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Proteinuria
 
 
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Proteinuria (/pr??ti?'n(j)??ri?/, from protein and urine) means the presence of an excess of serum
Blood plasma

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. It is composed of mostly water , and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, Hormone and carbon dioxide ....
 protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
s in the urine
Urine

Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood called urination and excreted through the urethra....
. The protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy, although foamy urine may also be caused by bilirubin
Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is formed from hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile, and its levels are elevated in certain diseases....
 in the urine (bilirubinuria
Bilirubinuria

In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality where conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine.The term "biliuria" is very similar, but more general....
), retrograde ejaculation
Retrograde ejaculation

In Male reproductive system , retrograde ejaculation occurs when the fluid to be male ejaculation, which would normally exit the body via the urethra, is redirected to the urinary bladder....
, pneumaturia (air bubbles in the urine) due to a fistula
Fistula

In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect....
, or drugs such as pyridium.

einuria is often diagnosed by a simple dipstick
Dipstick

A dipstick is one of several devices dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or to provide a measure of quantity of the liquid.A "dipstick" can also be a nickname or slang term for someone who is unintelligent and usually ditzy or dislikeable....
 test although it is possible for the test to give a false negative even with nephrotic range proteinuria if the urine is dilute.






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Proteinuria (/pr??ti?'n(j)??ri?/, from protein and urine) means the presence of an excess of serum
Blood plasma

Blood plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume. It is composed of mostly water , and contains dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, Hormone and carbon dioxide ....
 protein
Protein

Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid Residue ....
s in the urine
Urine

Urine is a liquid waste product of the body secreted by the kidneys by a process of filtration from blood called urination and excreted through the urethra....
. The protein in the urine often causes the urine to become foamy, although foamy urine may also be caused by bilirubin
Bilirubin

Bilirubin is the yellow breakdown product of normal heme catabolism. Heme is formed from hemoglobin, a principal component of red blood cells. Bilirubin is excreted in bile, and its levels are elevated in certain diseases....
 in the urine (bilirubinuria
Bilirubinuria

In medicine, bilirubinuria is an abnormality where conjugated bilirubin is detected in the urine.The term "biliuria" is very similar, but more general....
), retrograde ejaculation
Retrograde ejaculation

In Male reproductive system , retrograde ejaculation occurs when the fluid to be male ejaculation, which would normally exit the body via the urethra, is redirected to the urinary bladder....
, pneumaturia (air bubbles in the urine) due to a fistula
Fistula

In medicine, a fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels that normally do not connect....
, or drugs such as pyridium.

Measurement

Proteinuria is often diagnosed by a simple dipstick
Dipstick

A dipstick is one of several devices dipped into a liquid to perform a chemical test or to provide a measure of quantity of the liquid.A "dipstick" can also be a nickname or slang term for someone who is unintelligent and usually ditzy or dislikeable....
 test although it is possible for the test to give a false negative even with nephrotic range proteinuria if the urine is dilute. False negatives may also occur if the protein in the urine is composed mainly globulins or Bence-Jones Proteins because the reagent on the test strips, Bromphenol blue, is highly specific for albumin. Traditionally dipstick protein tests would be quantified by measuring the total quantity of protein in a 24-hour urine collection test, and abnormal globulins by specific requests for Protein electrophoresis
Protein electrophoresis

In medicine, protein electrophoresis is a method of analysing a mixture of proteins by means of gel electrophoresis, mainly in blood blood plasma ....
.

Alternatively the concentration of protein in the urine may be compared to the creatinine
Creatinine

Creatinine is a break-down product of creatine phosphate in muscle, and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body ....
 level in a spot urine sample. This is termed Protein/Creatinine Ratio (PCR). The 2005 UK Chronic Kidney Disease guidelines states that PCR is a better test than 24 hour urinary protein measurement. Proteinuria is defined as a Protein:creatinine ratio >45 mg/mmol (which is equivalent to Albumin:creatinine ratio
Microalbuminuria

Microalbuminuria occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of human serum albumin into the urine. In other words, when there is an abnormally high permeability for albumin in the renal glomerulus....
 of >30 mg/mmol) with very high levels of nephrotic syndrome
Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged, causing them to leak large amounts of protein from the blood into the urine....
 being for PCR > 100 mg/mmol.

Associated conditions

Proteinuria may be a sign of renal (kidney
Kidney

The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine....
) damage. Since serum proteins are readily reabsorbed from urine, the presence of excess protein indicates either an insufficiency of absorption or impaired filtration. Diabetics may suffer from damaged nephrons and develop proteinuria. The most common cause of proteinuria is diabetes and in any person with proteinuria and diabetes the etiology of the underlying proteinuria should be separated into two categories: diabetic proteinuria versus the field.

With severe proteinuria, general hypoproteinemia
Hypoproteinemia

Hypoproteinemia is a condition where there is an abnormally low level of protein in the blood.One common cause is due to excess protein in the urine , which can be a medical sign of nephrotic syndrome....
 can develop which results in diminished oncotic pressure
Oncotic pressure

Oncotic pressure, or colloid osmotic pressure, is a form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in blood plasma that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system....
. Symptoms of diminished oncotic pressure may include ascites
Ascites

In medicine , ascites is an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Although most commonly due to cirrhosis and severe liver disease, its presence can portend other significant medical problems....
, edema
Edema

File:Oedema.jpgEdema or Oedema , formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, is an abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin, or in one or more cavities of the body....
, and hydrothorax.

Conditions with proteinuria as a sign

Proteinuria may be a feature of the following conditions:
  • Nephrotic syndromes (i.e. intrinsic renal failure)
  • Pre-eclampsia
    Pre-eclampsia

    Pre-eclampsia is a medical condition where hypertension arises in pregnancy in association with significant amounts of protein in the urine. Because pre-eclampsia refers to a set of symptoms rather than any causative factor, it is established that there are many different causes for the syndrome....
  • Eclampsia
    Eclampsia

    Eclampsia, an acute and life-threatening complication of pregnancy, is characterized by the appearance of tonic-clonic seizures in a patient who had developed preeclampsia; rarely does eclampsia occur without preceding preeclamptic symptoms....
  • Toxic lesions of kidney
    Kidney

    The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine....
    s
  • Collagen vascular diseases (e.g. systemic lupus erythematosus
    Lupus erythematosus

    Lupus erythematosus is a connective tissue disease....
    )
  • Dehydration
  • Glomerular
    Glomerulus

    A glomerulus is a capillary tuft surrounded by Bowman's capsule in nephrons of the vertebrate kidney. It receives its blood supply from an afferent arteriole of the renal circulation....
     diseases, such as membranous glomerulonephritis
    Membranous glomerulonephritis

    Membranous glomerulonephritis is a slowly progressive disease of the kidney affecting mostly patients between ages of 30 and 50 years, usually Caucasian....
    , focal segmental glomerulonephritis
    Glomerulonephritis

    Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a kidney disease characterized by inflammation of the glomerulus, or small blood vessels in the kidneys....
    , minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis)
  • Strenuous exercise
  • Stress
  • Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • Benign orthostatic (postural) proteinuria
  • Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
    Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

    Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a cause of nephrotic syndrome in children and adolescents, as well as an important cause of kidney failure in adults....
     (FSGS)
  • IgA nephropathy
    IgA nephropathy

    IgA nephropathy is a form of glomerulonephritis . This should not be confused with Buerger's disease, an unrelated condition.IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerulonephritis throughout the world....
     (i.e. Berger's disease)
  • IgM nephropathy
  • Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
    Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

    Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis , also known as mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis, is a type of glomerulonephritis caused by deposits in the kidney glomerular mesangium and basement membrane thickening, activating complement system and damaging the glomeruli....
  • Membranous nephropathy
  • Minimal change disease
    Minimal change disease

    Minimal change disease or nil disease is a disease of the kidney which causes nephrotic syndrome and usually affects children .Minimal change disease is most common in very young children, but can occur in older children and adults....
  • Sarcoidosis
    Sarcoidosis

    Sarcoidosis, also called sarcoid or Besnier-Boeck disease, is a multisystem disorder characterized by non-caseating granulomas . It most commonly arises in young adults....
  • Alport's syndrome
  • Diabetes mellitus
    Diabetes mellitus

    Diabetes mellitus , often referred to simply as diabetes , is a syndrome of disordered metabolism, usually due to a combination of genetic disorder and environmental causes, resulting in abnormally high blood sugar levels ....
  • Drugs (e.g. NSAIDs, nicotine
    Nicotine

    Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants which constitutes approximately 0.6?3.0% of dry weight of tobacco, with biosynthesis taking place in the roots, and accumulating in the leaves....
    , penicillamine
    Penicillamine

    Penicillamine is a pharmaceutical of the Chelation_therapy class. It is sold under the trade names of Cuprimine and Depen. The pharmaceutical form is D-penicillamine, as L-penicillamine is toxic ....
    , gold and other heavy metals, ACE inhibitors, antibiotics, opiates especially heroin
    Heroin

    Heroin is a opioid synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-acetate ester of morphine . The white crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride salt diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, however heroin Freebase may also appear as a white powder....
    )
  • Fabry's disease
    Fabry's disease

    Fabry disease is an X-linked recessive lysosomal storage disease. The disease is named for Johannes Fabry....
  • Infections (e.g. HIV
    HIV

    Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that can lead to AIDS , a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections....
    , syphilis
    Syphilis

    Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The route of transmission of syphilis is almost always through sexual contact, although there are examples of congenital syphilis via transmission from mother to child in utero....
    , hepatitis
    Hepatitis

    Hepatitis implies injury to the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory cell s in the Tissue of the organ. The name is from ancient Greek hepar , the root being hepat- , meaning liver, and suffix -itis, meaning "inflammation" ....
    , post-streptococcal infection)
  • Aminoaciduria
    Aminoaciduria

    Aminoaciduria is the presence of amino acids in the urine. Small amounts of amino acids are also present in normal urine. Increased total urine amino acids may result from metabolic disorders, chronic liver disease or renal disorders....
  • Fanconi syndrome
    Fanconi syndrome

    Fanconi Syndrome is a disorder in which the Nephron#Proximal_tubule function of the kidney is impaired, resulting in decreased reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients back into the bloodstream....
  • Hypertensive nephrosclerosis
  • Interstitial nephritis
    Interstitial nephritis

    Interstitial nephritis is a form of nephritis affecting the interstitium of the kidneys surrounding the Nephron#Renal_tubule. This disease can be either acute, which means it occurs suddenly or chronic, meaning it is ongoing and eventually ends in kidney failure....
  • Sickle cell disease
  • Hemoglobinuria
    Hemoglobinuria

    In medicine, hemoglobinuria is a condition in which the oxygen transport protein hemoglobin is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine....
  • Multiple myeloma
    Multiple myeloma

    Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells. These immune system cells are formed in bone marrow, are numerous in lymphatics and produce antibody....
  • Myoglobinuria
    Myoglobinuria

    Myoglobinuria is the presence of myoglobin in the urine, usually associated with rhabdomyolysis or muscle destruction. Myoglobin is present in muscle cells as a reserve of oxygen....
  • Organ rejection: Kidney transplant patients may have gamma-globulins in their urine if the kidneys start to reject.
  • Ebola hemorrhagic fever
  • Nail Patella Syndrome
  • Familial Mediterranean fever
    Familial Mediterranean fever

    Familial Mediterranean Fever is a genetic disorder inflammation disorder that affects groups of people originating from around the Mediterranean Sea ....
  • HELLP Syndrome
  • Systemic lupus erythematosus
    Systemic lupus erythematosus

    Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic Autoimmunity connective tissue disease that can affect any part of the body. As occurs in other autoimmune diseases, the immune system attacks the body?s cells and tissue, resulting in inflammation and tissue damage....
  • Wegener's Granulomatosis
    Wegener's granulomatosis

    Wegener's granulomatosis is a form of vasculitis that affects the lungs, kidneys and other organs. Due to its end-organ damage, it can be a serious disease that requires long-term immune suppression....
  • Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1

Conditions with proteinuria consisting mainly of Bence-Jones proteins as a sign

  • Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

    B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia , is a type of leukemia, or cancer of the white blood cells . CLL affects a particular lymphocyte, the B cell, which originates in the bone marrow, develops in the lymph nodes, and normally fights infection....
  • Amyloidosis
    Amyloidosis

    In medicine, amyloidosis refers to a variety of conditions in which amyloid proteins are abnormally deposited in organ s and/or Tissue s. A protein is described as being amyloid if, due to an alteration in its secondary structure, it takes on a particular aggregated insoluble form similar to the beta-pleated sheet....
  • Malignancies (e.g., lymphoma, other cancers)
  • Multiple myeloma


See also

  • Albuminuria
    Albuminuria

    Albuminuria is a pathology condition where serum albumin is present in the urine. It is a type of proteinuria....
  • Microalbuminuria
    Microalbuminuria

    Microalbuminuria occurs when the kidney leaks small amounts of human serum albumin into the urine. In other words, when there is an abnormally high permeability for albumin in the renal glomerulus....
  • List of terms associated with diabetes


Footnotes