Pseudo-anglicisms are words in languages other than
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
which were borrowed from English but are used in a way native English speakers would not readily recognize or understand. Pseudo-anglicisms often take the form of
portmanteau wordA portmanteau or portmanteau word is used broadly to mean a blend of two words and their meanings into one, and narrowly in linguistics fields to mean only a blend of two or more function words.-Meaning:...
s, combining elements of multiple English words to create a new word that appears to be English but is unrecognisable to a native speaker of English. It is also common for a genuine English word to be used to mean something completely different from its original meaning.
Pseudo-anglicisms are related to
false friendFalse friends are pairs of words in two languages or dialects that look and/or sound similar, but differ in meaning....
s or
false cognateFalse cognates are pairs of words in the same or different languages that are similar in form and meaning but have different roots. That is, they appear to be or are sometimes considered cognates when in fact they are not...
s. Many speakers of a language which employs pseudo-anglicisms believe that the relevant words are genuine
anglicismAn anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from English into another language. Speakers of the recipient language usually consider an anglicism to be substandard or undesirable...
s and can be used in English.
When many English words are incorporated into many languages, language enthusiasts and purists often look down on this phenomenon, terming it (depending on the importing language)
DenglischDenglisch or Denglish is a portmanteau of the German words Deutsch and Englisch. Used in all German-speaking countries, it describes an influx of English, or pseudo-English, vocabulary into the German language through travel and English's widespread usage in advertising, business and IT...
,
FranglaisFranglais , a portmanteau combining the French words "français" and "anglais" , is a slang term for an interlanguage, although the word has different overtones in French and English....
or similar neologisms.
ChineseChinese or the Sinitic language is a language family consisting of languages mutually unintelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the two branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
- BB call — pager
- DM — flyer, brochure, junk mail (from "direct mail")
- kǎo — to photocopy (from the first syllable in "copy")
DanishDanish is one of the North Germanic languages , a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages. It is spoken by around 6 million people, mainly in Denmark; the language is also used by the 50,000 Danes in the northern parts of Schleswig-Holstein in Germany where it holds the...
- Babylift — "carrycot".
- Butterfly - a bow tie
- A bøfsandwich is not a beef
Beef is the culinary name for meat from bovines, especially domestic cattle . Beef is one of the principal meats used in the cuisine of Australia, Europe and America, and is also important in Africa, East Asia, and Southeast Asia...
sandwichA sandwich is a food item consisting of two or more slices of bread with one or more fillings between them, or one slice of bread with a topping or toppings, commonly called an open sandwich. Sandwiches are a widely popular type of food, typically taken to work or school, or picnics to be eaten as...
, but a beef pattyA patty is a flattened cake of meat, typically served in a hamburger. Patty may also refer to:Short form of given names:* Patricia* Patrick Surname:* Budge Patty , American tennis player...
on a bunA bun is a small, usually sweet bread. Commonly they are hand-sized or smaller, domed in shape with a flat bottom. It can also mean a savory bread roll similar to a bap or barmcake.Basic buns are usually made using flour, sugar, eggs, yeast and butter....
(similar to a hamburgerA hamburger is a sandwich consisting of a cooked patty of ground meat, usually beef, placed in an open bun or between two slices of bread...
).
- A timemanager (originally from the registered trademark Time Manager) is a calendar or notebook in which you write down appointments
DutchDutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language.
"1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
- Beamer (also in German) — video projector
A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings...
- Box — (large, toddler-sized) cot
- Camper (also in Italian) — recreational vehicle
In North America the term recreational vehicle and its acronym, RV, are generally used to refer to a vehicle equipped with living space and amenities found in a home; they are sometimes called motorhomes. A recreational vehicle normally includes a kitchen, a bathroom, a bedroom and a living room...
(RV) or campervanA campervan , sometimes referred to simply as a camper, and also known as a caravanette, motorhome or motorcaravan, is a self-propelled vehicle that provides both transport and sleeping accommodation. The term mainly describes vans that have been fitted out, often with a coachbuilt body for use as...
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
A campsite is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. The term 'campsite' usually means an area where an individual, family, group or military unit might camp...
- Coffeeshop — a store selling cannabis
Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that includes three putative species, Cannabis sativa L., Cannabis indica Lam., and Cannabis ruderalis Janisch. These three taxa are indigenous to Central Asia, and South Asia. Cannabis has long been used for fibre , for medicinal purposes, and as a...
(or, colloquially, other psychedelic drugs)
- Dumpstore meaning an army surplus store
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics - also: gym, as indication of the place where you have your fitness training.
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Hometrainer — low level consumer fitness machines especially for indoor rowing or cycling
- Junk — a drug addict (in English that would be Junkie
The term 'Junky' is a colloquial term with negative connotations to refer to a person who is thought to be a drug user.Junkie or junky may also refer to:* A person with a drug addiction, most often referring to users of opiates....
)
- Occasion - bargain
Bargain could mean some of the following:* The process whereby buyer and seller agree the price of goods or services. See bargaining.* An agreement to exchange goods at a price.* Such an agreement where one of the parties thinks the price is very favourable....
(especially a car sold at a favourable price), or even: second-hand car. Originally a French loanword with the meaning of "bargain" and pronounced as in French, it is now often pronounced as in English
- Oldtimer (also in German) — vintage car
A vintage car is commonly defined as a car built between the start of 1919 and the end of 1930. There is little debate about the start date of the vintage period—the end of World War I is a nicely defined marker there—but the end date is a matter of a little more debate...
- Panty (also in Spanish) — pantyhose
Pantyhose are sheer, close-fitting coverings of the body from the waist to the feet. Traditionally considered a woman's garment, pantyhose appeared in the 1960s and provided a convenient alternative to stockings. Like stockings, pantyhose are usually made of nylon...
- Pocket for what is commonly known as a paperback
Paperback, softback, or softcover describe and refer to a book by the nature of its binding. The covers of such books are usually made of paper or cardboard, and are usually held together with glue rather than stitches or staples.-Use:...
- Sheets — transparencies
A transparency is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience...
or computer presentation slides
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- String (also in French, German and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-string
A G-string is a type of underwear, a narrow piece of cloth, leather, or plastic, that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips, worn as swimwear or underwear by women and men...
- Topfit (also in German) — perfectly physically fit
- Touringcar - refers to a Coach (vehicle)
In British and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers. To differentiate from other types of bus, a coach has a luggage hold separate from the passenger cabin...
and not a Touring carA touring car was a popular car body style in the early 20th century, being a larger alternative to the runabout and the roadster. They were open cars, often fitted with convertible tops. Most early touring cars had a tonneau at the rear giving seating for four or more. Engines on early models were...
, which is both an automobile body shape and classification of racing car.
Filipino languagesIn the Philippines, there are over 170 languages, almost all of them belonging to the Austronesian language family. Of all of these languages, only 2 are considered official in the country, at least 10 are considered major and at least 8 are considered co-official.-National and official...
- Bad shot - To get on someone's bad side or to make a bad impression.
- Bad trip - An unfortunate situation. May mean "bummer".
- Banca - Outrigger canoe
The outrigger canoe is a type of canoe featuring one or more lateral support floats known as outriggers, which are fastened to one or both sides of the main hull...
- Bold - May refer to nudity
- Bold movie - A movie with nude or sexually-explicit scenes
- Chancing - To make a sexual advance
- C.R. (Comfort Room) - Toilet, bathroom
- Gimmick or Gimik - A night out with friends. Also, any offering during evening hours by clubs, bars and restaurants to lure customers in.
- Slang
Slang is the use of highly informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language. It is often used as a way to say words that are not appropriate, and is not often found in the standard dictionary for the language...
- May refer to strong foreign accents and pronunciation.
FrenchFrench is a Romance language globally spoken by about 65 million people as a first language , by 50 million as a second language, and by about another 200 million people as an acquired foreign language, with significant speakers in 57 countries. Most native speakers of the language live in France,...
- Baby Foot — Table football
Table football, also known by many other names, is a table-top sport that is based on association football .-History:Although patents for similar games may exist from as far back as the 1890s, the game of Table Football as we know it today was first invented in 1922 and patented in 1923 Table...
- Basket (also in Italian) — basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a
10 foot high hoop under organized rules...
- Baskets (also in Romanian) — sneakers, trainers (basketball shoes)
- Box (also in Italian) — garage
right|thumb|200px|A garage in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]].A residential garage is part of a home, or an associated building, designed or used for storing a vehicle or vehicles...
- Break — a station wagon
A station wagon is a passenger automobile with a body style similar to a sedan, or saloon, but with the roofline following the full, sometimes extended rear cargo area and sometimes an extra row of sometimes rear-facing seats, ending with a more vertical door than on a hatchback.Also sometimes...
(American English) or estate car (British English) - cf. shooting break
- Brushing — blow dry
Blow Dry is a 2001 comedy film directed by Paddy Breathnach, written by Simon Beaufoy and starring Natasha Richardson.- Plot :Shelley Allen operates a small hairdressing shop in Keighley named "The Cut Above" with her domestic partner Sandra...
- Caddie — shopping trolley
"Shopping Trolley" was a 2006 single by English songwriter Beth Orton. It was released as a 2 CD single set and 12 inch vinyl , and an early version of the title song can be purchased from iTunes.-CD: EMI / CDEMS 694 :# "Shopping Trolley"...
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
A campsite is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. The term 'campsite' usually means an area where an individual, family, group or military unit might camp...
- Camping-car (also in Japanese) — Campervan
A campervan , sometimes referred to simply as a camper, and also known as a caravanette, motorhome or motorcaravan, is a self-propelled vehicle that provides both transport and sleeping accommodation. The term mainly describes vans that have been fitted out, often with a coachbuilt body for use as...
or "recreational vehicleIn North America the term recreational vehicle and its acronym, RV, are generally used to refer to a vehicle equipped with living space and amenities found in a home; they are sometimes called motorhomes. A recreational vehicle normally includes a kitchen, a bathroom, a bedroom and a living room...
"
- Car (also in Swiss German) — coach
In British and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers. To differentiate from other types of bus, a coach has a luggage hold separate from the passenger cabin...
, tour bus or inter-city bus
- Catch — professional wrestling
Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is an athletic performing art where matches are prearranged by the promotion's booking staff. It is a non-competitive sport which contains strong elements of theatre, mock combat, and catch wrestling. Wrestling's origins date to 19th-century carnival...
.
- Dancing (also in Italian) — dance hall
Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the twentieth century until the early 1960s, the dance hall was the popular forerunner of the disco or nightclub...
or dancing-house
- Dressing — dressing room
- Fashion - as an adjective
In grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a noun or pronoun, giving more information about the noun or pronoun's referent...
rather than a nounIn linguistics, a noun is a member of a large, open lexical category whose members can occur as the main word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb, or the object of a preposition....
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Flipper (also in German and Italian) — pinball machine
- Foot — Football (soccer) (In Canadian French, this would refer to Canadian football
Canadian football is a form of gridiron football played almost exclusively in Canada in which two teams of 12 players each compete for territorial control of a field of play long and wide , attempting to advance a pointed prolate spheroid ball into the opposing team's scoring area...
, or sometimes in context to American footballAmerican football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, and often as Gridiron or Tackle football outside North America, is a competitive team sport known for combining strategy with physical play. The objective of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the...
. Association football is le soccer.)
- Footing (also in Italian and Spanish) — jogging
Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running.-Definition:...
- forcing as in faire le forcing - to pressure
- de grand standing - high class (of property)
- Jogging — Tracksuit
A tracksuit is an article of clothing consisting of two parts: trousers and a jacket. It was originally intended for use in sports, mainly as what athletes wore over competition clothing and would take off before competition. In modern times, it has become commonly worn in other contexts...
(jogging suit)
- Just (adj.) — tight
- Lifting (also in Italian, Romanian and Spanish) — facelift
Facelift is the common name for Rhytidectomy, a cosmetic surgery procedure.Facelift may also refer to:* Facelift , the revival of a product through cosmetic means such as changing its appearance...
- Living — living room
A living room, also known as sitting room, lounge room or lounge , is a room for entertaining guests, reading, watching TV or other activities...
- Open Space — Open plan office
- Paper Board — Flip chart
A flip chart is a stationery item resembling a whiteboard, typically supported on a tripod or four-legged easel. A pad of paper sheets is typically fixed to the upper edge. Such charts are commonly used for presentations....
- Parking (also in Italian, Spanish, Swiss German and Russian) — parking lot
A Parking lot , also known as "car lot", is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for parking vehicles...
(car park)
- People (sometimes spelt pipeuls, pipols) — celebs, also used as adjective (ex. "Il est très people")
- Playback (also in other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Pom-pom girl — Cheerleader
- Pressing — dry cleaning shop
- Pull — pullover
Pullover may refer to:* Pullover Productions, UK producer of the children's television programme Pullover in the early 1980s* Sweater or hoodie, a piece of clothing "pulled over" the head instead of buttoned-up...
- Recordman, recordwoman (also in Italian) — record holder in sports
- Relooking — makeover
A makeover is a term applied to changing one's appearance, sometimes through cosmetics. Makeovers can range from something as simple as a new haircut, to the use of cosmetic surgery, to the extreme of the implantation of dental veneers, eye-color-changing contact lenses, and the use of...
- Rugbyman — rugby player
Rugby player can refer to a participant in one of two different sports rugby union and rugby league.*Rugby union players...
- Scotch (also in Italian and Russian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Self — self-service restaurant
- Sig (in cartoons) — sigh
- Shampooing — shampoo
Shampoo is a hair care product used for the removal of oils, dirt, skin particles, dandruff, environmental pollutants and other contaminant particles that gradually build up in hair...
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Speaker or Speakerine — radio or TV news announcer
- String (also in Dutch
Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language.
"1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
, German and Russian) refers exclusively to a G-stringA G-string is a type of underwear, a narrow piece of cloth, leather, or plastic, that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips, worn as swimwear or underwear by women and men...
- Talkie-walkie — walkie-talkie
A walkie-talkie is a hand-held, portable, two-way radio transceiver. Its development during the Second World War has been variously credited to Canadian Donald L. Hings, radio engineer Alfred J. Gross, and engineering teams at Motorola...
- Tennisman, tenniswoman - Tennis player (male or female)
- Ticket Restaurant (also in Italian) - meal ticket or Luncheon Voucher
The Luncheon Voucher is a paper ticket used by some employees in the United Kingdom to pay for meals in private restaurants. It allows companies to subsidise mid-day meals for their employees without having to run their own canteens.The scheme was created in 1954, when food rationing had just...
(in UK)
- Top (adj.) — brilliant, great
- Trench (also in Italian) — trench coat
A trench coat or trenchcoat is a raincoat made of waterproof heavy-duty cotton drill or poplin, wool gabardine, or in some cases leather: it generally has a removable insulated lining; and it is usually knee-length or longer.-History:...
- Volley (also in Italian) — volleyball
Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules...
- Zapping (also in Italian, Spanish and German) — channel surfing
Channel surfing is the practice of quickly scanning through different television channels or radio frequencies in order to find something interesting to watch or listen to. Modern viewers, who may have cable or satellite services beaming down dozens if not hundreds of channels, are frequently...
- Zoning - industrial estate
GermanGerman is a West Germanic language, thus related to and classified alongside English and Dutch. It is one of the world's major languages and the most widely spoken first language in the European Union. Around the world, German is spoken by approximately 105 million native speakers and also by...
- Air-Condition — abbreviated from Air conditioning
An air conditioner is a home appliance, system, or mechanism designed to dehumidify and extract heat from an area, or provide heat to an area. The cooling is done using a simple refrigeration cycle...
- Beamer (also in Dutch) — video projector
A video projector takes a video signal and projects the corresponding image on a projection screen using a lens system. All video projectors use a very bright light to project the image, and most modern ones can correct any curves, blurriness, and other inconsistencies through manual settings...
- Beautyfarm (also in Italian) — spa
The term spa is associated with water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy. Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer thermal or mineral water for drinking and bathing. They also offer various health treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric...
- Body Bag — shoulder bag. The bag which is slung across the midriff in English is called cross-body bag. In Germamy, Body Bag is a registered trademark.
- Castingshow — talent search television series
- Car (Switzerland only; also in French)) — coach
In British and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers. To differentiate from other types of bus, a coach has a luggage hold separate from the passenger cabin...
- Dressman — male model
- Ego-Shooter — first-person shooter (derived from Latin "Ego" = "I")
- Flipper (also in French and Italian) — pinball machine
- Fotoshooting — photo session
- Funeralmaster — undertaker. The term is a creation of a public-relations manager of the German untertaker's federation to modernize their image.
- Funsport — a sport primarily practised in leisure time and for fun
- Handy — mobile phone
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Highboard — a table-high cupboard
- Hometrainer — exercise bicycle
- Horrortrip — bad trip
Bad trip is a slang term for a psychedelic crisis, a disturbing experience sometimes associated with use of a psychedelic drug such as LSD, Salvinorin A, mescaline, psilocybin or DMT....
- Inboard-Kamera — onboard camera
- Inliner — inline skates (shoes)
- Kicker — table football
Table football, also known by many other names, is a table-top sport that is based on association football .-History:Although patents for similar games may exist from as far back as the 1890s, the game of Table Football as we know it today was first invented in 1922 and patented in 1923 Table...
(ironically, variations on the German word "Fußball" (soccer), are used in English)
- Leader(innen)board — provisional ranking; in English leader board is only used in professional golf and for a collection of important rules and statements of a Christian sect
- Logical — riddle/puzzle to be solved by logical thought
- Longseller — long-term (best)seller
- Messie — a "pack rat", a person engaging in compulsive hoarding
Compulsive hoarding is the acquisition of and failure to use or discard such a large number of seemingly useless possessions that it causes significant clutter and impairment to basic living activities such as mobility, cooking, cleaning, showering or sleeping...
- Oldtimer (also in Dutch) — vintage car
A vintage car is commonly defined as a car built between the start of 1919 and the end of 1930. There is little debate about the start date of the vintage period—the end of World War I is a nicely defined marker there—but the end date is a matter of a little more debate...
or bike or aircraft or boat
- Playback (also in other languages) — lip sync
Lip-sync or Lip-synch is a technical term for matching lip movements with voice. The term can refer to: a technique often used for performances in the production of film, video and television programs; the science of synchronization of visual and audio signals during post-production and...
- Pressing (in sport; also in Italian) — forcing
Forcing may refer to:*Forcing , a technique for obtaining proofs in set theory*Forcing *Radiative forcing, the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system...
- Public viewing — showing of football matches on giant screens in public
- Pullunder, often Pollunder or Polunder — sweater vest
- Rumpsteak — sirloin steak.
- Shootingstar — successful newcomer (sports, music, literatur, business, politics...)
- Shorts — any short trousers but only when they are part of the outer garments; if underware is meant this is indicated. Traditional or functional short trousers are never called Shorts.
- Slipper — lace-less shoes
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Showmaster — show host
- Talkmaster — talk show host
- topfit (also in Dutch) — perfectly physically fit
- Twen — anyone who is in his/her twenties, or the age itself
HungarianHungarian is a Uralic language unrelated to most other languages in Europe. It is mainly spoken in Hungary and by the Hungarian minorities in the seven neighbouring countries...
- Autóstop (also in other European languages) — hitchhiking
Hitchhiking is a means of transportation that is gained by asking people, usually strangers, for a ride in their automobile or other road vehicle to travel a distance that may either be short or long. The latter may require many rides from different people; a ride is usually but not always free...
- Drill — three of a kind
Three of a Kind was a British comedy sketch show starring comedians Tracey Ullman, Lenny Henry and David Copperfield. Three series were made by the BBC between 1981-83....
in poker.
- Farmer means "denim
Denim is a rugged cotton twill textile, in which the weft passes under two or more warp fibers. This produces the familiar diagonal ribbing identifiable on the reverse of the fabric, which distinguishes denim from cotton duck. Denim has been in American usage since the late eighteenth century...
" as well as "(blue) jeansJeans are pants, or trousers, made from denim. Mainly designed for work, they became popular among teenagers starting in the 1950s. Historic brands include Levi's and Wrangler....
" made of denim
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Keksz (from cakes — cookies, which in its turn originates in the English "cakes".
- Pendrive — USB flash drive
A USB flash drive consists of flash memory data storage device integrated with a USB 1.1 or 2.0 interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a floppy disk, and most weigh less than 1 ounce...
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Póker means both the poker hand four of a kind
Four of a Kind is the debut feature film for director Fiona Cochrane. It was completed in 2008 and released in 2009. Based on the stage play Disclosure written by Helen Collins that appeared at La Mama Theatre as part of the Melbourne Fringe Festival 2006. It was shot on location in Melbourne,...
and the game pokerPoker is a sport from the family of card games that share betting rules and usually hand rankings. Poker games differ in how the cards are dealt, how hands may be formed, whether the high or low hand wins the pot in a showdown , limits on bets and how many rounds of betting are allowed...
itself.
- Tréning (cf. "training") — jogging suit
- Wellness — feeling well by expensive means
Israeli Hebrew
- On de feys (און דה פייס)— ‘(feeling) very bad’, cf. the otherwise non-existent English
English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
*on the face.
- Golf (גולף) — turtleneck sweater
- Tréning (טריינינג) — 'tracksuit', cf. English
English is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
training
- Tramp (טרמפ)— hitch-hiking
- Mammy (מאמי) — sweetheart
- Fan (פן) — blow drying
A blowdryer or hairdryer is an electromechanical device designed to blow cool or hot air over wet or damp hair, in order to accelerate the evaporation of water particles and dry the hair. Blowdryers allow to better control the shape and style of hair, by accelerating and controlling the formation...
ItalianItalian is a Romance language spoken by about 60 million people in Italy, and by a total of around 70 million in the world. In Switzerland, Italian is one of four official languages. It is also the official language of San Marino, as well as the primary language of Vatican City...
- Autogrill — motorway snack bar (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain)
- Baby killer — juvenile murderer
- Bar — café
A café , also spelled cafe, is an informal restaurant offering a range of hot meals and made-to-order sandwiches. This differs from a coffee house, which is a limited-menu establishment which focuses on coffee sales. Depending on the jurisdiction, a café may be licensed to serve alcohol. The term...
(the English "bar" is called "pub" in Italy)
- Basket (also in French) — basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a
10 foot high hoop under organized rules...
- Beauty case or Beauty — vanity bag
- Beauty farm (also in German) — spa
The term spa is associated with water treatment which is also known as balneotherapy. Spa towns or spa resorts typically offer thermal or mineral water for drinking and bathing. They also offer various health treatments. The belief in the curative powers of mineral waters goes back to prehistoric...
- Body (for dancing) — leotard
A leotard is a unisex skin-tight one-piece garment that covers the torso but leaves the legs free. It was made famous by the French acrobatic performer Jules Léotard , about whom the song "The Daring Young Man on the Flying Trapeze" was written....
- Body (for infants) (also in French and Spanish) — Infant bodysuit
- Body rental - temporary staffing firm
An employment agency is an organisation which matches employers to employees. In all developed countries there is a publicly funded employment agency and multiple private businesses which also act as employment agencies.-Public employment agencies:...
- Box (for vehicles) (also in French) — garage
right|thumb|200px|A garage in [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brazil]].A residential garage is part of a home, or an associated building, designed or used for storing a vehicle or vehicles...
- Box (for toddlers) — playpen
A playpen is a piece of furniture in which an infant or young toddler is placed to prevent them from causing harm to themselves when their parent or guardian is preoccupied. The earliest use of the word playpen cited in the Oxford English Dictionary is 1902...
- Box (in motorsports) — place on a race track where pit stops are conducted
- Box doccia — shower cubicle
- Camper (also in Dutch) — recreational vehicle
In North America the term recreational vehicle and its acronym, RV, are generally used to refer to a vehicle equipped with living space and amenities found in a home; they are sometimes called motorhomes. A recreational vehicle normally includes a kitchen, a bathroom, a bedroom and a living room...
(RV) or campervanA campervan , sometimes referred to simply as a camper, and also known as a caravanette, motorhome or motorcaravan, is a self-propelled vehicle that provides both transport and sleeping accommodation. The term mainly describes vans that have been fitted out, often with a coachbuilt body for use as...
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
A campsite is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. The term 'campsite' usually means an area where an individual, family, group or military unit might camp...
- Catch — professional wrestling
Professional wrestling, or pro wrestling, is an athletic performing art where matches are prearranged by the promotion's booking staff. It is a non-competitive sport which contains strong elements of theatre, mock combat, and catch wrestling. Wrestling's origins date to 19th-century carnival...
, even though it is considered to be old-fashioned
- Cargo — cargo
Cargo is goods or produce transported, generally for commercial gain, by ship, aircraft, train, van or truck. In modern times, containers are used in most intermodal long-haul cargo transport.- Marine Cargo Types :...
boat
- Charleston (instrument) — Hi-hat
A hi-hat, or hihat, is a type of cymbal and stand used as a typical part of a drum kit by percussionists in R&B, hip-hop, disco, jazz, rock and roll, house, reggae and other forms of contemporary popular music.-Operation:...
- Custom — custom motorcycle
A custom motorcycle is a motorcycle that is highly stylized or which treats aspects such as frame geometry or engine design in an unusual way compared to standard manufacturing. Custom motorcycles are unique or individually produced in a very limited quantity, as opposed to "stock" bikes or...
- Dancing (also in French) — dance hall
Dance hall in its general meaning is a hall for dancing. From the earliest years of the twentieth century until the early 1960s, the dance hall was the popular forerunner of the disco or nightclub...
or dancing-house
- Feeling — personal chemistry, common bond
- Fiction — TV miniseries
A miniseries , in a serial storytelling medium, is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes. The exact number is open to interpretation; however, they are usually limited to fewer than a whole season. The term "miniseries" is generally a North American term...
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Flipper (also in other European languages) — pinball machine
- Footing (also in French and Spanish) — jogging
Jogging is a form of trotting or running at a slow or leisurely pace. The main intention is to increase fitness with less stress on the body than from faster running.-Definition:...
- Golf — sweater
A sweater, jumper, pullover, sweatshirt, jersey or guernsey is a garment intended to cover the torso and arms. They are usually worn over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or other top. Sweaters tend to be, and in earlier times always were, made from wool; however, they can be made of cotton, synthetic...
- Gadgets — goodies
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Hostess — female flight attendant
Flight attendants or cabin crew are members of an aircrew employed by airlines primarily to ensure the safety but also the comfort of passengers aboard commercial flights as well as on select business jet aircraft.-History:The role of a flight attendant ultimately derives from that of similar...
, stewardess
- Jolly — joker or wild card (card games)
- K-Way — Windbreaker
A windbreaker is a thin outer coat designed to resist wind chill and light rain . It is usually of light construction, characteristically made of some type of glossy synthetic material and often incorporating an elastic waistband and zipper...
- Killer (also in Russian) — hitman
A hitman usually is an assassin who is hired to assassinate a target via contract killing.- Hitmen in organized crime :Hitmen are largely linked to the world of organized crime. Hitmen are hired people, usually males who kill people for money. For notable examples see Murder, Inc...
, contract killer
- Lifting (also in French, Romanian and Spanish) — facelift
Facelift is the common name for Rhytidectomy, a cosmetic surgery procedure.Facelift may also refer to:* Facelift , the revival of a product through cosmetic means such as changing its appearance...
- Luna park — funfair
A funfair or simply fair is a small to medium sized traveling show primarily composed of stalls and other amusements. Larger fairs such as the permanent fairs of cities and seaside resorts might be called a fairground, although technically this should refer to the land where a fair is...
- Mister (in football) — coach
In sports, a coach or manager is an individual involved in the direction, instruction and training of the operations of a sports team or of individual sportspeople.- Staff :...
- Montgomery — duffel coat
- Night — nightclub
A nightclub is a drinking, dancing and entertainment venue which does its primary business after dark. People who frequent nightclubs are known as clubbers...
- Parking (also in French, Spanish and Russian) — parking lot
A Parking lot , also known as "car lot", is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for parking vehicles...
(car park)
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Pressing (in sport, also in Swiss German) — forcing
Forcing may refer to:*Forcing , a technique for obtaining proofs in set theory*Forcing *Radiative forcing, the difference between the incoming radiation energy and the outgoing radiation energy in a given climate system...
- Pullman — motor coach, tour or inter-city bus, not a railway vehicle
In British and Australian English, the term coach is used to refer to a large motor vehicle for conveying passengers. To differentiate from other types of bus, a coach has a luggage hold separate from the passenger cabin...
- Recordman (also in French) — record holder in sports
- Scotch (also in French and Russian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Sexy shop — sex shop
A sex shop, erotic shop is a shop that sells products such as sex toys, pornography, erotic lingerie, erotic books, and safe sex products such as condoms and dental dams. The euphemisms "Adult Video Store" and "Adult Book Store" are commonly used to refer to sex shops that sell or rent pornographic...
- Skilift — platter lift
A platter lift , platter pull or button lift is a surface lift, a mechanized system for pulling skiers and snowboarders uphill, along the surface of the slope. In Europe they are also known as Poma lifts . In French, it is téléski...
- Slip (also in French and Spanish) — briefs
Briefs are a type of short, tight underwear and swimwear, as opposed to styles where the material extends down the legs.In the case of men's underwear, briefs, unlike boxer shorts, hold the wearer's genitals in a relatively fixed position, which makes briefs a popular underwear choice for men who...
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
- Speaker — radio announcer
- Telefilm — TV series
- Ticket — cost associated to a service provided by national health care system
- Ticket Restaurant (also in French) — meal ticket or Luncheon Voucher
The Luncheon Voucher is a paper ticket used by some employees in the United Kingdom to pay for meals in private restaurants. It allows companies to subsidise mid-day meals for their employees without having to run their own canteens.The scheme was created in 1954, when food rationing had just...
(in UK)
- Tight — morning suit
- Toast — toasted sandwich
- Trench (also in French) — trench coat
A trench coat or trenchcoat is a raincoat made of waterproof heavy-duty cotton drill or poplin, wool gabardine, or in some cases leather: it generally has a removable insulated lining; and it is usually knee-length or longer.-History:...
- Trolley— trolley case
- Tutor or Safety tutor — SPECS (speed camera)
- Volley (also in French) — volleyball
Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules...
- Water — water closet
- Zapping (also in French, Spanish and Italian) — channel surfing
Channel surfing is the practice of quickly scanning through different television channels or radio frequencies in order to find something interesting to watch or listen to. Modern viewers, who may have cable or satellite services beaming down dozens if not hundreds of channels, are frequently...
Japaneseis a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic language family. There are a number of proposed relationships with other languages, but none have gained general acceptance...
— title for a person in office — video game, portmanteau of "family" and "computer" - portmanteau of "
lolitaLolita is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov, first written in English and published in 1955 in Paris, later translated by the author into Russian and published in 1958 in New York...
" and "complex" — a condominium apartment — slim or skinny — a woman's figure (particularly if slim or skinny)
PolishPolish is a West Slavic language and the official language of Poland. Its written standard is the Polish alphabet which corresponds basically to the Latin alphabet with a few additions...
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo
PortuguesePortuguese is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal. It is derived from the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula around 2000 years ago...
- Cooper — To jog.
- Outdoor — Billboard
Billboard is a weekly American magazine devoted to the music industry. It maintains several internationally recognized music charts that track the most popular songs and albums in various categories on a weekly basis...
, using the English adjective as a noun.
- Shopping — Shopping mall
A shopping mall, shopping centre or shopping center is a building or multiple buildings consisting of a complex of shops representing leading merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit, along with a convenient parking area – a modern,...
, using the English gerund as a noun.
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo. However in Brazilian Portuguese, its name is tuxedoA tuxedo is a type of semi-formal dress for men.Tuxedo may also refer to:* Tuxedo , a middleware platform to manage distributed transaction processing* The Tuxedo, a Jackie Chan movie* Tuxedo , an 1891 vaudeville show...
/tu'ʃɛdu/.
- "Videogame" - (Brazilian Portuguese) Game console, although the term "console" is also used. The videogames themselves are simply called "games", "jogos" (the standard translation for "game") or less ambiguously "jogos de videogame" (Console games).
RomanianRomanian or Daco-Romanian is a Romance language spoken by around 24 to 28 million people, primarily in Romania and Moldova. It has official status in Romania, Republic of Moldova, and the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina in Serbia...
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
A campsite is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. The term 'campsite' usually means an area where an individual, family, group or military unit might camp...
- Happy end (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Lifting (also in Italian, French and Spanish) — facelift
Facelift is the common name for Rhytidectomy, a cosmetic surgery procedure.Facelift may also refer to:* Facelift , the revival of a product through cosmetic means such as changing its appearance...
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
RussianRussian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe...
- Biker (байкер) — a member of a Motorcycle club
A motorcycle club is a group of individuals whose primary interest and activities involve motorcycles.In the U.S. the abbreviation, MC or MCC, can have a special social meaning from the point of view of the outlaw subcultures, and is usually reserved by them for those clubs that are mutually...
rather than merely a motorcyclist
- Camping (кемпинг) (also in other European languages) — campsite
A campsite is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. The term 'campsite' usually means an area where an individual, family, group or military unit might camp...
- Clipmaker (клипмейкер) — music video director
- Face control (фейс-контроль) — checking whether a person looks appropriate (a common practice at Russian night clubs)
- Happy end (хэппи-энд) (also in other European languages) — happy ending
A happy ending is an ending of the plot of a work of fiction in which almost everything turns out for the best for the hero or heroine, their sidekicks, and almost everyone except the villains....
- Killer (киллер) (also in Italian) — hitman
A hitman usually is an assassin who is hired to assassinate a target via contract killing.- Hitmen in organized crime :Hitmen are largely linked to the world of organized crime. Hitmen are hired people, usually males who kill people for money. For notable examples see Murder, Inc...
, contract killer
- Parking (паркинг) (also in French and Spanish) — parking lot
A Parking lot , also known as "car lot", is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for parking vehicles...
(car park)
- Safing (сейфинг) — providing safe deposit box
A safe deposit box is a type of safe usually located in groups inside a bank vault or in the back of a bank or post office...
es
- Scotch (скотч) (also in French and Italian) — adhesive tape (any brand)
- Smoking (смокинг) (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedoA tuxedo is a type of semi-formal dress for men.Tuxedo may also refer to:* Tuxedo , a middleware platform to manage distributed transaction processing* The Tuxedo, a Jackie Chan movie* Tuxedo , an 1891 vaudeville show...
- String (стринги) (also in Dutch
Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language.
"1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
, French and German) refers exclusively to a G-stringA G-string is a type of underwear, a narrow piece of cloth, leather, or plastic, that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips, worn as swimwear or underwear by women and men...
SpanishSpanish or Castilian is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that originated in northern Spain and gradually spread in the Kingdom of Castile, evolving into the principal language of government and trade in the Iberian peninsula...
- Basket - basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a
10 foot high hoop under organized rules...
- Body – bodice
- Boxer — boxer shorts
- Camping (also in other European languages) — campsite
A campsite is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. The term 'campsite' usually means an area where an individual, family, group or military unit might camp...
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) — fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Footing (also in French and Italian) — jogging
- Lifting (also in Italian, Romanian,French and Swiss German) — facelift
Facelift is the common name for Rhytidectomy, a cosmetic surgery procedure.Facelift may also refer to:* Facelift , the revival of a product through cosmetic means such as changing its appearance...
- un nuevo look — a makeover (hair etc.)
- Parking (common use but still not recognized by RAE, also in French and Russian) — parking lot
A Parking lot , also known as "car lot", is a cleared area that is more or less level and is intended for parking vehicles...
(US) or car park (UK, Aus)
- Panty (also in Dutch
Dutch is a West Germanic language spoken by over 22 million people as a native language, and over 5 million people as a second language.
"1% of the EU population claims to speak Dutch well enough in order to have a conversation." Outside the European Union the number of second language...
) or panti — pantyhosePantyhose are sheer, close-fitting coverings of the body from the waist to the feet. Traditionally considered a woman's garment, pantyhose appeared in the 1960s and provided a convenient alternative to stockings. Like stockings, pantyhose are usually made of nylon...
- Peeling (also in other European languages) — facial or body scrub
- Playback (also in many other European languages) — lip-synch (in songs)
- Puenting (from puente, bridge) — a sport that involves jumping from a bridge. It is similar to bungee jumping
Bungee jumping is an activity that involves jumping from a tall structure while connected to a large elastic cord. The tall structure is usually a fixed object, such as a building, bridge or crane; but it is also possible to jump from a movable object, such as a hot-air-balloon or helicopter,...
except for the fact that the cord is non-elastic and that the jump ends in a pendulum-like movement.
- Slip — briefs
- Smoking (Esmoquin) (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedoA tuxedo is a type of semi-formal dress for men.Tuxedo may also refer to:* Tuxedo , a middleware platform to manage distributed transaction processing* The Tuxedo, a Jackie Chan movie* Tuxedo , an 1891 vaudeville show...
- Snow (common use but still not recognized by RAE) — an abbreviation for "snowboard
Snowboards are boards, which resemble a wide ski, with the ability to glide on snow. Users of such equipment may be referred to as snowboarders. Commercial snowboards generally require extra equipment such as bindings and special boots which help secure both feet of a snowboarder, who generally...
" as sport. The board is called tabla de snow
- Zapping (also in French, Italian and German) — channel surfing
Channel surfing is the practice of quickly scanning through different television channels or radio frequencies in order to find something interesting to watch or listen to. Modern viewers, who may have cable or satellite services beaming down dozens if not hundreds of channels, are frequently...
SwedishSwedish is a North Germanic language, spoken by approximately 10 million people, predominantly in Sweden and parts of Finland, especially along the coast and on the Åland islands. It is to a considerable extent mutually intelligible with Norwegian and to a lesser extent with Danish...
- Smoking (also in many other European languages) is not a smoking jacket
A smoking jacket is an overgarment designed for the purposes of smoking tobacco, usually in the form of pipes and cigars, or for domestic leisure.-Design:The classic smoking jacket is a waist-length jacket made from velvet or silk, or both...
in the Edwardian sense, but a dinner jacket or tuxedo.
- Walkman (as in a small portable cassette player) is usually replaced with "freestyle", despite the fact that the word does not fit particularly well with Swedish phonotactics
Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.Phonotactic constraints are language...
or grammarSwedish is descended from Old Norse. Compared to its progenitor, Swedish grammar is much less characterized by inflection. Modern Swedish has two genders and no longer conjugates verbs based on person or number...
. Actually, Freestyle was the name chosen for marketing purposes in SwedenSweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe...
.
TurkishTurkish is spoken as a first language by over 63 million people worldwide, making it the most commonly spoken of the Turkic languages. Its speakers are located predominantly in Turkey and Cyprus, with smaller groups in Iraq, Greece, Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and other...
- Basket - basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a
10 foot high hoop under organized rules...
- Body – bodybuilding
Bodybuilding is a form of body modification involving intensive muscle hypertrophy; an individual who engages in this activity is referred to as a bodybuilder. In competitive bodybuilding, bodybuilders display their physiques to a panel of judges, who assign points based on their appearance...
- Fitness (also in many other European languages) – fitness training as a kind of gymnastics
- Flirt - generally used as dating
- Cola (derived from Coca-Cola
Coca-Cola is a carbonated soft drink sold in stores, restaurants and vending machines internationally. The Coca-Cola Company claims that the beverage is sold in more than 200 countries...
) – refers to any soft drinkA soft drink is a drink that does not contain alcohol . Soft drinks are often carbonated and commonly consumed while cold. The most common soft drinks are colas, flavored water, sparkling water, iced tea, sweet tea, lemonade, squash and fruit punch....
- Playback (also in many other European languages) – lip-synch (in songs)
- Smoking or smokin (also in many other European languages) - tuxedo
A tuxedo is a type of semi-formal dress for men.Tuxedo may also refer to:* Tuxedo , a middleware platform to manage distributed transaction processing* The Tuxedo, a Jackie Chan movie* Tuxedo , an 1891 vaudeville show...
- String (also in other European languages) refers exclusively to a G-string
A G-string is a type of underwear, a narrow piece of cloth, leather, or plastic, that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips, worn as swimwear or underwear by women and men...
YiddishYiddish is a non-territorial High German language of Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world...
- cherry lights red headlights
- hitshn to hitchhike
- payday salary/payment
Sources
- James Stanlaw 2004, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact, Hong Kong University Press.
- Laura Miller 1997, "Wasei eigo: English ‘loanwords' coined in Japan" in The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright, edited by Jane Hill, P.J. Mistry and Lyle Campbell, Mouton/De Gruyter: The Hague, pp. 123–139.
- Geoff Parkes and Alan Cornell 1992, 'NTC's Dictionary of German False Cognates', National Textbook Company, NTC Publishing Group.
- Ghil'ad Zuckermann 2003, ‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. is an international academic publishing company, headquartered in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, United Kingdom. It was created in 2000 when the American St. Martin's Press Scholarly and Reference and the British Macmillan Publishers united their worldwide academic...
, (Palgrave Studies in Language History and Language Change, Series editor: Charles Jones). ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
See also
- Anglicism
An anglicism, as most often defined, is a word borrowed from English into another language. Speakers of the recipient language usually consider an anglicism to be substandard or undesirable...
- Barbarism
Barbarism refers to a non-standard word, expression or pronunciation in a language. The term is little used by linguists today, because of its pejorative tone, and the fact that it is not clearly defined....
- Calque
In linguistics, a calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation....
- Denglisch
Denglisch or Denglish is a portmanteau of the German words Deutsch and Englisch. Used in all German-speaking countries, it describes an influx of English, or pseudo-English, vocabulary into the German language through travel and English's widespread usage in advertising, business and IT...
- False friends
- Language transfer
- Loanword
A loanword is a word borrowed from one language and incorporated into another.-General:By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related concept, whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself.The word loanword is itself a calque of the German...
- List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
- List of pseudo-French words adapted to English
- Phono-semantic matching
Phono-semantic matching is a term in linguistics that refers to camouflaged borrowing in which a foreign word is matched with a phonetically and semantically similar pre-existent native word/root...