll Tech, and then to Trolltech.
The toolkit was called Qt because the letter Q looked appealing in Haavard's Emacs font, and "t" was inspired by Xt, the X toolkit.
Controversy erupted around 1998 when it became clear that KDE was going to become one of the leading desktop environments for Linux. As KDE was based on Qt, many people in the free software movement worried that an essential piece of one of their major operating systems would be proprietary.
This gave rise to two efforts: the Harmony toolkit, which sought to duplicate the Qt Toolkit under a free software license, and the GNOME desktop, which intended to supplant KDE entirely. The GNOME Desktop uses the GTK+ toolkit, which was originally written for the GIMP, and primarily uses the C programming language.
The first two versions of Qt had only two flavours: Qt/X11 for Unix and Qt/Windows for the Windows platform. The Windows platform was only available under the proprietary license which meant free/open source applications written in Qt for X11 could not be ported to Windows without purchasing the QPL edition. In the end of 2001, Trolltech released Qt 3.0 which added support for the Mac OS X platform. The Mac OS X support was available only in the proprietary license, until June 2003, where Trolltech released Qt 3.2 with Mac OS X support available under the GPL.
In 2002 members of the KDE on Cygwin project began porting the GPL licensed Qt/X11 code base to Windows. This was in response to Trolltech's refusal to license Qt/Windows under the GPL on the grounds that Windows was not a free software/open source platform. The project achieved reasonable success although it never reached production quality.
This was resolved when Trolltech released Qt/Windows 4 under the GPL in June 2005. Qt 4 now supports the same set of platforms in the free software/open source editions as in the proprietary edition, so it is now possible to create GPL-licensed free/open source applications using Qt on all supported platforms.
In June 2008 Nokia acquired Trolltech ASA to enable the acceleration of their cross-platform software strategy for mobile devices and desktop applications, and to develop its Internet services business. On September 29, 2008 Nokia renamed Trolltech to Qt Software.
Training and Consulting Partners
Design
The innovation of Qt when it was first released relied on a few key concepts.
Use of native UI-rendering APIs
Qt used to emulate the native look of its intended platforms, which occasionally led to slight discrepancies where that emulation was imperfect. Recent versions of Qt use the native APIs of the different platforms to draw the Qt controls, and so do not suffer from such issues. (See also wxWidgets, which relies on native APIs for most widget functionality.)
Meta object compiler
Known as the moc, this is a tool that is run on the sources of a Qt program prior to compiling it. The tool will generate C++ code with "Meta Information" about the classes used in the program. This meta information is used by Qt to provide programming features not available natively in C++: The signal/slot system (which has also been implemented in native C++ by other parties), introspection and asynchronous function calls.
Controversy
The use of an additional tool has been criticized for making Qt programming different from pure C++ programming. In particular, the choice of an implementation based on macros has been criticized for its absence of type safety and pollution of the namespace. This is viewed by Trolltech as a necessary trade-off to provide introspection and the dynamically generated slot and signal mechanism.
QtScript ECMAScript interpreter
Qt Script for Applications is a cross-platform toolkit that allows developers to make their Qt/C++ applications scriptable using an interpreted scripting language: Qt Script (based on ECMAScript/JavaScript).
From Qt 4.3.0 onward, the scripting API , which is based on QSA is integrated as a core part of Qt and is no longer a separate library.
Applications built using Qt
Popular examples of applications which use Qt include:
- Adobe Photoshop Album, an image organizing application
- Avidemux, a freedomware program designed for multi-purpose video editing and processing, has a Qt frontend since version 2.4
- Doxygen, an API document generator
- Freemat, a free numerical computing environment and programming language
- Gadu-Gadu, a popular Polish instant messaging client
- Google Earth, a 3D map program
- KDE, a popular desktop environment for Unix-like operating systems
- Last.fm Player, the desktop client for the popular internet radio and music community website.
- Launchy, the open source keystroke launcher for Windows
- LMMS, a free open source sequencer and software synthesis package
- LyX, a GUI frontend to LaTeX
- Mathematica, Linux version uses Qt for the GUI front-end
- Mixxx, cross-platform open source DJ mixing software
- Motorola A760, uses Qt/Embedded in its UI
- MythTV, an open source digital video recorder
- Opera, a web browser (only Linux and *BSD builds)
- Psi, an instant messaging client for XMPP
- Quantum GIS, a free desktop GIS
- Scribus, a desktop publishing application
- Skype, a P2P VOIP application
- TeamSpeak, cross-platform voice communication software
- TOra, a database administration tool
- VirtualBox, a PC virtualization application
- VisIt, an interactive parallel visualization tool for viewing scientific data
- VisTrails, a scientific workflow management and visualization system
- VLC Media Player, an open source media player, Qt frontend since version 0.9
- Xconfig, Linux Kernel configuration tool
See also
External links
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- (regarding Qt licensing from before version 2.2)
- (book in html)
- . Excerpts from a Prentice Hall book teaching C++ programming from the ground up, using Qt 4.1
- - new open-source cross-platform integrated development environment for the Qt application framework
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