Pyrophosphate

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Pyrophosphate

In chemistry

Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
, the anion, the salt

Salt

A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge ....
s, and the ester

Ester

An ester is an often Aroma compound organic chemistry or partially organic compound formed by the reaction between an acid and an alcohol or aromatic alcohol with the elimination of water....
s of pyrophosphoric acid

Pyrophosphoric acid

Pyrophosphoric acid, also known under the name diphosphoric acid, is a syrupy liquid or a viscous off-white solid. Pyrophosphoric acid is colorless, odorless, hygroscopic and is soluble in water , diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol....
are called pyrophosphates. Pyrophosphates were originally prepared by heating phosphates: the prefix pyro- derived from Greek, means "fire" in this context. Pyrophosphates are good complexing agents and have many uses in industrial chemistry. Pyrophosphates are very important in biochemistry. The anion P₂O₇^4- is abbreviated PP_i and is formed by the hydrolysis

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
of ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
into AMP

Adenosine monophosphate

Adenosine monophosphate , also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine....
in cells

Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
.

For example, when a nucleotide is incorporated into a growing DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
or RNA

RNA

Ribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate....
strand by a polymerase

Polymerase

A polymerase is an enzyme whose central function is associated with polymers of nucleic acids such as RNA and DNA.The primary function of a polymerase is the polymerization of new DNA or RNA against an existing DNA or RNA template in the processes of DNA replication and Transcription ....
, pyrophosphate (PPi) is released.

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Encyclopedia

In chemistry

Chemistry

Chemistry is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions....
, the anion, the salt

Salt

Ester

Pyrophosphoric acid

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
of ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine monophosphate

Adenosine monophosphate , also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine....
in cells

Cell (biology)

ATP ? AMP
Adenosine monophosphate

Adenosine monophosphate , also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide that is found in RNA. It is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleoside adenosine....
+ PP_i

For example, when a nucleotide is incorporated into a growing DNA

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetics instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses....
or RNA

RNA

Ribonucleic acid is a type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nucleobase, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate....
strand by a polymerase

Polymerase

Polymerization

In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains....
reaction where pyrophosphate reacts with the 3'-nucleotidemonophosphate (NMP

NMP

NMP can be:*NMP , a visual art collective from the Republic of Macedonia*NMP , is a common abbreviation used as a response to email or memo messages, to flag that the previous message has been ignored....
or dNMP), which is removed from the oligonucleotide

Oligonucleotide

An oligonucleotide is a short nucleic acid polymer, typically with twenty or fewer nucleotide. Although they can be formed by bond cleavage of longer segments, they are now more commonly synthesized by polymerizing individual nucleotide precursors....
to release the corresponding triphosphate (dNTP from DNA, or NTP from RNA).

The pyrophosphate anion has the structure P₂O₇⁴⁻, and is an acid

Acid

An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e....
anhydride of phosphate

Phosphate

A phosphate, an inorganic chemical, is a Salt of phosphoric acid. Inorganic phosphates are mining to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry....
. It is unstable in aqueous solution

Aqueous solution

An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water. It is usually shown in chemical equations by appending to the relevant formula....
and slowly hydrolyze

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
s into inorganic phosphate:

P₂O₇^4- + H₂O ? 2 HPO₄²⁻

or in shorthand notation:

PP_i + H₂O ? 2 P_i

This hydrolysis to inorganic phosphate effectively renders the cleavage of ATP to AMP and PP_i irreversible

Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
, and biochemical reactions coupled to this hydrolysis are irreversible as well.

From the standpoint of high energy phosphate

High energy phosphate

High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things:* The phosphate-phosphate bonds formed when compounds such as adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate are created....
accounting, the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP and PP_i will require two high energy phosphates, as to reconstitute AMP into ATP will require two phosphorylation reactions.

AMP + ATP ? 2 ADP
Adenosine diphosphate

Adenosine diphosphate, abbreviated ADP, is a nucleotide. It is an ester of pyrophosphoric acid with the nucleoside adenosine. ADP consists of the pyrophosphate Functional group, the pentose sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine....
2 ADP + 2 P_i ? 2 ATP

The synthesis of tetraethyl pyrophosphate was first described in 1854 by Philip de Clermount at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences.

The term pyrophosphate is also the name of esters formed by the condensation

Condensation reaction

A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules or moieties combine to form one single molecule, together with the loss of a small molecule....
of a phosphorylated biological compound with inorganic phosphate as for dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate is an intermediate product of both mevalonic acid pathway and DOXP/methylerythritol phosphate pathway. It is an isomer of isopentenyl pyrophosphate and exists in virtually all life forms....
. This bond is also referred to as a high energy phosphate

High energy phosphate

High-energy phosphate can mean one of two things:* The phosphate-phosphate bonds formed when compounds such as adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate are created....
bond.

Pyrophosphate

See also

External links