Salvinorin ASalvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans...
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Salvia divinorumSalvia divinorum is a psychoactive plant which can induce dissociative effects and is a potent producer of "visions" and other hallucinatory experiences...
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Salvinorin A, 0.89-3.87 mg/g, also Salvinorin B and Salvinorin C |
CathinoneCathinone, or Benzoylethanamine, is a monoamine alkaloid found in the shrub Catha edulis and is chemically similar to ephedrine, cathine and other amphetamines. Cathinone induces the release of dopamine from striatal preparations that are prelabelled either with dopamine or its precursors. It is...
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Catha edulis |
KhatKhat, qat, gat or Waquish Spoken from true Yemeni, is a flowering plant native to tropical East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula....
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Unknown |
Foeniculum vulgare |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Justicia pectoralisJusticia pectoralis is a herb of the Acanthus family . This water-willow is widely known as tilo in Latin America. In Haiti it is called chapantye and zeb chapantyè on Dominica and Martinique...
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Unknown |
PukateinePukateine is an alkaloid found in the bark of the New Zealand tree Laurelia novae-zelandiae . An extract from pukatea is used in traditional Māori herbal medicine as an analgesic, and it is thought pukateine is the active component, as it is similar in both structure and activity to alkaloids such...
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Laurelia novae-zelandiaeLaurelia novae-zelandiae, also called Pukatea, is a large laurifolia evergreen tree, endemic to the forests of New Zealand . with so-called 'toothed' leaves and producing small flowers...
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Pukateine Pukateine is an alkaloid found in the bark of the New Zealand tree Laurelia novae-zelandiae . An extract from pukatea is used in traditional Māori herbal medicine as an analgesic, and it is thought pukateine is the active component, as it is similar in both structure and activity to alkaloids such...
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ThujoneThujone is a ketone and a monoterpene that occurs naturally in two diastereomeric forms: -α-thujone and -β-thujone. It has a menthol odor. Even though it is best known as a chemical compound in the spirit absinthe, recent tests show absinthe contains only small quantities of thujone, and may or may...
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Artemisia vulgarisArtemisia vulgaris is one of several species in the genus Artemisia which have common names that include the word mugwort. This species is also occasionally known as Felon Herb, Chrysanthemum Weed, Wild Wormwood, Old uncle Henry, Sailor's Tobacco, Naughty Man, Old Man or St...
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Thujone Thujone is a ketone and a monoterpene that occurs naturally in two diastereomeric forms: -α-thujone and -β-thujone. It has a menthol odor. Even though it is best known as a chemical compound in the spirit absinthe, recent tests show absinthe contains only small quantities of thujone, and may or may...
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Damianin |
Turnera diffusa |
Damianin |
unknown |
Magnolia virginiana |
The leaves or bark have been placed in cupped hands over the nose and inhaled as a mild hallucinogen |
BulbocapnineBulbocapnine is an alkaloid found in Corydalis and Dicentra, herbs in the family Fumariaceae that can cause fatal poisoning in sheep and cattle...
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Corydalis solidaCorydalis solida is a spring ephemeral plant valued for its purple, red, or white flowers, native or introduced to central and eastern Europe.Height is 10-20 cm . Root is a tuber.-External links:* at Virtuella floran...
, Corydalis cava |
Bulbocapnine Bulbocapnine is an alkaloid found in Corydalis and Dicentra, herbs in the family Fumariaceae that can cause fatal poisoning in sheep and cattle...
, NantenineNantenine is an alkaloid found in the plant Nandina domestica as well as some Corydalis species. It is an antagonist at both the α1 adrenergic receptor and the 5-HT2A serotonin receptor, and blocks both the behavioural and physiological effects of MDMA in animals.-See...
, TetrahydropalmatineTetrahydropalmatine is an alkaloid found in several different plant species, mainly in the Corydalis family, but also in other plants such as Stephania rotunda. These plants have traditional uses in Chinese herbal medicine...
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Kavalactones |
Piper methysticum |
Kavalactones |
Lagochilin |
Lagochilus inebrians |
Lagochilin is thought to be responsible for the sedative, hypotensive and hemostatic effects of this plant. |
Unknown |
Tagetes lucidaTagetes lucida is a half-hardy sub-shrub native to Mexico and Central America. It is eaten as an herb and is commonly used as a substitute for tarragon. The leaves have a tarragon-like flavor, with hints of anise...
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Anethole Anethole is a phenylpropene, a type of aromatic compound that occurs widely in nature, in essential oils...
, ChavicolChavicol, or p-allylphenol, is a natural phenylpropene, a type of organic compound. Its chemical structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with a hydroxy group and a propenyl group. It is a colorless liquid found together with terpenes in betel oil. It is miscible with alcohol, ether, and...
, CoumarinCoumarin is a fragrant chemical compound in the benzopyrone chemical class, found in many plants, notably in high concentration in the tonka bean , vanilla grass , sweet woodruff , mullein , sweet grass , cassia cinnamon and sweet clover...
, EstragoleEstragole is a phenylpropene, a natural organic compound. Its chemical structure consists of a benzene ring substituted with a methoxy group and a propenyl group. Estragole is a double-bond isomer of anethole. It is a colorless to pale yellow liquid...
, IsorhamnetinIsorhamnetin is an O-methylated flavonol, a type of chemical compound. It can be found in Tagetes lucida, a psychedelic plant from Mexico and Central America.-Metabolism:...
, Methyleugenol, Quercitin |
LactucariumLactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. Lactucarium is known as lettuce opium because of its sedative and analgesic properties...
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Lactuca virosaLactuca virosa is a plant in the Lactuca genus, ingested often for its mild psychotropic effects which are often described as being similar to that of opium. It is related to common lettuce Lactuca virosa is a plant in the Lactuca (lettuce) genus, ingested often for its mild psychotropic...
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Lactucarium Lactucarium is the milky fluid secreted by several species of lettuce, especially Lactuca virosa, usually from the base of the stems. Lactucarium is known as lettuce opium because of its sedative and analgesic properties...
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GlaucineGlaucine is an alkaloid found in several different plant species such as Glaucium flavum, Glaucium oxylobum, Croton lechleri and Corydalis yanhusuo. It has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is used medically as an antitussive in...
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Glaucium flavumGlaucium flavum is a summer flowering plant in the Papaveraceae family, which is native to Northern Africa, Macaronesia, temperate zones in Western Asia and the Caucasus, as well as Europe. Habitat: the plant grows on the seashore and is never found inland...
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Glaucine Glaucine is an alkaloid found in several different plant species such as Glaucium flavum, Glaucium oxylobum, Croton lechleri and Corydalis yanhusuo. It has bronchodilator and antiinflammatory effects, acting as a PDE4 inhibitor and calcium channel blocker, and is used medically as an antitussive in...
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Muscarinic |
Galbulimima belgraveanaGalbulimima belgraveana is an hallucinogenic plant. Its common names include white magnolia. It is native to northeastern Australia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea. Papuans boil the bark and the leaves together with another plant, called Homalomena, in order to make tea...
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Galbulimima belgraveana is rich in alkaloids and twenty-eight alkaloids have been isolated. Himbacine Himbacine is an alkaloid isolated from the bark of Australian magnolias. Himbacine has been synthesized using a Diels-Alder reaction as a key step. Himbacine's activity as a muscarinic receptor antagonist, with specificity for the Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2, made it a promising starting...
, himbeline, himandravine, himgravine, himbosine, himandridine, himandrine, G.B. 1, G. B. 2, G. B. 3, G. B. 4, G. B. 5, G. B. 6, G. B. 7, G. B. 8, G. B. 9, G. B. 10, G. B. 11, G. B. 12, himgaline, himbadine, G. B. 13, himgrine, G. B. 14, G. B. 15, G. B. 16, G. B. 17 and G. B. 18. |
Unknown |
Zornia latifoliaZornia latifolia is a perennial herb, with little yellow flowers. And, its stem is 20 to 50 cm long, glabrous or pubescent, with a prostrate growth habit and intense branching....
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Zornia latifolia, is mentioned in Food of the Gods as "an hallucinogenic substitute for cannabis". It's nicknamed Maconha brava because locals use it as a cannabis substitute. |
Unknown |
Argemone mexicanaArgemone mexicana is a species of poppy found in Mexico and now widely naturalized in the United States, India and Ethiopia...
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Used by Chinese residents of Mexico during the early 20th century as a legal substitute for opium and currently smoked as a marijuana substitute. |
ErgineErgine, also known as d-lysergic acid amide , d-lysergamide, and LA-111, is an alkaloid of the ergoline family that occurs in various species of vines of the Convolvulaceae and some species of fungi...
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Argyreia nervosa (Hawaiian Baby Woodrose) |
Seeds contain high amounts of LSA (also known as d-lysergic acid amide, d-lysergamide, ergine, and LA-111), often 50-150X the amounts found in Ipomoea violaceaIpomoea violacea is a perennial species of Ipomoea that occurs throughout the tropics, growing in coastal regions. It is most commonly called 'Beach Moonflower' or 'Sea Moonflower' as the flowers open at night...
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IbogaineIbogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...
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Tabernanthe iboga |
Ibogaine in root bark |
IbogaineIbogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...
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Tabernanthe orientalis |
Ibogaine in root leaves |
IbogaineIbogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...
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Tabernanthe pubescens |
Ibogaine and similar alkaloids |
IbogaineIbogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...
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TabernaemontanaTabernaemontana is a genus of 100-110 species of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It has a pan-tropical distribution. These plants are shrubs and small trees growing to 1-15 m tall. The leaves are evergreen, opposite, 3-25 cm long, with milky sap; hence it is one of the diverse plant...
sp. |
Ibogaine |
IbogaineIbogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in a number of plants, principally in a member of the Apocynaceae family known as Iboga . A hallucinogen with both psychedelic and dissociative properties, the substance is banned in some countries; in other countries it is being used...
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Trachelospermum jasminoidesTrachelospermum jasminoides is a species of flowering plant in the milkweed family, Apocynaceae, that is native to eastern and southeastern Asia, into Japan, Korea, southern China, and Vietnam. Common names include Star Jasmine, Confederate Jasmine, and Trader's Compass.-Description:Trachelospermum...
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Ibogaine |
AporphineAporphine is one of a class of quinoline alkaloids. Many different relatives of this compound have been purified from plants.One commonly-used aporphine derivative is apomorphine....
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Nymphaea caeruleaNymphaea caerulea, also known as the Blue Egyptian water lily or sacred blue lily, is a water-lily in the genus Nymphaea.-Distribution:Its original habitat may have been along the Nile and other locations in East Africa...
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Recent studies have shown Nymphaea caerulea to have psychedelic properties, and may have been used as a sacrament in ancient Egypt and certain ancient South American cultures. Dosages of 5 to 10 grams of the flowers induces slight stimulation, a shift in thought processes, enhanced visual perception, and mild closed-eye visuals. Nymphaea caerulea is related to, and possesses similar activity as Nelumbo nuciferaNelumbo nucifera, known by a number of names including Indian Lotus, Sacred Lotus, Bean of India, or simply Lotus, is a plant in the monogeneric family Nelumbonaceae...
, the Sacred Lotus. Both Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera contain the alkaloids nuciferineNuciferine is an alkaloid found within the plants Nymphaea caerulea and Nelumbo nucifera. It has a profile of action associated with dopamine receptor blockade. It induces catalepsy, it inhibits spontaneous motor activity, conditioned avoidance response, amphetamine toxicity and stereotypy...
and apomorphineApomorphine is a non-selective dopamine agonist which activates both D1-like and D2-like receptors, with some preference for the latter subtypes. It is historically a morphine decomposition product by boiling with concentrated acid, hence the -morphine suffix...
, which have been recently isolated by independent labs.
These psychoactive effects make Nymphaea caerulea a likely candidate (among several) for the lotus plant eaten by the mythical Lotophagi in HomerIn the Western classical tradition Homer , is the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest ancient Greek epic poet. These epics lie at the beginning of the Western canon of literature, and have had an enormous influence on the history of literature.When he lived is...
's OdysseyThe Odyssey is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer. It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad, the other work ascribed to Homer. The poem is fundamental to the modern Western canon, and is the second—the Iliad being the first—extant work of Western literature...
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Used in aromatherapyAromatherapy is a form of alternative medicine that uses volatile plant materials, known as essential oils, and other aromatic compounds for the purpose of altering a person's mind, mood, cognitive function or health....
, Nymphaea caerulea is purported to have a "divine" essence, bringing euphoria, heightened awareness and tranquility.
Other sources cite anti-spasmodic and sedative, purifying and calming properties. |
LeonurineLeonurine is one of the chemical constituents of the South African plant Leonotis leonurus. It is a psychoactive alkaloid found in species Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonotis artemisia as well as other plants of family Lamiaceae...
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Leonotis leonurusLeonotis leonurus, also known as Lion's Tail and Wild Dagga, is a plant species in the Lamiaceae family. The plant is a broadleaf evergreen large shrub native to South Africa and southern Africa, where it is very common. It is known for its medicinal and mild psychoactive...
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Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain LeonurineLeonurine is one of the chemical constituents of the South African plant Leonotis leonurus. It is a psychoactive alkaloid found in species Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonotis artemisia as well as other plants of family Lamiaceae...
. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana) |
LeonurineLeonurine is one of the chemical constituents of the South African plant Leonotis leonurus. It is a psychoactive alkaloid found in species Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonotis artemisia as well as other plants of family Lamiaceae...
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Leonotis nepetifoliaLeonotis nepetifolia, also known as Klip Dagga or Lion's Ear, is a species of plant in the Leonotis genus and the Lamiaceae family. While most other species in this genus are native to Southern Africa, L. nepetifolia is native to tropical Africa and southern India...
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Both leaves and flowers (where most concentrated) contain LeonurineLeonurine is one of the chemical constituents of the South African plant Leonotis leonurus. It is a psychoactive alkaloid found in species Leonotis nepetifolia, Leonotis artemisia as well as other plants of family Lamiaceae...
. (Effects reminiscent of marijuana) |
Active Chemical Unknown |
Calea zacatechichiCalea zacatechichi, also known as Dream Herb, Leaf of God, and Bitter Grass, is a plant used by the indigenous Chontal of the Mexican state of Oaxaca for oneiromancy The plant naturally occurs from southern Mexico to northern Costa Rica...
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Produces vivid dreams after smoking. It is also employed by the Chontal people as a medicinal herb against gastrointestinal disorders, and is used as an appetizer, cathartic anti-dysentery remedy, and as a fever-reducing agent. Its psychedelic properties do not become apparent until the user is asleep. |
Unknown |
Silene capensisSilene capensis is a plant native to the Eastern Cape of South Africa, where it is regarded by the Xhosa people as a sacred plant...
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Produces vivid dreams after smoking. |