Provincial reconstruction team - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

A Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) is a unit introduced by the United States government, consisting of military officers, diplomats, and reconstruction subject matter experts, working to support reconstruction efforts in unstable states. PRTs were first established in Afghanistan

Afghanistan

Afghanistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of , making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world...

in late 2001 or early 2002, and as of 2008 operate there as well as in Iraq

Iraq

Iraq ; officially the Republic of Iraq is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert....

. While the concepts are similar, PRTs in Afghanistan and Iraq have separate compositions and missions. Their common purpose, however, is to empower local governments to govern their constituents more effectively.

Structure

A PRT includes a military component (Civil Affairs

Civil Affairs

Civil Affairs is a term used by both the United Nations and by military institutions , but for different purposes in each case.-United Nations Civil Affairs:...

/Force Protection, etc.), civilian police advisors, and civilian representatives of US (or other national) government foreign affairs agencies. In a US-led PRT, this generally includes a representative from USAID

United States Agency for International Development

The United States Agency for International Development is the United States federal government agency primarily responsible for administering civilian foreign aid. President John F. Kennedy created USAID in 1961 by executive order to implement development assistance programs in the areas...

, the Department of State

United States Department of State

The United States Department of State , is the United States federal executive department responsible for international relations of the United States, equivalent to the foreign ministries of other countries...

, the Department of Agriculture

United States Department of Agriculture

The United States Department of Agriculture is the United States federal executive department responsible for developing and executing U.S. federal government policy on farming, agriculture, and food...

, and the Department of Justice

United States Department of Justice

The United States Department of Justice , is the United States federal executive department responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice, equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries.The Department is led by the Attorney General, who is nominated...

. They are assisted by public diplomacy

Public diplomacy

In international relations, public diplomacy or people's diplomacy, broadly speaking, is the communication with foreign publics to establish a dialogue designed to inform and influence. There is no one definition of Public Diplomacy, and may be easier described than easily defined as definitions...

and reporting staff. The PRTs are the primary civil-military relations tool in Afghanistan and Iraq and are described as “'a means to extend the reach and enhance the legitimacy of the central government'” into the provinces of Afghanistan.

A PRT in Afghanistan is commanded by a military officer, generally of the rank of Lieutenant Colonel

Lieutenant colonel

Lieutenant colonel is a rank of commissioned officer in the armies and most marine forces and some air forces of the world, typically ranking above a major and below a colonel. The rank of lieutenant colonel is often shortened to simply "colonel" in conversation and in unofficial correspondence...

or Commander

Commander

Commander is a naval rank which is also sometimes used as a military title depending on the individual customs of a given military service. Commander is also used as a rank or title in some organizations outside of the armed forces, particularly in police and law enforcement.-Commander as a naval...

. The officer is supported by a team of various specialties including civil affairs, engineers, medical staff, public affairs, information operations, logistics and a platoon

Platoon

A platoon is a military unit typically composed of two to four sections or squads and containing 16 to 50 soldiers. Platoons are organized into a company, which typically consists of three, four or five platoons. A platoon is typically the smallest military unit led by a commissioned officer—the...

of National Guard

Army National Guard

Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, the Army National Guard is part of the National Guard and is divided up into subordinate units stationed in each of the 50 states, three territories and the District of Columbia operating under their respective governors...

soldiers for security. The staff generally numbers between sixty and one hundred persons. There is no lead agency or department; the US government civilians and the military commander form an executive committee of equals which develops a strategy for the PRT, drawing on the expertise of all contributing agencies. Activities in Afghanistan focus on extending the reach of the central government into the provinces.

In an Iraq PRT, the Team Leader is a civilian who reports to the US Department of State; the deputy team leader is generally a military officer. While civil affairs members are present on the team, there are more civilians than military personnel on the team. Functional areas include rule of law, reconstruction and development, agriculture, and governance. Some Iraq PRTs are embedded into the Brigade Combat Team

Brigade combat team

The brigade combat team is the basic deployable unit of maneuver in the US Army. A brigade combat team consists of one combat arms branch maneuver brigade, and its attached support and fire units. A brigade combat team is generally commanded by a colonel , but in rare instances it is commanded by...

(BCT) with which they are colocated (ePRT). The BCT retains responsibility for providing security for the civilian team members. In contrast to Afghanistan, Iraq PRTs focus on building the governance capacity at the local levels of government.

Public Diplomacy

Public diplomacy

is an essential element to successful Provincial Reconstruction Team projects. PRTs, in Afghanistan, are tasked with a specific area of a province

Province

A province is a territorial unit, almost always an administrative division, within a country or state.-Etymology:The English word "province" is attested since about 1330 and derives from the 13th-century Old French "province," which itself comes from the Latin word "provincia," which referred to...

and coordinate, develop, and fund local projects with the aid of the government. These projects enable the local population to become familiar with and trust the U.S. counterinsurgency efforts in Afghanistan. Projects supported by PRTs are created and approved by the ranks of the entire provincial government in Afghanistan. The ability of PRTS to conduct Public diplomacy and their ability to work with the provincial government makes counterinsurgency objectives obtainable.

The PRT’s civil affairs line of operation exerts a large amount of public diplomacy. CA operations are responsible, along with the provincial government, for implementation and supervision of projects in the province. These projects include public affairs like humanitarian supply distribution, like school and medical supplies. Civil affairs operations are responsible for reaching out to the population to determine what is needed to make society stable and secure from the insurgent ideology. To do this they must get to know the environment, including the people, places, and culture of their section of the province.

In addition to the military cooperation with the provincial government, civilian agencies like the U.S. department of Agriculture and the U.S. Agency for International Development, have a strong hand in the projects structured by the PRTs. For example, these agencies work together to improve farming techniques and introduce ways to bring goods to local markets to meet the increasing demand rather than taking them into Pakistan. PRTs’ interaction with the Afghan people enhance U.S. public relations and allow the civilians of Afghanistan to trust the American presence in their domain. The only way that the counterinsurgency in Afghanistan can achieve victory is through long-term patience and keeping the people’s political will through the Provincial Reconstruction Teams in the U.S. military.

Information operations

Information warfare

The term Information Warfare is primarily an American concept involving the use and management of information technology in pursuit of a competitive advantage over an opponent...

associated with PRTs are also a vital aspect to conducting public diplomacy in order to defeat insurgencies

Insurgency

An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents...

. It is imperative that all actors in the counterinsurgency effort coordinate what they are relaying to the public that they are operating in. These operations can include psychological operations

Psychological warfare

Psychological warfare , or the basic aspects of modern psychological operations , have been known by many other names or terms, including Psy Ops, Political Warfare, “Hearts and Minds,” and Propaganda...

, operational security, and military deception

Military deception

Military deception is an attempt to amplify, or create an artificial fog of war or to mislead the enemy using psychological operations, information warfare and other methods. As a form of strategic use of information , it overlaps with psychological warfare...

operations to deceive the enemy. Information operations assist civil affairs, medical outreach, and agricultural projects by providing information to the local Afghani’s about counterinsurgency projects and illustrating beneficial effects of them to the community. These operations, as a part of PRTs, enable to the civilians to see how the U.S. military-civilian efforts work secure their society and defeat the insurgents influence. Information operations must be consistent between civilian and military operations.

The goal of the PRTs is to “enhance their popular legitimacy of the provincial government by developing their capacity to conduct reconstruction and provide effective governance.” In order for the civilian population to feel secure the PRTs need to enhance effectiveness and strength of the provincial government in the area. In order to support the counterinsurgency efforts PRTs build government legitimacy by reconstruction and development to separate the insurgents from the people and to instill trust in U.S. COIN operations. In order for these Provincial Reconstruction Teams to be successful at building the populations trust and security in the provincial government and not in the insurgents, the PRTs need to utilize a large amount of public diplomacy to reach out to the civilians of these Afghan provinces.

Funding

The main funding for PRT's comes from Provincial Reconstruction and Development Committee (PRDC) and Quick Response Fund (QRF) programs under ISAF. Also, some funding comes from USAID; namely under the Community Stabilization Program (CSP); the Local Governance Program (LGP); Community Action Program (CAP); Izdihar Economic Growth Program; and the INMA Agri-business Program.

Additional sources are: the Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund

Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund

The Iraq Relief and Reconstruction Fund was established by the US Congress on November 6, 2003. It allocated $18.4 billion to rebuild Iraq's infrastructure, damaged from years of neglect, sanctions, and war....

(IRRF), the Commander's Emergency Response Program

Commander's Emergency Response Program

Commander's Emergency Response Program or CERP is money for military commanders to use for conducting rebuilding and reconstruction during the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars. It was initially money seized during the invasion of Iraq, but later was also U.S...

(CERP) is the main fund used by the United States Army or USMC Civil Affairs Teams in both Iraq and Afghanistan. By the new regulations that came out in early 2009, the Iraqi Government has to pay half (50%) of projects above $750,000.

CERP Officers have authority to sign agreements with contractors up to $200,000. The Pay Agent disburses cash or pays by electronic transfer (EFT) in Afghanistan. The PRT Commander (LTC or CDR) can approve projects up to $25,000. CERP guidelines require that development projects be coordinated through and sustained by local governments and prohibit the use of funding for the salaries of government officials. The monies can't be used by police or security forces. CERP projects from up to $200,000 have to be approved by the Task Force Commander. The contracts are written in US Engineering standards. The Army usually pays by electronic funds transfer as pay agents are discouraged from paying cash to contractors in Afghanistan. The projects are paid in phases. Engineers work through project details with contractors. If the contractors fail the performance work standard, the engineer can recommend that the PRT withhold funds until project deficiencies are corrected. The project can also be cancelled.

One of the issues that holds up a project is sustainability. If the project can't be self sustaining, such as an electric utility in a small village or town, it will not be approved by higher headquarters. Mandated 'Terms of Use' contracts are signed by the end user of the projects to insure PRTs are providing a self-sufficient resource and will not be responsible for its upkeep. One year guarantee on contractor workmanship is standard.

Other funds that are not used by the Civil Affairs Section: the Development Fund for Iraq. (DFI) and new funding targeted specifically for USAID Focused Stabilization, Community Action and Local Governance Program (LGP) as well as PRT development funding.

Concept and history

The overall PRT concept in Afghanistan was, and is, to use relatively small joint civil-military units to achieve three objectives. PRT objectives are to improve security, to extend the authority of the Afghan central government, and finally to facilitate reconstruction.

The first PRT was located in Gardez in Paktia Province

Paktia Province

Paktia , is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, in the east of the country. Its capital is Gardez. The population is predominantly Pashtun.- History:...

, co-located with US Special Forces "A" team members. A Civil Affairs team provided the daily contact with locals and tribal leaders. A contingent of the 2nd Battalion, 504th Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division provided security in and around the compound. The sole civilian when the PRT became fully operational on February 1, 2003, was Thomas Praster of the State Department. At the end of March, he was joined by former US Army Lieutenant Colonel Randolph Hampton, who worked under contract with the USAID providing overwatch to the rebuilding of schools and medical clinics throughout Paktia

Paktia Province

Paktia , is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, in the east of the country. Its capital is Gardez. The population is predominantly Pashtun.- History:...

, Khwost, and Ghazni Province

Ghazni Province

Ghazni is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. Babur records in his Babur-Nama that Ghazni is also known as Zabulistan It is in the east of the country. Its capital is Ghazni City...

s.

Security was always an issue as the 100 by 125 foot mud-walled compound was attacked over 35 times by 105 mm rockets and RPGs. The PRT initiative has been expanded throughout most of the provinces for the purpose of reconstruction and reconciliation programs throughout Afghanistan. The 1st Provincial Reconstruction Team laid the critical cornerstones to future PRT initiatives throughout Afghanistan.
PRTs have been part of the NATO-led ISAF mission since October 5, 2006.

The training for the majority of the American PRTs took place at Fort Bragg, North Carolina

Fort Bragg, North Carolina

Fort Bragg is a major United States Army installation, in Cumberland and Hoke counties, North Carolina, U.S., mostly in Fayetteville but also partly in the town of Spring Lake. It was also a census-designated place in the 2010 census and had a population of 39,457. The fort is named for Confederate...

, it has now been moved to Camp Atterbury, Indiana. The training is overseen by the 189th Infantry Brigade, which specializes in training PRTs. Other units, including the 158th Infantry Brigade, support the 189th as it trains the PRTs in groups of twelve at a time. The training takes anywhere from six weeks to three months.

After returning from an international conference in Munich

Munich

Munich The city's motto is "" . Before 2006, it was "Weltstadt mit Herz" . Its native name, , is derived from the Old High German Munichen, meaning "by the monks' place". The city's name derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who founded the city; hence the monk depicted on the city's coat...

in mid-February

February

February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the shortest month and the only month with fewer than 30 days. The month has 28 days in common years and 29 days in leap years...

2011, Afghan President Hamid Karzai

Hamid Karzai

Hamid Karzai, GCMG is the 12th and current President of Afghanistan, taking office on 7 December 2004. He became a dominant political figure after the removal of the Taliban regime in late 2001...

accused foreign reconstruction teams of undermining efforts to build up the state's institutions, and said they would have to go as Afghan forces take over security. "Afghanistan clearly explained its viewpoint on Provincial Reconstruction Teams and structures parallel to the Afghan government - private security companies and all activities or bodies which are hindering the Afghan government's development and hindering the governance of Afghanistan," he said. Meanwhile, five rocket-propelled grenades hit a newly built South Korea

South Korea

The Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...

n military base in Parwan Province, northern Afghanistan, which housed hundreds of members of Korea’s provincial reconstruction team and civilian aid workers. No one was injured in the attack, but it came hours after a visit by South Korean Defense Minister Kim Kwan-jin

Kim Kwan-jin

General Kim Kwan-jin, ROKA , is the current Minister of Defense of South Korea, following his appointment in November 2010. He was previously the 33rd Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the Republic of Korea Armed Forces....

, raising suspicions of Taliban involvement. The opening ceremony of the base was postponed indefinitely.

Afghan PRTs

As of March 2010, there are twenty-seven PRTs in Afghanistan, each commanded by one of the ISAF member-states.

Regional Command North

The Regional Command North HQ is at Mazar-i-Sharif (or Mazār-e Sharīf

Mazar-e Sharif

Mazār-i-Sharīf or Mazār-e Sharīf is the fourth largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 375,000 as of 2006. It is the capital of Balkh province and is linked by roads to Kunduz in the east, Kabul in the south-east, Herat to the west and Uzbekistan to the north...

), and is led by German forces

German Army

The German Army is the land component of the armed forces of the Federal Republic of Germany. Following the disbanding of the Wehrmacht after World War II, it was re-established in 1955 as the Bundesheer, part of the newly formed West German Bundeswehr along with the Navy and the Air Force...

. There are 5 PRTs beneath it.

PRT Mazar-i-Sharif
PRT Mazar-i-Sharif
Provincial Reconstruction Team Mazar-i-Sharif is a Provincial Reconstruction Team in Afghanistan, and is part of the NATO International Security Assistance Force mission. Mazar-i-Sharif is a city in Balkh province which falls under the control of Regional Command North. Since 2006 the PRT's unit...

(ISAF-Soldier from Sweden, Finland)
PRT Kunduz
Kunduz
Kunduz also known as Kundûz, Qonduz, Qondûz, Konduz, Kondûz, Kondoz, or Qhunduz is a city in northern Afghanistan, the capital of Kunduz Province. It is linked by highways with Mazari Sharif to the west, Kabul to the south and Tajikistan's border to the north...

(Germany, Belgium-Luxembourg)
PRT Maymana
PRT Meymaneh
The Provincial Reconstruction Team in Meymaneh is an International Security Assistance Force command. It is classified by NATO, as a "Provincial Reconstruction Team". It consists of soldiers and civilians from Norway, Latvia, Macedonia, Iceland and the USA. It conducts joint operations with Afghan...

(ISAF-soldiers from Norway, Latvia)
PRT Fayzabad
Fayzabad, Badakhshan
See also: Faizabad Fayzabad is the provincial capital and largest city in Badakhshan Province, in northern Afghanistan, with around 50,000 people. It is situated in Fayzabad District and is at an altitude of 1,200 m. It is located in the northeast of Afghanistan, on the River Kokcha...

(Germany)
PRT Puli Khumri/Baghlan
Baghlan
Baghlan is a city in northern Afghanistan, in the eponymous province, Baghlan Province. It is located three miles east of the Kunduz River, 35 miles south of Khanabad, and about 1,700 metres above sea level in the northern Hindu Kush...

(Hungary)
PRT Jowzjan/Sheberghan
Sheberghan
Sheberghān or Shaburghān , also spelled Shebirghan and Shibarghan, is the capital city of the Jowzjan Province in northern Afghanistan.-Location:...

(Turkey)

Regional Command West

The Regional Command West

Regional Command West

Regional Command West is a multinational military formation, part of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. It is tasked with controlling Herat Province, Farah Province, Badghis Province and Ghor Province, which have a population of about 3,156,000 people...

is at Herat

Herat

Herāt is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan...

and is led by Italian forces

Military of Italy

The Italian armed forces are the military of Italy, they are under the command of the Italian Supreme Council of Defence, presided over by the President of the Italian Republic. The total number of active military personnel is 293,202...

. There are (as of November 2008) 4 PRTs beneath it.

PRT Herat
Herat
Herāt is the capital of Herat province in Afghanistan. It is the third largest city of Afghanistan, with a population of about 397,456 as of 2006. It is situated in the valley of the Hari River, which flows from the mountains of central Afghanistan to the Karakum Desert in Turkmenistan...

(Italy,Albania)
PRT Chaghcharan
Chaghcharan
Chaghcharān , in historical literature as Chakhcherān, formerly known as Ahangaran, is a town and district in central Afghanistan, which serves as the capital of Ghor Province...

(Lithuania)
PRT Farah
Farah, Afghanistan
Farah is a city in western Afghanistan, situated at 650 m altitude, and located on the Farah River. It is the capital of Farah Province, and has a population of approximately 109,409....

(USA)
PRT Qala i Naw (Spain)

Regional Command South

On July 31, 2006, ISAF

International Security Assistance Force

The International Security Assistance Force is a NATO-led security mission in Afghanistan established by the United Nations Security Council on 20 December 2001 by Resolution 1386 as envisaged by the Bonn Agreement...

assumed command over the southern region of Afghanistan

Afghanistan

. The Regional Command South

Regional Command South

Regional Command is a multinational military formation, part of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. It is responsible for provincial reconstruction and security in Kandahar, Lashkar Gah, Qalat and Tarin Kowt. The Command also has responsibility for the provinces of Nimruz...

HQ is at Kandahar

Kandahar

Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 512,200 as of 2011. It is the capital of Kandahar Province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m above sea level...

. In late 2010, 10th Mountain Division (United States) took control of RC-South.

PRT Kandahar
Kandahar
Kandahar is the second largest city in Afghanistan, with a population of about 512,200 as of 2011. It is the capital of Kandahar Province, located in the south of the country at about 1,005 m above sea level...

(USA)
PRT Uruzgan (USA, Australia & the Netherlands)
PRT Zabul
Provincial Reconstruction Team Zabul
Provincial Reconstruction Team Zabul is a civil-military unit tasked to assist the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan deliver government and security in the southern province of Zabul....

(USA)

Regional Command Southwest

In June of 2010 RC-South was split into RC-South and RC-Southwest, the provinces of Helmand and Nimroz being included in the latter.

PRT Lashkar Gah (UK, Denmark, Estonia) (aka Helmand PRT
Helmand Provincial Reconstruction Team
The Helmand Provincial Reconstruction Team is helping the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan deliver government and security in the southern province of Helmand.- History :...

)

Regional Command East/Combined Joint Task Force 101 (US led)

On October 5, 2006, ISAF also assumed command of the PRTs in the eastern region of Afghanistan. The Regional Command East

Regional Command East

Regional Command is an international military formation, of roughly division size, which is one of the components of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. The United States Army has usually provided the force headquarters...

/Combined Joint Task Force 101 HQ is at Bagram

Bagram

Bagram , founded as Alexandria on the Caucasus and known in medieval times as Kapisa, is a small town and seat in Bagram District in Parwan Province of Afghanistan, about 60 kilometers north of the capital Kabul. It is the site of an ancient city located at the junction of the Ghorband and Panjshir...

and led by US Forces

United States armed forces

The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard.The United States has a strong tradition of civilian control of the military...

PRT Asadabad
Asadabad, Afghanistan
Asadabad or Asad Abad is the capital city of Kunar Province in Afghanistan. It is located in the eastern portion of the country adjacent to Pakistan...

(USA)
PRT Bamyan (New Zealand)
PRT Wardak (Turkey)
PRT Logar (Czech Republic)
PRT Gardez (USA)
PRT Ghazni
Ghazni
For the Province of Ghazni see Ghazni ProvinceGhazni is a city in central-east Afghanistan with a population of about 141,000 people...

(Poland, USA)
PRT Jalalabad (USA)
PRT Khost
Khost Province
Khost is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the east of the country. Khost province used to be part of Paktia province in the past...

(USA)
PRT Nuristan (USA)
PRT Mehtar Lam (USA)
PRT Parwan (ROK)
PRT Kapisa (USA)
PRT Paktika
Sharan, Paktika
Sharan, or Sharana , is the capital of Paktika province, Afghanistan. Its population was estimated to be 2,200 in 2006....

(USA)
PRT Panjshir
Panjshir River
The Panjshir River flows through the Panjshir Valley in northeastern Afghanistan, 150km north of Kabul. It flows southward through the Hindu Kush and adjoins the Kabul River near Sarobi. At this junction, a dam was built in the 1950s to supply water from the Panjshir River to the Kabul River....

(USA)

Iraq PRTs

The PRT concept was imported from Afghanistan into Iraq in 2005. That year, 10 PRTs were established in Ninewa

Ninawa Governorate

Ninawa is a governorate in northern Iraq, and the Arabic name for the biblical city of Nineveh in Assyria. It has an area of and an estimated population of 2,453,000 people in 2003. Its chief city and provincial capital is Mosul, which lies across the Tigris river from the ruins of ancient...

, at-Ta'Mim, Salah ad-Din, Diyala, Basra (UK), Dhi Qar (Italy), Erbil (South Korea), Baghdad, Anbar, and Babil. As part of the Iraq War troop surge of 2007

Iraq War troop surge of 2007

In the context of the Iraq War, the surge refers to United States President George W. Bush's 2007 increase in the number of American troops in order to provide security to Baghdad and Al Anbar Province....

, the number of PRTs was expanded to cover every province in the country. Additionally, ePRTs were rolled out to work with the sub-provincial levels of government. By 2008, there were 31 PRTs, including 13 ePRTs, located throughout Iraq. Beginning in 2008, a PRT including USDA agricultural advisers worked with Iraqi farmers and created the Green Mada’in Association for Agricultural Development

Green Mada’in Association for Agricultural Development

The Green Mada’in Association for Agricultural Development is a not-for-profit agricultural cooperative in Iraq. The cooperative's membership includes over 800 small farmers, mostly situated in Mada’in Qada, a region east of Baghdad in Baghdad Governorate.GMAAD assists farmers in buying fertilizer...

, an agricultural cooperative of 800 farmers in Mada’in Qada. A new book, We Meant Well: How I Helped Lose the Battle for Iraqi Hearts and Minds, by former PRT Team Leader Peter Van Buren, covers the Green Mada'in and other reconstruction projects in Iraq.

External links

Ruiz, Moses. 2009. Sharpening the Spear: The United States’ Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan, Applied Research Project. Texas State University. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/297/

Van Buren, Peter. We Meant Well: How I Helped Lose the Battle for Iraqi Hearts and Minds. http://www.wemeantwell.com

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.

Structure

Public Diplomacy

Funding

Concept and history

Afghan PRTs

Regional Command North

Regional Command West

Regional Command South

Regional Command Southwest

Regional Command East/Combined Joint Task Force 101 (US led)

Iraq PRTs

See also

External links