The
Proto-Austronesian language is the unattested,
reconstructedLinguistic reconstruction is the practice of establishing the features of the unattested ancestor of one or more given languages. There are two kinds of reconstruction. Internal reconstruction uses irregularities in a single language to make inferences about an earlier stage of that language...
ancestor of the
Austronesian languagesThe Austronesian languages are a language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. It is on par with Bantu, Indo-European, Afro-Asiatic and Uralic as one of the best-established ancient language families...
, one of the world's major language families.
Numerals
| Proto- Austronesian |
Pangasinan |
Malay |
Batak (Toba) |
Modern Javanese |
Balinese |
Sundanese |
Madurese |
Sawu |
Toraja |
Acehnese |
Tetun |
Tagalog |
Hiligaynon |
Kapampangan |
Māori |
Fijian |
Hawaiian |
Malagasy |
Rapanui |
English meaning |
| *(e)sa |
sakey |
satu |
sada |
siji, Setunggal |
besik, Asiki |
hiji, eka |
settong, tonggal |
ahi |
misa |
sa |
ida |
isa |
isa |
metung |
tahi, kotahi |
dua |
kahi |
isa, iray |
tahi |
one |
| *duSa |
duwara |
dua |
dua |
loro, Kalih |
dua, Kalih |
duwe |
dua |
due |
dua |
duwa |
rua |
dalawa |
duha |
adua, adwa |
rua |
rua |
lua |
roa |
rua |
two |
| *telu |
talora |
tiga |
tolu |
telu, Tiga |
telu, Tiga |
tilu |
tello |
tallu |
tallu |
lhèe |
tolu |
tatlo |
tatlo |
atlu |
toru |
tolu |
kolu |
telo |
toru |
three |
| *S(e)paC |
apatira |
empat |
opat |
papat, Sekawan |
papat, Catur |
opat |
empa |
apa |
a'pa' |
peuet |
haat |
apat |
apat |
apat |
wha |
va |
ha |
efatra |
ha |
four |
| *lima |
limara |
lima |
lima |
lima, Gangsal |
lima, Panca |
lima |
lema' |
lami |
lima |
limong |
lima |
lima |
lima |
lima |
rima |
lima |
lima |
dimy |
rima |
five |
| *(e)nem |
animera |
enam |
onom |
nem |
nem, nemnem, sad |
genep |
enem |
anna |
annan |
nam |
neen |
anim |
anum |
anam |
ono |
ono |
ono |
enina |
ono |
six |
| *piCu |
pitura |
tujuh |
pitu |
pitu |
pepitu, sapta |
tujuh |
petto' |
pitu |
pitu |
tujôh |
hitu |
pito |
pito |
pitu |
whitu |
vitu |
hiku |
fito |
hita |
seven |
| *walu |
walura |
lapan |
uwalu |
wolu |
aktus, Astha |
dalapan |
bellu' |
aru |
karua |
lapan |
ualu |
walo |
walo |
walu |
waru |
walu |
walu |
valo |
vau |
eight |
| *Siwa |
siamira |
sembilan |
sia |
sanga |
sia, asia, Sanga |
salapan |
sanga' |
heo |
kasera |
sikureueng |
sia |
siyam |
siyam |
siyam |
iwa |
ciwa |
iwa |
sivy |
iva |
nine |
| *(sa)puluq |
samplura |
sepuluh |
sampulu |
sepuluh, Sedasa |
dasa, adasa |
sapuluh |
sapolo |
henguru |
sang pulo |
siplôh |
sanulu |
sampu |
pulo |
apulu |
tekau |
tini |
'umi |
folo |
angahuru |
ten |
| *(sa)RaCus |
san lasos |
seratus |
saratus |
satus, |
satus |
saratus |
saratos |
hengahu |
saratu' |
sireutôh |
atus ida |
isang daan |
gatus (isa ka gatus) |
metung a dalan |
rau, kotahi rau |
dua na drau |
hanele |
zato |
hanere |
a hundred |
| *(sa)Ribu |
san libo |
seribu |
saribu |
sewu |
siu |
sarebu |
saebu |
hetapa |
sang sa'bu |
siribèe |
rihun ida |
isang libo |
libo (isa ka libo) |
metung a libu |
kotahi mano |
dua no udolu |
kaukani |
arivo |
piere |
a thousand |
*(e)sa
Originally, Proto-Austronesian numeral for ‘one’ is
*sa. Like other monosyllabic Proto-Austronesian words, it is often preceded by particle
e-.
*sa is used for indefinite article (referring number) and written as prefix. So
*sapuluq,
*saRatus,
*saRibu actually mean ‘a ten’, ‘a hundred’ and ‘a thousand’;
*sarumaq means ‘a house’,
*sabuaq means ‘a fruit’, etc.
TagalogTagalog is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 22 million people.It is related to Austronesian languages such as Chamorro , Indonesian, Malay, Javanese and Paiwan , Cham , and Tetum...
and
HiligaynonHiligaynon is an Austronesian language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Hiligaynon is concentrated in the provinces of Iloilo and Negros Occidental...
isa,
AcehneseAcehnese or Aceh is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia and Bota, Perak, Malaysia.- Classification and related languages :...
sa, and even Sawu
ahi are directly derived from
*(e)sa. Several languages add Proto-Austronesian adjectival particle
*ma- in front of
*(e)sa such as Ilocano
maysa,
TorajaThe Toraja are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 650,000, of which 450,000 still live in the regency of Tana Toraja . Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk...
misa and Mandar
mesa.
MalayMalay is a group of languages closely related to each other to the point of mutual intelligibility but that linguists consider to be separate languages. They are grouped into a group called "Local Malay", part of a larger group called "Malayan" within the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the...
satu is derived from two Proto-Austronesian words
*(e)sa and
*Cau.
*Cau means ‘man, people, person’, as in Austronesian languages Torajan
tau, Mandar and Tagalog
tao, Hiligaynon
tawo. Meanwhile in other Austronesian languages,
*Cau is added with suffix
–an as
*Cauan to get the meaning ‘lord, lordship’ or just for honorific title to a person as in Malay
tuan ‘lord, master’,
Tuhan ‘Lord (God)’,
tuanku ‘my lord, my master’ or Acehnese
tengku and
teuku for honorific titles (both originally mean ‘my lord, my master’; but
tengku is derived from Proto-Austronesian
*Cauan and
*–ku, while
teuku is derived from
*Cau and
*–ku). As numeral,
*Cau also performed in Old Javanese
*tunggal. It is also suggested that Oceanic word for ‘one’ come from
*Cau (
MāoriMāori or te reo Māori commonly te reo , is the language of the indigenous population of New Zealand, the Maori people, where it has is the status of an official language...
and Rapanui
tahi and
HawaiianThe Hawaiian language is a Polynesian language that takes its name from Hawaii, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language of the state of Hawaii...
(e)kahi).
MadureseMadurese is a language of the Madurese people of Madura Island and eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken on Kangean Islands and Sapudi Islands. The Kangean dialect may be a separate language. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin alphabet is now more commonly used...
also use
settong as Malay
satu.
SundaneseNot to be confused with SudaneseSundanese is the language of about 27 million people from the western third of Java or about 15% of the Indonesian population....
and Modern
JavaneseJavanese language is the language of the people in the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, in Indonesia. In addition, there are also some pockets of Javanese speakers in the northern coast of western Java...
hiji and
siji have older forms
sahiji and
sawiji. Both come from two Proto-Austronesian words
*sa and
*biji.
*biji means ‘seed (of a fruit)’ as Malay word
biji. So
sahiji and
sawiji originally mean ‘a
seedA seed , referred to as a kernel in some plants, is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant...
’.
Like Malay
satu, Batak
sada is derived from two Proto-Austronesian words,
*(e)sa and
*da.
*da also means ‘man, people, person’, but
*da is always used for honorific title to a person as in
BalineseBalinese or simply Bali is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.9 million people on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java...
ida (as Brahmin caste titles :
Ida Bagus,
Ida Ayu) and
MinangkabauThe Minangkabau ethnic group is indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra, in Indonesia. Their culture is matrilineal, with property and land passing down from mother to daughter, while religious and political affairs are the province of men...
uda (means ‘elder brother’). Often,
*da and
*tu are combined as
*datu for superior honorific as Malay
datuk (title for landlord, chief), and Javanese
ratu (means ‘king’, but in Malay or Indonesian,
ratu means ‘queen’). Javanese also use
dhatu beside
ratu (both come from
*datu) in confixed words
kedhaton and
k(e)raton (from Proto-Austronesian
*qadatuan), both mean ‘palace’ in Javanese, but only
k(e)raton also means ‘kingdom’). As numeral meaning ‘one’,
*da also performs in Tetun
ida,
FijianFijian is an Austronesian language of the Malayo-Polynesian family spoken in Fiji. It has 450,000 first-language speakers, which is less than half the population of Fiji, but another 200,000 speak it as a second language...
dua and
MalagasyMalagasy is the national language of Madagascar.-History:The Malagasy language is unrelated to nearby African languages, instead being the westernmost member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family, a fact noted as long ago as the eighteenth century...
iray.
NiasNīas is an island off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Nias is also the name of the archipelago, containing the Hinako archipelago....
sara is also derived from
*(e)sa and
*da.
*duSa
*duSa means ‘two’. This original form only appears in
Formosan languagesThe Formosan languages are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. Taiwanese aborigines currently comprise about 2% of the island's population. However, far fewer can still speak their ancestral language, after centuries of language shift...
(as
Bunun and Paiwanic
dusa), meanwhile Malayo-Polynesian seems to prefer form
*dua as in most Austronesian languages such as Malay, Sundanese, Balinese, Batak and Torajan
dua, Madurese
duwe, Achinese
duwa, Hiligaynon
duha or even Nias
rua, Malagasy
roa and Oceanic languages (Māori, Fijian and Rapanui
rua, Hawaiian
(e)lua).
Tagalog
dalawa (older form :
dadawa) also seems to be derived from
*dua or exactly the reduplicaton of
*dua as
*duadua (as Mandar
daqduaq).
Actually the numeral ‘two’ in Javanese is
ro (derived from Old Javanese
*rwa for Modern Javanese does not allow diphthongs, and derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
*dua as Nias, Malagasy and Oceanic languages change phoneme
d into
r). Javanese
loro has older form
roro, the reduplication of
ro. Single
ro only appears for referring number of noun as
rong(
ro + particle
–ng, just like Tagalog
dalawang from
dalawa + -ng) in
rong puluh,
rong atus,
rong ewu, mean as follows ‘twenty’ or ‘two tens’, ‘two hundreds’ and ‘two thousands’ (cf. Tagalog
dalawampu,
dalawang daan,
dalawang libo);
rong omah ‘two houses’ ('Tagalog
dalawang bahay); rong tahun ‘two years’ (Tagalog
dalawang taon), etc.
It is false cognate to correlate Minangkabau
duo ‘and Latin
*duo ‘two’. Minangkabau
duo is derived from Malay
dua and from Proto-Austronesian
*duSa. Meanwhile Latin
*duo was derived from
Proto-Indo-EuropeanThe Proto-Indo-European language is the unattested, reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages, spoken by the Proto-Indo-Europeans. The existence of such a language has been accepted by linguists for over a century, and there have been many attempts at reconstruction...
*duwo and cognate with
EnglishEnglish is a West Germanic language that developed in England during the Anglo-Saxon era. As a result of the military, economic, scientific, political, and cultural influence of the British Empire during the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries, and of the United States since the mid 20th century,...
two.
*telu
Most Austronesian languages including Oceanic languages agree to use
*telu for numeral ‘three’ as Javanese
telu, Sundanese
tilu, Batak and Nias
tolu, Malagasy
telo, Mandar
talluq, Māori
toru, Hawaiian
(e)kolu, etc.
Tagalog
tatlo seems to be derived from Proto-Austronesian
*telutelu, the reduplication of
*telu.
It is interesting to discuss the etymology of Malay mysterious numeral
tiga. It is said that tiga (‘three’) correlates philosophically with another Malay word
telur (means ‘
eggIn most birds and reptiles, an egg is the zygote, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. To enable incubation the egg is usually kept within a favourable temperature range as it nourishes and protects the growing embryo. When the embryo is adequately developed it breaks out of the egg in the...
’, from Proto-Austronesian
*qiCeluR). The (philosophical) correlation is that an egg has three parts :
shellAn eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats.The generalized eggshell structure, which varies widely among species, is a protein matrix lined with mineral crystals, usually of a calcium compound such as calcium carbonate. It is calcium...
, albumen and
nucleusIn cell biology, the nucleus , also sometimes referred to as the "control center", is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as...
. It is also mysterious in most Austronesian languages such as Mandar word for ‘egg’ is
talog, Tagalog
itlog or Balinese
talur, sounds like
talluq,
tatlo and
telu (‘three’)., meanwhile Javanese has word
tigan (possibly from
tiga + suffix
–an) for polite form (
kramaA krama is a sturdy traditional Cambodian garment with many uses, including as a scarf, bandanna, to carry children, to cover the face, and for decorative purposes. It is worn by men, women and children, and can be fairly ornate, though most typical kramas contain a gingham pattern of some sort,...
) of
endog (‘egg’)
*S(e)paC
*S(e)paC means ‘four’ in Proto-Austronesian. This form only appears in Formosan languages (as Paiwanic
s(e)pac), meanwhile Malayo-Polynesian seems to prefer form
*(e)pat as in most Austronesian languages such as Tagalog
apat, Sundanese and Batak
opat, Nias
ofa, Mandar
appeq, Tetun
hat, Sawu
apa, or even Oceanic languages (Māori
wha Hawaiian
e)ha).
Malay word
empat is derived.from
*epat with euphony
m. Malagasy
efatra also comes from
*epat for Austronesian ending
-t (Proto-Austronesian
-C) always becomes
–tra in Malagasy (cf. Malagasy
lanitra ‘sky’, has Malay and Javanese cognate
langit are derived from Proto-Austronesian
*langiC).
Javanese
papat actually is the reduplication of
pat.
pat only appears for referring number of noun as
patang (
pat + particle
–(a)ng) in
patang puluh,
patang atus,
patang ewu, mean as follows ‘forty’ or ‘four tens’, ‘four hundreds’ and ‘four thousands’;
patang wong ‘four persons’;
patang dina ‘four days’.
*lima
*lima in Proto-Austronesian means ‘five’. Most Austronesian languages including Oceanic languages agree to use
*lima for numeral ‘five’ as Sundanese, Malay, Javanese, Batak, Nias, Mandar and Tagalog
lima, Māori
rima, Hawaiian
(e)lima, etc.
Malagasy
dimy also comes from
*lima for
l sometimes becomes
d and
–a becomes
-y in Malagasy.
It is said that Proto-Austronesian
*lima (‘five’) correlates philosophically with another word
*qalima means ‘
handThe hands are the two intricate, prehensile, multi-fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a primate. They are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, used for both gross motor skills and fine motor skills...
’. The (philosophical) correlation is that a hand has five fingers. Several Austronesian languages such as Mandar, Tetun and Balinese, lima is homonym means ‘five’ and well as ‘hand’, while others try to distinguish them as
*lima for ‘five’ and use other word
*tangaen (correlates with Proto-Austronesian verb *kaen ‘to eat’ means ‘something used for eating’) for ‘hand’ (as Malay and Javanese
tangan and Malagasy
tanana)
*(e)nem
Most Austronesian languages including Oceanic languages agree to use
*(e)nemfor numeral ‘
six6 or six may mean:* 6 , a number, numeral, and glyph* AD 6, a calendar year* 6 BC, a calendar yearIn a name:* Alphonse Six* Didier Six* Franz Six* Robert SixIn music:...
’ such as Javanese
enem, Malay
enam, Batak
onom, Sawu
anna, Tagalog
anim, Nias and Oceanic (Māori, Fijian and Rapanui)
ono and Hawaiian
(e)ono, etc.
Malagasy
enina is also derived from Proto-Austronesian
*(e)nem, as
–em in Malagasy becomes
-ina. (cf. Tetun
nen and Mandar nasalized as
annang for ‘six’).
Sundanese word for ‘six’,
genep seems to have etymological meaning ‘even (number)’, opposite of odd, as Malay word
genap means. It may be correlates with Javanese polite number
gangsal ‘five’ whose has original meaning ‘odd number’ as Malay
gasal.
*piCu
Most Austronesian languages including Oceanic languages agree to use
*piCu for numeral ‘seven’ such as Javanese, Balinese, Batak, Mandar and Torajan
pitu, Nias
fitu, Madurese
petto, Tagalog
pito, Malagasy
fito, Tetun
hitu, Māori
whitu, Fijian
vitu, Rapanui
hita, Hawaiian
(e)hiku, etc.
There is Austronesian group use form
*tuju as numeral ‘seven’. Malay, Sundanese, Dayak languages (Borneo group) and Achinese belong to it as Malay and Sundanese
tujuh, Achinese
tujoh (Cham
tijuh) and many forms of Dayak languages :
tuju,
ju,
tulu,
turu,
tudu and
tusu.
*tuju is originally Proto-Austronesian verb means ‘to go (toward)’ as Malay preserves it as a preposition
menuju means ‘toward’ or a noun
tujuan means ‘goal, purpose’. It may has philosophical meaning for Austronesian people that ‘seven’ is ‘a goal number or a good number’ as other people in the world also believe (Semitic seven days in a week and the seventh day sabath as the day of God). There are many Austronesian rituals based on number seven as a good number such as the celebration of the seventh month of pregnancy as in Malay called
tujuh-bulanan ( means ‘seven months’) and in Javanese
mitoni (‘to be seven’, Javanese verb from numeral
pitu). Beside ‘seven’, Austronesian also have other good numbers for celebrating the time of life cycle (pregnancy, birth, marriage or even death) such as ‘three’ (as philosophy of ‘egg’), ‘forty’, ‘hundred’ and ‘thousand’.
*walu
*walu also common term in most Austronesian languages including Oceanic for numeral ‘eight’ such as Javanese
wolu (Old Javanese
*wwalu), Batak
uwalu, Nias and Tetun
walu, Sawu
aru, Madurese
ballu, Tagalog
walo, Malagasy
valo, Māori
waru, Hawaiian
(e)walu, etc.
Several Austronesian use the meaning ‘take two’ for ‘eight’ as Malay
delapan, Sundanese
dalapan and Achinese
lapan (These are derived from two words
*dua and
*alapan since
*alapan means ‘taking’, from verb
*alap ‘to take’ as Sundanese verb
ngalap also means ‘to take’). These mean ‘(ten) take two’ or ‘(ten) minus two’. Just like other languages in the world whose minus-one and minus-two numbering system (as Latin
*duodeviginti,
*undeviginti for ‘eighteen’ and ‘nineteen’, literally meant ‘two from twenty’ and ‘one from twenty’ or Syriac
ukha means ’nine’, literally means ‘and one’ or ‘minus one’), Austronesian also tend to use the system such as Mandar
arua (derived from Proto-Austronesian
*qadua as Mandar sister language Toraja
karua).
*Siwa
*Siwa was Proto-Austronesian language for numeral ‘nine’. It derived into Austronesian languages as, Batak, Balinese and Tetun
sia, Sawu
heo, Nias
siwa, Malagasy
sivy, Māori
iwa, Hawaiian
(e)iwa, etc. Philippines languages (Tagalog, Cebuano, Hilgaynon) use
siyam as numeral ‘nine’ (derived from
*Siwang,
*Siwa + particle
–ng)
Several Austronesians use the meaning ‘(ten) take one’ for numeral ‘nine’ as ‘(ten) take two’ for ‘eight’ such as Malay
sembilan, Sundanese
salapan and Achinese
sikureung. Malay
sembilan is derived from
se- (Proto-Austronesian
*(e)sa) and
ambilan, whose same meaning with
*alapan (
ambil is Malay word for verb ‘to take’). Sundanese
salapan is derived from
*(e)sa and
*alapan. Meanwhile Achinese
sikureung is derived from
*(e)sa and
*quRang ‘less, minus’ (Malay and Javanese
kurang, Tagalog
kulang). Javanese and Madurese
sanga also seems to use the minus-one numbering system as
sanga is derived from Proto-Austronesian
*(e)sa and
*nga, another form of word
*ka (verb ‘open’, cf. Javanese
menga ‘open, to be open’, Malay buka ‘open, to open’ and menganga ‘wideopen’) so probably its original meaning is ‘one open (to ten)’. Mandar
amesa and Torajan
kasera (each is derived from
*qamaesa and
*qasada, analogue to
arua and
karua ‘eight’ from
*qadua) also has meaning ‘(ten) take one’
*(sa)puluq
Originally it was
*puluq means ‘
tenTen may refer to:In numbers:*Number 10 *10 *10, the year 10 AD*10 BC, the year 10 BC*The month of OctoberIn entertainment:*Ten. or tenuto, a direction used in musical notation...
’.
*sapuluq means ‘a ten’ or ‘one ten’ (‘one’ refers the number of the noun). Austronesian use
*puluq for numbering the tenfold numbers : twenty, thirty, etc, while
sapuluq simply means ‘ten’. *sapuluq often was changed into
*sang puluq (from
*(e)sa + particle
–ng).
*sapuluq derives into Malay and Javanese as
sepuluh, Sundanese
sapuluh, Mandar
sappulo.
*sang puluq derives into Batak
sampulu, Tagalog
sampu, Ilocano
sangapulo, Torajan
sang pulo, Bikol
sampulo, Tetun
sanulu, Sawu
henguru and also Rapanui
angahuru. Meanwhile Buginese
pulo, Malagasy
folo and Achinese
ploh directly come from
*puluq.
And just like
*(e)sa turned into
*maesa,
*puluq was often also added with adjectival prefix
*ma- as
*mapuluq. Cebuano
napuluq, Hiligaynon
napulo, Sangir-Talaud
mapulo come from that way.
Balinese adopts Sanskrit
*dasa (derived from Proto-Indo-European
*dekm) for numeral ‘ten’ as Javanese does into
sedasa, the polite form (krama) for sepuluh.
Pronouns
| Proto- Austronesian |
Pangasinan |
Malay |
Batak (Toba) |
Javanese |
Balinese |
Sundanese |
Madurese |
Sawu |
Toraja |
Acehnese |
Tetun |
Tagalog |
Hiligaynon |
Kapampangan |
Māori |
Fijian |
Hawaiian |
Malagasy |
Rapanui: |
English meaning |
| *aku |
siak |
aku, saya |
ahu |
nyong, aku, Kula, DALEM |
icang, Titiang |
urang, kuring, Abdi |
sengkok, Kaule, ABDINA |
ya |
aku |
kèe, ulôn, ulôntuwan |
ha'u |
ako |
ako |
i aku, y acu, yacu, yaku |
au, ahau |
au/noqu |
a'u |
izaho/ahy |
au/kooku |
I, me |
| *(e)kau |
sika |
kamu, engkau, Anda |
ho |
kowe, sampeyan, Panjenengan, |
cai, nyai, Ida, Dane, Iratu |
maneh, Anjeuna (Anjeun) |
be'na, Sampiyan, Panjenengan (?) |
mu |
iko, kamu |
kah, gata, droeneuh |
o, ITA |
ikaw |
ikaw |
ika, ica |
koe |
iko/nomu |
'oe |
ianao/anao |
koe/toau |
you |
Nouns
| Proto- Austronesian |
Pangasinan |
Malay |
Batak (Toba) |
Javanese |
Balinese |
Sundanese |
Madurese |
Sawu |
Toraja |
Acehnese |
Tetun |
Tagalog |
Hiligaynon |
Kapampangan |
Māori |
Fijian |
Hawaiian |
Malagasy |
Rapanui: |
English meaning |
| *pulau |
pulo |
pulau |
pulo |
pulo |
nusa, pulau |
pulau, nusa |
polo, daret |
rai |
|
pulo |
nusa, illa |
pulo~, isla |
polo, isla |
pulu |
motu |
yanu-yanu |
moku, mokupuni, moku 'aina |
nosy |
motu |
island |
| *tenem |
dayat |
laut, lautan, samudra |
laut |
segara |
pasih, Segara |
laut, sagara |
tasek, sagare |
lau |
tasik |
laôt |
tasi |
dagat, laot "sea far from land" |
dagat |
dayat |
moana |
wai tui (literally "king water") |
kai, moana |
ranomasina (literally "salty water"?) |
vai kava (literally "salty water") |
sea |
| *daNum |
danom |
air |
aek |
banyu, Toya |
yeh, Tirta, Toya |
cai |
aing |
ai (the same word is used for 'fire' and 'water') |
uai |
ie |
bee |
tubig |
tubig |
danum |
wai |
wai |
wai |
rano |
vai |
water |
| *Sikan |
sira |
ikan |
dengke |
iwak |
be, Mina, Ulam |
lauk, ikan |
juko' |
nadu'u |
bale |
eungkôt |
ikan |
isda |
isda |
asan |
ika |
ika |
i'a |
tsondro |
ika |
fish |
| *Sular |
oleg |
ular |
ular |
ula |
lelipi, Ula |
oray |
olar |
doboho |
ula' |
uleue |
samea |
ahas |
man-ug, bitin |
|
neke (not indigenous, an alliteration) |
gata |
|
bibilava, menarana |
|
snake |
| *qayam |
manok, billit |
burung |
pidong |
manuk, Peksi |
kedis, Peksi |
manuk |
mano |
dowila |
dassi |
cicèm |
manu, fuik |
ibon, manok(chicken) |
pispis |
|
manu |
manu-manu vuka |
manu |
vorona |
manu |
bird |
| *asu |
aso |
anjing |
biang |
asu, Segawon |
icing, Asu |
anjing |
pate' |
ngaka |
asu |
|
asu |
aso |
|
asu |
kuri~ |
koli |
'ilio |
alika |
'uri |
dog |
| *bunga |
bulaklak |
bunga |
bunga |
kembang, Sekar |
bunga, Sekar |
kembang, kusuma |
kembang, Sekar |
bunga |
bunga |
bungong |
ai-funan |
bulaklak |
bulak |
sampaga |
pua |
senikau |
pua |
vonikazo |
tiare |
flower |
| *buaq |
bunga |
buah |
|
woh |
buah, Woh |
buah |
buwe |
wue |
|
boh |
ai-fuan |
prutas [Spanish], bungang-kahoy |
prutas, bunga |
bunga |
hua |
vuanikau ("kau"= "tree") |
hua |
voankazo |
|
fruit |
| *nyiuR |
niog |
kelapa |
harambiri |
krambil, klapa |
nyuh, Kelapa |
kalapa |
nyior |
nyiu |
kaluku |
u |
nuu |
niyog, buko |
niyog, lubi, buko, makapuno |
ngungut |
kokonaiti, kokonata (not indigenous, an alliteration) |
niu |
niu |
coco |
|
coconut |
| *puti |
ponti |
pisang |
pisang |
gedhang, Pisang |
biu, Pisang |
cau |
geddhang |
womu'u |
punti |
pisang |
hudi |
saging |
saging |
|
maika |
jaina |
mai'a |
akondro |
maika |
banana |
| *apuy |
apoy |
api |
api |
geni, Latu |
api, Geni |
seuneu |
apoy |
ai |
api |
apuy |
ahi |
apoy |
kalayo |
api |
ahi |
buka |
ahi |
afo |
ahi |
fire |
| *(maCa) adraw |
agew |
matahari / mentari (from mata = eye, hari = day) |
mata ni ari |
srengenge, Surya |
matanai, Surya |
panonpoe, srangenge |
are |
mada loto |
allo |
mata uroe |
loro |
araw |
adlaw |
aldo |
ra~ |
siga (matanisiga, matanivanua) |
la |
masoandro (maso = eye, andro = day) |
ra'a |
sun |
| *bulaN |
bulan |
bulan |
bulan |
rembulan, Wulan |
bulan, Sasih |
bulan, Sasih |
bulen |
waru |
bulan |
buleuen |
fulan |
buwan |
bulan |
bulan |
marama |
vula |
mahina |
volana |
mahina |
moon, also month |
| *bituqen |
bitoen |
bintang |
bintang |
lintang |
bintang |
bentang |
bintang |
moto |
bintoen |
bintang |
fitun |
bituin,tala |
bitu-on |
|
whetu~ |
kalo-kalo |
hoku |
kintana |
hetu'u |
star |
| *Cau |
too |
orang |
jolma, halak |
wong, Tiyang |
jlema, jatma, Anak |
jalma, jelema |
oreng |
dau |
tau |
ureueng |
ema |
tao |
tawo |
tau |
tangata, koroke~ |
tamata |
kanaka, mea, kama |
olona |
tangata\vi'e |
person |
External links
- http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=280
- http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/8908/firemount/austroframes.html