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Public-private partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector
Private sector

In economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private profit and is not controlled by the state. By contrast, enterprises that are part of the state are part of the public sector; private, non-profit organizations are regarded as part of the voluntary sector....
 companies. These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP or P3.

In some types of PPP, the government uses tax revenue to provide capital
Capital (economics)

In economics, capital or capital goods or real capital refers to factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed in the production process....
 for investment, with operations run jointly with the private sector or under contract (see contracting out).






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Public-private partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private sector
Private sector

In economics, the private sector is that part of the economy which is both run for private profit and is not controlled by the state. By contrast, enterprises that are part of the state are part of the public sector; private, non-profit organizations are regarded as part of the voluntary sector....
 companies. These schemes are sometimes referred to as PPP or P3.

In some types of PPP, the government uses tax revenue to provide capital
Capital (economics)

In economics, capital or capital goods or real capital refers to factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed in the production process....
 for investment, with operations run jointly with the private sector or under contract (see contracting out). In other types (notably the private finance initiative
Private Finance Initiative

The Private Finance Initiative is a controversial method, developed initially by the United Kingdom government, to provide financial support for 'public-private partnerships' between the public sector and private sectors....
), capital investment is made by the private sector on the strength of a contract with government to provide agreed services. Government contributions to a PPP may also be in kind (notably the transfer of existing assets). In projects that are aimed at creating public good
Public good

In economics, a public good is a Good that is rivalry ed and excludability. This means, respectively, that consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce availability of the good for consumption by others; and that no one can be effectively excluded from using the good....
s like in the infrastructure
Infrastructure

Infrastructure can be defined as the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise , or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function....
 sector, the government may provide a capital subsidy
Subsidy

In economics, a subsidy is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector. A subsidy can be used to support businesses that might otherwise fail, or to encourage activities that would otherwise not take place....
 in the form of a one-time grant
Grant (money)

Grants are funds wikt:dispersed by one party , often a Government Department, Corporation, Foundation or Trust, to a wikt:recipient, often a non profit entity, educational institution or business....
, so as to make it more attractive to the private investors. In some other cases, the government may support the project by providing revenue subsidies, including tax break
Tax break

A tax break is a tax saving. This includes:* Tax exemption, an exemption from all or certain taxes of a state or nation in which part of the taxes that would normally be collected from an individual or an organization are instead foregone....
s or by providing guaranteed annual revenues
Annuity (finance theory)

The term annuity is used in finance theory to refer to any terminating stream of fixed payments over a specified period of time. This usage is most commonly seen in academic discussions of finance, usually in connection with the valuation of the stream of payments, taking into account time value of money concepts such as interest rate and fut...
 for a fixed period.

Typically, a private sector consortium forms a special company called a "special purpose vehicle" (SPV) to develop, build, maintain and operate the asset for the contracted period. In cases where the government has invested in the project, it is typically (but not always) allotted an equity
Equity

Equity is the name given to the set of law principles, in jurisdictions following the English law common law tradition, which supplement strict rules of law where their application would operate harshly, so as to achieve what is sometimes referred to as "natural justice"....
 share in the SPV. The consortium is usually made up of a building contractor, a maintenance company and bank lender(s). It is the SPV that signs the contract with the government and with subcontractors to build the facility and then maintain it. In the infrastructure
Infrastructure

Infrastructure can be defined as the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise , or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function....
 sector, complex arrangements and contracts that guarantee and secure the cash flow
Cash flow

Cash flow is the balance of the amounts of cash being received and paid by a business during a defined period of time, sometimes tied to a specific project....
s, make PPP projects prime candidates for Project financing
Project finance

Project finance is the finance of long-term infrastructure and industrial projects based upon a complex financial structure where project debt and Stock are used to finance the project, rather than the balance sheets of project sponsors....
. A typical PPP example would be a hospital building financed and constructed by a private developer and then leased to the hospital authority. The private developer then acts as landlord, providing housekeeping and other non medical services while the hospital itself provides medical services.

Origins


Pressure to change the standard model of Public Procurement arose initially from concerns about the level of public debt, which grew rapidly during the macroeconomic dislocation of the 1970s and 1980s. Governments sought to encourage private investment
Investment

Investment or investing is a term with several closely-related meanings in business management, finance and economics, related to Saving or deferring Consumption ....
 in infrastructure
Infrastructure

Infrastructure can be defined as the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise , or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function....
, initially on the basis of accounting fallacies arising from the fact that public accounts did not distinguish between recurrent and capital expenditure.

The idea that private provision of infrastructure represented a way of providing infrastructure at no cost to the public has now been generally abandoned, interest in alternatives to the standard model of public procurement persisted. In particular, it has been argued that models involving an enhanced role for the private sector, with a single private sector organisation taking responsibility for most aspects of service provisions for a given project, could yield an improved allocation of risk
Risk

Risk is a concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities. Technically, the notion of risk is independent from the notion of value and, as such, eventualities may have both beneficial and adverse consequences....
, while maintaining public accountability
Accountability

Accountability is a concept in ethics with several meanings. It is often used synonymously with such concepts as Social responsibility, answerability, enforcement, blameworthiness, liability and other terms associated with the expectation of account-giving....
 for essential aspects of service provision.

Initially, most public-private partnerships were negotiated individually, as one-off deals. In 1992, however, the Conservative
Conservative Party (UK)

The Conservative and Unionist Party, more commonly known as the Conservative Party, is a conservative political party in the United Kingdom....
 government of John Major
John Major

Sir John Major, Order of the Garter, Order of the Companions of Honour, Chartered Institute of Bankers , was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of the United Kingdom and Leaders of the Conservative and Unionist Party of the Conservative Party during 1990 to 1997....
 in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom , the UK or Britain,is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe....
 introduced the private finance initiative (PFI), the first systematic program aimed at encouraging public-private partnerships. In the 1992 program, the main focus was on reducing the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement
Public sector borrowing requirement

Public sector borrowing requirement is the old name for the budget deficit in the United Kingdom. The budget deficit has been renamed to the public sector net cash requirement to avoid confusion with net borrowing....
, although, as already noted, the effect on the public accounts was largely illusory. The Labour
Labour Party (UK)

The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century, it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Left-wing politics in England, Scotland and Wales, but not Northern Ireland, where it has only recently organised again....
 government of Tony Blair
Tony Blair

Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair is a British politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to 27 June 2007....
 elected in 1997, persisted with the PFI sought to shift the emphasis to the achievement of "value for money" mainly through an appropriate allocation of risk.

A number of Australian state governments have adopted systematic programs based on the PFI. The first, and the model for most others, is Partnerships Victoria.

Early problems


Because of the focus on avoiding increases in public debt, many private infrastructure projects in the early 1990s involved provision of services at substantially higher cost than could have been achieved under the standard model of public procurement. The central problem was that private investors demanded and received a rate of return that was higher than the government’s bond rate, even though most or all of the income risk associated with the project was borne by the public sector.

A number of Australia
Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the southern hemisphere comprising the Australia of the world's smallest continent, the major island of Tasmania, and numerous list of islands of Australia in the Indian Ocean and Pacific Oceans....
n studies of early initiatives to promote private investment in infrastructure reached the conclusion that, in most cases, the schemes being proposed were inferior to the standard model of public procurement based on competitively tendered construction of publicly owned assets (Economic Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) 1995a,b; House of Representatives Standing Committee on Communications Transport and Microeconomic Reform 1997; Harris 1996; Industry Commission 1996; Quiggin 1996).

One response to these negative findings was the development of formal procedures for the assessment of PPPs in which the central focus was on "value for money" rather than reductions in debt. The underlying framework was one in which value for money was achieved by an appropriate allocation of risk. These assessment procedures were incorporated in the private finance initiative and its Australian counterparts from the late 1990s onwards.

Subsequent debate


Although the general view that governments should seek "value for money" has been widely accepted, there have been continuing disputes over whether the guidelines designed to achieve these goals are appropriate, and whether they have been correctly applied in particular cases. Much of the discussion has been based on debates over the UK private finance initiative.

PSPP Variant


Some social enterprise
Social enterprise

Social enterprises are social mission driven organizations which trade in goods or services for a social purpose. Their aim to accomplish targets that are social and environmental as well as financial is often referred to as having a triple bottom line....
s have proposed, or are operating, partnerships with the state and commercial partners which they call Public Social Private Partnerships (PSPP) .

Public-Private Product Development Partnership (PDP)

PDPs are a class of PPPs that focus on health product development for diseases of the developing world. PDPs have formed over the past decade to unite the public sector's commitment to international public goods for health with private industry's expertise in product development and marketing. These not-for-profit organizations bridge public- and private-sector interests, with a view toward resolving the specific incentive and financial barriers to increased industry involvement in the development of safe and effective products. An example of a successful PDP is the Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)

Medicines for Malaria Venture , a not-for-profit public-private partnership, was established as a foundation in Switzerland in 1999. It is dedicated to reducing the burden of malaria in disease-endemic countries by discovering, developing and facilitating delivery of new, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs....
, a Swiss foundation whose mission is to bring public, private and philanthropic sector partners together to fund and manage the discovery, development and delivery of new medicines for the treatment and prevention of malaria in disease-endemic countries.

Specific cases


While some PPP projects have proceeded smoothly, others have been highly controversial. Australian examples include: Airport Link
Airport and East Hills railway line, Sydney

The Airport & East Hills Railway Line, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, connects the Sydney central business district with Glenfield, New South Wales and then Campbelltown, New South Wales via Sydney Airport and East Hills, New South Wales....
, the Cross City Tunnel
Cross City Tunnel

The Cross City Tunnel is a 2.1 km-long tunnel located in Sydney, Australia. It links Darling Harbour on the Western fringe of the Sydney central business district to Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales in the Eastern Suburbs ....
, and the Sydney Harbour Tunnel
Sydney Harbour Tunnel

The Sydney Harbour Tunnel is a twin tube road tunnel in Sydney, Australia. The tunnel was completed and opened to traffic in August 1992 to provide a second vehicular crossing of Port Jackson to alleviate congestion on the Sydney Harbour Bridge....
, all in Sydney
Sydney

Sydney is the List of cities in Australia by population in Australia, with a metropolitan area population of approximately 4.34 million . It is the List of Australian capital cities of New South Wales, and was the site of the first British Empire colony in Australia....
; the Southern Cross Station
Southern Cross Station

Southern Cross is a major train station and transport hub of Melbourne, Victoria , Australia. It is located on Spencer Street, Melbourne between Collins Street and La Trobe Street, Melbourne Streets at the western edge of the Melbourne city centre....
 redevelopment in Melbourne
Melbourne

Melbourne is the more common name for the geographic region and Census in Australia of the Greater Melbourne metropolitan area. It is the second List of cities in Australia by population in Australia, with a population of approximately 3.8 million and serves as the List of Australian capital cities of Victoria ....
; and the Robina
Robina, Queensland

Robina is the third largest suburb on the Gold Coast, Queensland of Australia and 'is designed to be a people place'. The Robina Town Centre shopping centre and Bond University are located in Robina....
 hospital in Queensland
Queensland

Queensland is a States and territories of Australia of Australia, occupying the north-eastern section of the mainland continent. It is bordered by the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south....
.

Some examples


International

Some international health care programs may be considered public-private partnerships:

  • Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)
    Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)

    Medicines for Malaria Venture , a not-for-profit public-private partnership, was established as a foundation in Switzerland in 1999. It is dedicated to reducing the burden of malaria in disease-endemic countries by discovering, developing and facilitating delivery of new, effective and affordable antimalarial drugs....
     is an not-for-profit drug discovery, development and delivery organization, established as a Swiss foundation, based in Geneva
    Geneva

    Geneva is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie . Situated where the Rh?ne River exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Canton of Geneva....
    . .


  • The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization
    Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization

    The GAVI Alliance is an coalition between different Stakeholder s, in both the private sector and public sector sectors, committed to the mission of saving children's lives and protecting people's health through the worldwide expansion of childhood vaccination programs....
     is financed per 75% (750 Mio.US$) by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, which has a permanent seat in the supervisory board of GAVI.


  • As a UN agency, the WHO
    Who

    *Who is an English language interrogative pronoun....
     is financed through the UN system by contributions from member states. In recent years, the WHO's work has involved more collaboration with NGOs and the pharmaceutical industry, as well as with foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation. Some of these collaborations may be considered global public-private partnerships (GPPPs); half the WHO budget is financed by private foundations.


  • The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria
    The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis & Malaria

    The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria was established in January 2002 to dramatically increase global financing for interventions against the two pandemics ....
    , a Geneva
    Geneva

    Geneva is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie . Situated where the Rh?ne River exits Lake Geneva , it is the capital of the Canton of Geneva....
     based UN connected organisation, established in 2002 to dramatically upscale global financing of interventions against the three pandemics.


  • The TB Alliance
    TB Alliance

    The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development is a non-profit organization dedicated to the discovery and development of new, faster-acting and affordable tuberculosis medicines....
     is financed by public agencies and private foundations, and partners with research institutes and private pharmaceutical companies to develop faster-acting, novel treatments for Tuberculosis
    Tuberculosis

    Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacterium, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the...
     that are affordable and accessible to the developing world.


  • DNDi, the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative
    Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative

    The Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative is a not-for-profit drug development organization focused on improving the health and quality of life of people suffering from Neglected Diseases....
     was founded in 2003 as a not-for-profit drug development organization focused on developing novel treatments for patients suffering from neglected diseases.


  • The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative
    International AIDS Vaccine Initiative

    The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative is a global not-for-profit, public-private partnership working to accelerate the development of vaccines to prevent HIV infection and AIDS....
     (IAVI), a biomedical public-private product development partnership (PDP), was established in 1996 to accelerate the development of a vaccine to prevent HIV infection and AIDS. IAVI is financially supported by governments, multilateral organizations, and major private sector institutions and individuals.


  • [Public Private Partnerships for Disaster Management] http://www.responsenet.org/show.detail.asp?id=9658 , brings together the Private sector for PPP models with a tool box of partnership opportunities towards Towards Resilient & Sustainability Goals


  • The Public Private Partnership for improving teaching and learning in schools in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.


Australia

  • Southbank Education and Training Precinct
    Southbank Education and Training Precinct

    The Southbank Education and Training Precinct project is a major Australian social infrastructure project, and is the Queensland government's first Public-Private Partnership. The project began in July 2002....
    , Brisbane
  • Adelaide-Darwin Railway
    Adelaide-Darwin railway

    The Adelaide - Darwin railway is north-south transcontinental railway in Australia, between the cities of Adelaide, South Australia and Darwin, Northern Territory, Northern Territory....
     (a BOOT
    Boot

    A boot is a type of shoe that covers at least the foot and the ankle and sometimes extends up to the knee or even the hip. Most have a heel that is clearly distinguishable from the rest of the sole, even if the two are made of one piece....
     arrangement)
  • Airport Link
    Airport and East Hills railway line, Sydney

    The Airport & East Hills Railway Line, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, connects the Sydney central business district with Glenfield, New South Wales and then Campbelltown, New South Wales via Sydney Airport and East Hills, New South Wales....
    , Sydney
  • Cross City Tunnel
    Cross City Tunnel

    The Cross City Tunnel is a 2.1 km-long tunnel located in Sydney, Australia. It links Darling Harbour on the Western fringe of the Sydney central business district to Rushcutters Bay, New South Wales in the Eastern Suburbs ....
    , Sydney
  • Eastern Distributor
    Eastern Distributor

    The Eastern Distributor is a six-kilometre long motorway in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Part of Metroad 1, it links the Sydney central business district with the Sydney Airport....
    , Sydney
  • Lane Cove Tunnel
    Lane Cove Tunnel

    The Lane Cove Tunnel is a AU$1.1 billion, 3.6km twin tunnel tollway in Sydney, Australia, connecting the M2 Hills Motorway at North Ryde with the Gore Hill Freeway at Artarmon....
    , Sydney
  • Sydney Harbour Tunnel
    Sydney Harbour Tunnel

    The Sydney Harbour Tunnel is a twin tube road tunnel in Sydney, Australia. The tunnel was completed and opened to traffic in August 1992 to provide a second vehicular crossing of Port Jackson to alleviate congestion on the Sydney Harbour Bridge....
    , Sydney
  • M2 Hills Motorway
    Metroad 2

    Metroad 2 is a Metroad in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It links Windsor, New South Wales to Artarmon....
    , Sydney
  • M4 Western Motorway
    Metroad 4

    Metroad 4 is a Metroad in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It connects the Inner_West_ of Sydney with the outer western suburbs. It mostly follows what was previously Great Western Highway from the Western Distributor in the central business district, west to the Great Western Highway at Lapstone....
    , Sydney
  • M5 South Western Motorway, Sydney
  • Westlink M7
    Westlink M7

    Westlink M7 - formerly Western Sydney Orbital - is one of Sydney, Australia's urban motorways and a part of Metroad 7 and the Sydney Orbital Network....
    , Sydney
  • CityLink
    CityLink

    CityLink is a system of Toll road urban freeways in Melbourne, Victoria , Australia. The company Transurban was awarded the contract to augment two existing freeways and construct two new freeways—labelled the Western and Southern Links—directly linking a number of existing freeways to provide a continuous, high-capacity road rout...
    , Melbourne
  • EastLink
    EastLink, Melbourne

    EastLink is a Australian dollar2.5 billion Toll road freeway linking a large area through the eastern and south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia....
    , Melbourne
  • Newcastle Mater Hospital Redevelopment, Newcastle, NSW
  • Southern Cross Station
    Southern Cross Station

    Southern Cross is a major train station and transport hub of Melbourne, Victoria , Australia. It is located on Spencer Street, Melbourne between Collins Street and La Trobe Street, Melbourne Streets at the western edge of the Melbourne city centre....
    , Melbourne
  • Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC)construction and maintenance of a major Defence facility. Queanbeyan and Bungendore, [NSW]


Canada

  • The 407 ETR toll road
    Toll road

    A toll road, , is a road for which a driver pays a toll for use. Structures for which tolls are charged include toll bridges and toll tunnels....
     north of Toronto, Ontario
  • The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre in Ottawa, Ontario
  • The William Osler Health Centre
    William Osler Health Centre

    The William Osler Health Centre is one of the largest hospital corporations in the Canada province of Ontario. It serves a geographic area of over 2,400 square kilometres including Brampton, Ontario and Etobicoke, Ontario....
     in Brampton, Ontario
    Brampton, Ontario

    Brampton is the third-largest city in the Greater Toronto Area of Ontario, Canada and the seat of Regional Municipality of Peel. As of the Canada 2006 Census, Brampton's population stood at 433,806, making it the 11th largest city in Canada....
  • The Viva
    Viva (bus rapid transit)

    Viva is a bus rapid transit network in York Region, Ontario, Canada, with connections to northern Toronto and Toronto Transit Commission Toronto subway and RT stations....
     bus rapid transit
    Bus rapid transit

    Bus rapid transit is a broad term given to a variety of transportation systems that, through improvements to infrastructure, vehicles and scheduling, attempt to use buses to provide a service that is of a higher quality than an ordinary bus line....
     network in York Region, Ontario
  • Confederation Bridge
    Confederation Bridge

    The Confederation Bridge is a bridge spanning the Abegweit Passage of Northumberland Strait, linking Prince Edward Island with mainland New Brunswick, Canada....
     construction in Prince Edward Island
    Prince Edward Island

    Prince Edward Island is a Canada Provinces and territories of Canada consisting of an island of the same name. The Maritimes is the smallest in the nation in both land area and population ....
  • Canada Line
    Canada Line

    Canada Line, formerly known as the Richmond-Airport-Vancouver Line , is a new 19 kilometre long rapid transit line of the South Coast British Columbia Transportation Authority in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada....
     automated rapid transit service in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia
    British Columbia

    British Columbia is the westernmost of Canada's Provinces and territories of Canada and is famed for its natural beauty, as reflected in its Latin motto, Splendor sine occasu ....
    .
  • MaRS Discovery District
    MaRS Discovery District

    MaRS Discovery District is a not-for-profit corporation founded in 2000. Its stated goal is to commercialize publicly funded medical research with the help of local private enterprises and as such is a public-private partnership....
     a partnership, in Toronto, to commercialize publicly funded medical research with the help of private enterprises.
  • The western portion of the Highway 30
    Quebec Autoroute 30

    Autoroute 30 is an incomplete superhighway in Quebec, Canada.There are four segments currently open for travel:#An 8.3 km bypass of Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Quebec....
     project west of Montreal, Quebec


East Africa

In the realm of international development, public private partnerships are common as the host government is supported by international private sector investment. The Gates Foundation and the Global Fund for Aids, TB and Malaria
Malaria

Malaria is a Vector -borne infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites. It is widespread in Tropics and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, Asia, and Africa....
 donate medical commodities and technical support to strengthen health service delivery at government institutions.

Many non-governmental organisations also support public private partnerships in health service delivery. In Kampala
Kampala

Kampala is the capital city of Uganda. With a population of 1,208,544 it is the largest city in Uganda. It is coterminous with the Kampala . The city is divided into five boroughs that oversee local planning: Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga....
, the International Hospital provides the facilities for complex surgery with finance support from the Ugandan government. At the smaller scale, Hope Clinic Lukuli
Hope Clinic Lukuli

Hope Clinic Lukuli is a philanthropic health facility in Kampala, Uganda.The clinic is situated in a semi-urban part of Kampala District, within a few miles of the centre of the capital and yet with housing that is unplanned, without plumbing for clean or waste water and with only partial connection to the electricity grid - let alone certa...
 is providing philanthropic primary health care using government and donor funded health commodities.

Germany

  • TerraSAR-X
    TerraSAR-X

    TerraSAR-X is a Germany Earth observation satellite that uses an X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar to provide high-quality topographic information for commercial and scientific applications....
    , Friedrichshafen


India

  • NISG, Hyderabad


Ireland

PPPs are being increasingly used in Ireland to deliver both major and minor infrastructural projects.
  • National Maritime College of Ireland
    National Maritime College of Ireland

    The National Maritime College of Ireland is a joint project between Cork Institute of Technology and the Irish Naval Service. It is located in Ringaskiddy, County Cork, Ireland....
  • West-Link
    West-Link

    The West-Link is a toll bridge on the M50 motorway to the west of Dublin, Ireland, operated by eFlow for the National Roads Authority....
     bridge on M50 motorway
    M50 motorway (Ireland)

    The M50 motorway is a motorway in Republic of Ireland running in a C-shaped ring around the north-eastern, northern, western and southern sides of the capital city, Dublin....
     in Dublin
    Dublin

    Dublin is both the largest city and capital of Republic of Ireland. It is located near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and at the centre of the Dublin Region....


New Zealand

  • Vector Arena
    Vector Arena

    The Vector Arena is a 12,000-seat arena for sports and cultural events in Auckland City, New Zealand. After long delays due to construction-related issues, the arena's first concert was Rock Star Supernova on 24 March 2007....
     in Auckland
    Auckland

    The Auckland metropolitan area or Greater Auckland, in the North Island of New Zealand, is the largest and most populous urban areas of New Zealand with over 1.3 million residents, percent of the country's population....
     is one public-private partnership in New Zealand. The Auckland City Council
    Auckland City Council

    Auckland City Council is the local government authority representing Auckland City, New Zealand. It is an elected body representing the 404,658 residents of the city ....
     and Auckland Regional Council
    Auckland Regional Council

    The Auckland Regional Council is the Regions of New Zealand of the Auckland Region. Its current chairman is Mike Lee, together with 12 other Councillors....
     have contributed $68 million toward the $80 million indoor multipurpose arena. Ownership will be transfered back to the city in 40 years from completion.


United Kingdom

  • Private finance initiative
    Private Finance Initiative

    The Private Finance Initiative is a controversial method, developed initially by the United Kingdom government, to provide financial support for 'public-private partnerships' between the public sector and private sectors....
  • The maintenance of London Underground
    London Underground

    The London Underground is a metro system serving a large part of Greater London and neighbouring areas of Essex, Hertfordshire and Buckinghamshire in the UK....
    : Metronet
    Metronet

    Metronet Rail is a brand within the London Underground group that is responsible for the maintenance, renewal, and upgrade of the infrastructure on nine London Underground lines....
     and Tube Lines
    Tube Lines

    Tube Lines Limited was previously known as JNP during the shadow running of the infraco, it is currently a private company responsible for the maintenance, renewal and upgrade of the infrastructure, including track, trains, signals, civil work and stations, of three London Underground lines....
     (since 2003)
  • Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College, Loughborough
  • National Air Traffic Services
    National Air Traffic Services

    NATS, , is the United Kingdom's main Air Navigation Service Provider. A full member of the Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation, NATS is also a shareholder in European Satellite Services Provider , a company set up to operate the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service ....
     (since 2001)
  • Some National Health Service (NHS)
    National Health Service

    The National Health Service is the name commonly used to refer to the four publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom, collectively or individually, although only the health service in England uses the name 'National Health Service' without further qualification....
     hospitals and other agencies
  • Firrhill High School
    Firrhill High School

    Firrhill High School is a state-run secondary school in the South West of Edinburgh, Scotland. The school was established in the year 1960, being unveiled by the City's Lord Provost....
  • Williamwood High School
    Williamwood High School

    Williamwood High School, located on the outskirts of Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, is a non denominational state school . It has a school roll of over 1600 pupils and was recently built, replacing the old school on Seres road in Williamwood....
  • Beath High School
    Cowdenbeath

    EtymologyCowdenbeath The motto of Cowdenbeath is: "Stent Nae Stent", from the Scots language, meaning: "Effort always effort" or "Don't stint, always give your best"....
    , Cowdenbeath
    Cowdenbeath

    EtymologyCowdenbeath The motto of Cowdenbeath is: "Stent Nae Stent", from the Scots language, meaning: "Effort always effort" or "Don't stint, always give your best"....
  • Queen Anne High School
    Queen Anne High School Dunfermline

    Queen Anne High School, named after Queen Anne of Denmark, is a large non-denominational secondary school of around 1,800 - the fifth largest in Scotland....
    , Dunfermline
    Dunfermline

    Dunfermline is a town in Fife which had official City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom#Pretenders until 1970. It is located on high ground five miles from the northern shore of the Firth of Forth on the route of major road and rail crossings across the firth to Edinburgh and the south....
  • Stirling High School
    Stirling High School

    Stirling High School is a state high school for 11-18 year olds run by Stirling Council in Stirling, Scotland. It is the main high school#scotland in the Stirling district, and currently has approximately 940 pupils attending....
     and various schools in the Stirling area
  • Brentside High School
    Brentside High School

    Brentside High School is a co-educational Specialist school Arts College for pupils aged 11-19. The current school building which opened in September 2004, was purpose built and designed by architects Seymour Harris....
    , London
  • Stranraer Academy
    Stranraer Academy

    Stranraer Academy is a secondary school in the town of Stranraer in South West Scotland, it serves the area of Stranraer, the Rhins, and parts of the Machars....
  • Douglas Academy
    Douglas Academy

    Douglas Academy is a secondary school in Milngavie in the outskirts of Glasgow. In 2001, Douglas Academy was Scotland's top performing state school with 31% of students gaining five or more Higher ....
    , Milngavie, Glasgow
  • Grosvenor Grammar School
    Grosvenor Grammar School

    Grosvenor Grammar School is a coeducation controlled grammar school in Belfast, Northern Ireland. This co-educational, inter-denominational grammar school, with an increasingly multi-cultural population and outlook, has a caring ethos, friendly pupils and a dedicated staff of 73 full-time teachers, working to ensure that their young people ac...
    , Belfast
  • Welbeck the Defence S


United States

  • California Fuel Cell Partnership
    California Fuel Cell Partnership

    The California Fuel Cell Partnership is a public-private partnership to promote hydrogen vehicles in California. It is notable as one of the first initiatives for that purpose undertaken in the United States....
     (CaFCP)
  • State Route 125
    California State Route 125

    State Route 125 currently runs from California State Route 905 in Otay Mesa, San Diego, California near the U.S.?Mexico border to California State Route 52 in Santee, California....
    , San Diego, California
  • Central Park
    Central Park

    Central Park is a large public, urban park in New York City, with about twenty-five million visitors annually. Most of the areas immediately adjacent to the park are known for impressive buildings and valuable real estate....
    , New York City
  • Chicago Skyway
    Chicago Skyway

    The Chicago Skyway also known as Chicago Skyway Toll bridge System is a 7.8 mile long tollway bridging Interstate 90 at the Dan Ryan Expressway on the west end, and the Indiana Toll Road on the east end....
     Bridge, Chicago
    Chicago

    Chicago is the largest city in the U.S. state of Illinois and the Midwestern United States, as well as the List of United States cities by population city in the United States with more than 2.8 million residents....
    , Illinois
  • Dulles Greenway, suburban Washington, DC
  • Indiana East-West Toll Road, (Interstate 80
    Interstate 80

    Interstate 80 is the second-longest Interstate Highway in the United States . It connects downtown San Francisco, California, to Teaneck, New Jersey, a suburb of New York City....
    /Interstate 90
    Interstate 90

    Interstate 90 is the longest Interstate Highway in the United States at . It is the northernmost coast-to-coast interstate. Its western terminus is in Seattle, Washington, at 4th Avenue S....
    ), Northern Indiana
  • Las Vegas Monorail
    Las Vegas Monorail

    The Las Vegas Monorail is a monorail Transit system located on the Las Vegas Strip, in Clark County, Nevada, United States. It connects the unincorporated communities of Paradise, Nevada and Winchester, Nevada, and does not actually enter the City of Las Vegas, Nevada....
    , Nevada
  • Southern Indiana Toll Road
    Southern Indiana Toll Road

    The Southern Indiana Toll Road was a proposed toll expressway through southern Indiana expected to be included as part of the 142-mile Interstate 69 extension from Indianapolis to Evansville....
    , (Interstate 69
    Interstate 69

    Interstate 69 is an Interstate Highway in the United States. It exists in two parts: a completed highway from Indianapolis, Indiana, northeast to the Canadian border in Port Huron, Michigan, and a mostly-proposed extension southwest to the Mexican border in Texas....
    , proposed), Martinsville to Evansville, Indiana
  • The redevelopment of downtown
    Downtown

    File:Chicago_skyline_march2006c.jpgDowntown is a term primarily used in North America to refer to a city's core or central business district, usually in a geographical, commercial, and community sense....
     Chattanooga, Tennessee
    Chattanooga, Tennessee

    Chattanooga, "the Scenic City", is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee , and the county seat of Hamilton County, Tennessee, in the United States....
     from the mid-1980s to present.
  • Pocahontas Parkway, suburban Richmond, Virginia
  • Riverside County Library System
    Riverside County Library System

    The Riverside County Library System , located in Riverside County, California, United States, is a public library system composed of 33 libraries and two bookmobiles....
    , Riverside, California
  • Silver Line (Washington Metro)
    Silver Line (Washington Metro)

    The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project, informally dubbed the Silver Line due to its color on maps, is a planned extension of the Washington Metro rapid transit system, consisting of 29 metro station from Route 772 in Loudoun County, Virginia, Virginia, to Stadium-Armory in Washington, D.C., United States....
    , suburban Washington, DC
  • HOT (High Occupancy or Toll) Lanes on the Capitol Beltway, suburban Washington, DC,
  • Water Taxi Beach
    Water Taxi Beach

    Water Taxi Beach is an artificial temporary beach created on a wharf on the East River in the Hunters Point, Queens section of Long Island City, Queens, in the New York City borough of Queens....
    , Hunters Point, Queens
    Hunters Point, Queens

    Hunters Point is a neighborhood on the south side of Long Island City, Queens, in the New York City borough of Queens. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 2....
    , New York


See also

  • Build-Operate-Transfer
    Build-Operate-Transfer

    Build-Operate-Transfer is a form of project financing, wherein a private entity receives a concession from the private or public sector to finance, design, construct, and operate a facilities stated in the concession contract....
  • Public/social/private partnership
    Public/social/private partnership

    Public/social/private partnerships are methods of co-operation between private and government bodies....
     (PSPP)


Bibliography

(French documentation about PPP in Europe & France - history and Law)

  • Linotte Didier, Un cadre juridique désormais sécurisé pour les contrats de partenariat, AJDA, n° 1/2005 du 10 janvier 2005.
  • Monera Frédéric, Les financements innovants de services et de projets publics, Revue de la Recherche Juridique – Droit prospectif, PUAM, 2005-1, p.337 & s.


(UK and Australian sources)

  • Colman, J. (2002), ‘Mumbo jumbo…and other pitfalls:Evaluating PFI/PPP projects’, National Audit Office PFI / PPP Conference "Bringing about beneficial change, London, May.


  • Economic Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) (1995), ‘Final Report of the Private Infrastructure Task Force’, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.


  • Economic Planning Advisory Commission (EPAC) (1995), ‘Interim Report of the Private Infrastructure Task Force’, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.


  • Harris, A.C. (1996), ‘Financing infrastructure: private profits from public losses’, Audit Office of NSW, Public Accounts Committee, Parliament of NSW, Conference, Public/Private infrastructure financing: Still feasible?, Sydney, September.


  • House of Representatives Standing Committee on Communications Transport and Microeconomic Reform, (1997), ‘Planning not Patching: An Inquiry Into Federal Road Funding’, The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.


  • Industry Commission (1996), ‘Competitive Tendering and Contracting by Public Sector Agencies’, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.


  • Quiggin, J. (1996), ‘Private sector involvement in infrastructure projects’, Australian Economic Review, 1st quarter, 51–64.


  • Spackman, M. (2002), ‘Public-private partnerships: lessons from the British approach’, Economic Systems, 26(3), 283–301.


  • Monbiot, G. (2000), ‘Captive State, The Corporate Takeover of Britain’, Macmillan.


External links

  • Public-Private Partnership news aggregator http://publicprivate.corank.com
  • A Primer on Public-Private Partnerships http://blog-pfm.imf.org/pfmblog/2008/02/a-primer-on-pub.html#more
  • PPP Bulletin http://www.pppbulletin.com
  • Deloitte PPP study -
  • What are Public Private Partnerships? BBC News
  • Industry Canada Website http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/epic/internet/inpupr-bdpr.nsf/vwGeneratedInterE/Home
  • thePFI.net http://www.thepfi.net
  • The Institute for Public-Private Partnerships, Inc. http://www.ip3.org
  • Private Participation in Infrastructure database http://ppi.worldbank.org


Governments' PPP Websites

  • Canadian Council for Public-Private Partnerships - Publications - http://www.pppcouncil.ca/publications.asp
  • C.R.E.A.M. Europe PPP Alliance - Public Private Partnerships in the EU Enlargement http://www.cream-europe.eu
  • Irish Government PPP website http://www.ppp.gov.ie
  • US Federal Highway Administration http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ppp/index.htm
  • United States Global Development Alliance, USAID
  • National Council for Public-Private Partnerships - non-profit association - http://www.ncppp.org