Protein kinase C

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Protein kinase C

Protein kinase
Protein kinase

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them . Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme catalysis, cellular location, or association with other proteins....
C ('PKC', ) is a family of protein kinases consisting of ~10 isozymes. They are divided into three subfamilies, based on their second messenger requirements: conventional (or classical), novel, and atypical. Conventional (c)PKCs contain the isoforms a, ß_I, ß_II, and ?. These require Ca²⁺, diacylglycerol

Diglyceride

A diglyceride, or a diacylglycerol , is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalent bond to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages....
(DAG), and a phospholipid

Phospholipid

File:Phospholipid.svgFile:phospholipid_structure.pngFile:Phosphatidyl-Choline.svgPhospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes....
such as phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholines are a class of phospholipids which incorporate choline as a headgroup.They are a major component of biological membranes and can be isolated from either egg yolk or soy beans from which they are mechanically extracted or chemically extracted using hexane....
for activation. Novel (n)PKCs include the d, e, ?, and ? isoforms, and require DAG, but do not require Ca²⁺ for activation.

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Encyclopedia

Diglyceride

A diglyceride, or a diacylglycerol , is a glyceride consisting of two fatty acid chains covalent bond to a glycerol molecule through ester linkages....
(DAG), and a phospholipid

Phospholipid

File:Phospholipid.svgFile:phospholipid_structure.pngFile:Phosphatidyl-Choline.svgPhospholipids are a class of lipids and are a major component of all cell membranes....
such as phosphatidylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine

Signal transduction

In biology, 'signal transduction' refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another. Most processes of signal transduction involve ordered sequences of biochemistry chemical reaction inside the cell, which are carried out by enzymes, activated by Second messenger systems, resulting in a signal tran...
pathway as phospholipase C

Phospholipase C

Phosphoinositide phospholipase C is a family of eukaryotic intracellular enzymes that play an important role in signal transduction processes....
. On the other hand, atypical (a)PKCs (including protein kinase M?

Protein kinase M?

Protein kinase M? is the independent catalytic domain of protein kinase C? and, lacking an autoinhibitory regulatory domain of the full-length PKC?, is constitutively active....
and ? / ? isoforms) require neither Ca²⁺ nor diacylglycerol for activation. The term "protein kinase C" usually refers to the entire family of isoforms.

Isozymes

conventional - require DAG, Ca²⁺, and phospholipid for activation

PKC-a
PKC-ß_I
PRKCB1

Protein kinase C, beta 1, also known as PRKCB1, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther readingSee also*Protein kinase C...
PKC-ß_II
PKC-?
PRKCG

Protein kinase C, gamma, also known as PRKCG, is a human gene.See also*Protein kinase CReferencesFurther reading...

novel - require DAG but not Ca²⁺ for activation

PKC-d
PRKCD

Protein kinase C, delta, also known as PRKCD, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
PKC-e
PRKCE

Protein kinase C, epsilon, also known as PRKCE, is a human gene.See also*Protein kinase CReferencesFurther reading...
PKC-?
PKC-?
PRKCQ

Protein kinase C, theta, also known as PRKCQ, is a human gene.See also*Protein kinase CReferencesFurther reading...

atypical - require neither Ca²⁺ nor DAG for activation

PKC-?
PRKCI

Protein kinase C, iota, also known as PRKCI, is a human gene.ReferencesFurther reading...
PKC-?
Protein kinase M?

Protein kinase M? is the independent catalytic domain of protein kinase C? and, lacking an autoinhibitory regulatory domain of the full-length PKC?, is constitutively active....
PK-N1
PK-N2

Structure

The structure of all PKCs consists of a regulatory domain and a catalytic domain tethered together by a hinge region. The catalytic region is highly conserved among the different isoforms, as well as, to a lesser degree, among the catalytic region of other serine

Serine

Serine is an organic compound with the chemical formula hydrogenoxygen2carbonCHCH2OH....
/threonine

Threonine

Threonine is an a-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCHCH3. Its codons are ACU, ACA, ACC, and ACG. This essential amino acid is classified as Chemical polarity....
kinases. The second messenger requirement differences in the isoforms are a result of the regulatory region, which are similar within the classes, but differ among them. Most of the crystal structure of the catalytic region of PKC has not been determined, except for PKC theta and iota. Due to its similarity to other kinases whose crystal structure have been determined, the structure can be strongly predicted.

Regulatory

The regulatory domain or the amino-teminus of the PKCs contains several shared subregions. The C1 domain, present in all of the isoforms of PKC has a binding site for DAG as well as non-hydrolysable, non-physiological analogues called phorbol esters. This domain is functional and capable of binding DAG in both conventional and novel isoforms, however, the C1 domain in atypical PKCs is incapable of binding to DAG or phorbol esters. The C2 domain acts as a Ca²⁺ sensor and is present in both conventional and novel isoforms, but functional as a Ca²⁺ sensor only in the conventional. The pseudosubstrate region, which is present in all three classes of PKC, is a small sequence of amino acids that mimic a substrate and bind the substrate-binding cavity in the catalytic domain,lack crital serine, threonine phosphoacceptor residues, keeping the enzyme inactive. When Ca²⁺ and DAG are present in sufficient concentrations, they bind to the C2 and C1 domain, respectively, and recruit PKC to the membrane. This interaction with the membrane results in release of the pseudosubstrate from the catalytic site and activation of the enzyme. In order for these allosteric interactions to occur, however, PKC must first be properly folded and in the correct conformation permissive for catalytic action. This is contingent upon phosphorylation of the catalytic region, discussed below.

Catalytic

The catalytic region or kinase core of the PKA allows for different functions to be processed; PKB (also known as Akt) and PKC kinases contains approximately 40% amino acid sequence similarity. This similarity increases to ~ 70% across PKCs and even higher when comparing within classes. For example, the two atypical PKC isoforms, ? and ?/?, are 84% identical (Selbie et al., 1993). Of the over-30 protein kinase structures whose crystal structure has been revealed, all have the same basic organization. They are a bilobal structure with a ß sheet comprising the N-terminal lobe and an a helix constituting the C-terminal lobe. Both the ATP- and substrate-binding sites are located in the cleft formed by these two lobes. This is also where the pseudosubstrate domain of the regulatory region binds.

Another feature of the PKC catalytic region that is essential to the viability of the kinase is its phosphorylation. The conventional and novel PKCs have three phosphorylation sites, termed: the activation loop, the turn motif, and the hydrophobic motif. The atypical PKCs are phosphorylated only on the activation loop and the turn motif. Phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif is rendered unnecessary by the presence of a glutamic acid in place of a serine, which, as a negative charge, acts similar in manner to a phosphorylated residue. These phosphorylation events are essential for the activity of the enzyme, and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1

PDK1

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1, also known as PDK1, is a human gene. It codes for an isozyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase ....
) is the upstream kinase responsible for initiating the process by transphosphorylation of the activation loop.(Balendran et al., 2000)

The consensus sequence of protein kinase C enzymes is similar to that of protein kinase A, since it contains basic amino acids close to the Ser/Thr to be phosphorylated. Their substrates are, e.g., MARCKS protein

MARCKS protein

MARCKS proteins play important roles in cell shape, cell motility, secretion, transmembrane transport, and regulation of the cell cycle. Recently, MARCKS has been implicated in the exocytosis of a number of vesicles and granules such as mucin and chromaffin....
s, MAP kinase, transcription factor inhibitor I?B, the vitamin D

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 . The term vitamin D also refers to metabolites and other analogues of these substances....
₃ receptor VDR

VDR

VDR may refer to multiple entities:* Verein Deutscher Rosenfreunde, the Union of German Friends of Roses.* Vertical dimension of occlusion, a mandible position used in dentistry to estimate vertical dimension of occlusion....
, Raf kinase, calpain

Calpain

Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent, non-lysosome cysteine proteases expressed ubiquitously in mammals and many other organisms. Calpains constitute the C2 family of protease clan CA in the MEROPS database....
, and the epidermal growth factor receptor

Epidermal growth factor receptor

The epidermal growth factor receptor is the Cell membrane receptor for members of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligand ....
.

Activation

Upon activation, protein kinase C enzymes are translocated to the plasma membrane by RACK protein

RACK protein

RACK is an acronym for Receptor for Activated C-Kinase and is responsible for the binding of active forms of the protein kinase C family of enzymes....
s (membrane-bound receptor for activated protein kinase C proteins). The protein kinase C enzymes are known for their long-term activation: They remain activated after the original activation signal or the Ca²⁺-wave is gone. This is presumably achieved by the production of diacylglycerol from phosphatidylcholine by a phospholipase

Phospholipase

A phospholipase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipophilic substances. There are four major classes, termed A, B, C and D distinguished by what type of reaction they catalyze:...
; fatty acids may also play a role in long-term activation.

Function

A multiplicity of functions have been ascribed to PKC. Recurring themes are that PKC is involved in receptor desensitization, in modulating membrane structure events, in regulating transcription, in mediating immune responses, in regulating cell growth, and in learning and memory. These functions are achieved by PKC mediated phosphorylation of other proteins. However, the substrate proteins present for phosphorylation vary, since protein expression is different between different kinds of cells. Thus, effects of PKC are cell-type specific:

Overview table

Cell type	Organ/system	Activators ligands --> G_q Gq alpha subunit Gq protein or Gq/11 is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that activates phospholipase C . PLC in turn hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol to diacyl glycerol and inositol triphosphate signal transduction Metabolic pathway.... -GPCRs	Effects
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal tract The digestive tract is the system of Organ s within multicellular animals that takes in food, digestion it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.... sphincter Sphincter A sphincter is a structure, usually a circular muscle, that normally maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required by normal physiological functioning.... s)	digestive system	prostaglandin F2a --> thromboxane Thromboxane Thromboxane is a member of the family of lipids known as eicosanoids. The two major thromboxanes are thromboxane A2 and thromboxane B2.Thromboxane is named for its role in clot formation .... s --> thromboxane receptor Thromboxane receptor The thromboxane receptor is a protein on the surface of cell s in the endothelium of blood vessels and in the placenta which interacts with the eicosanoid lipid thromboxane....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (iris dilator muscle Iris dilator muscle The Iris dilator muscle , is a smooth muscle of the eye, running radially in the iris and therefore fit as a dilator. It is innervated by the sympathetic system, which acts by releasing noradrenaline, which acts on a1-receptors..... )	sensory system Sensory system A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sense information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (iris constrictor muscle)	sensory system Sensory system A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sense information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception....	acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M3 receptor	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (ciliary muscle Ciliary muscle The ciliary muscle is a muscle in the eye that controls the eye's accommodation for viewing objects at varying distances.... )	sensory system Sensory system A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sense information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception....	acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M3 receptor	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (urethral sphincter Urethral sphincter The urethral sphincter is a collective name for the muscles used to control the flow of urine from the urinary bladder. These muscles envelop the urethra, so that when they contract, the urethra is sealed shut.... )	urinary system Urinary system The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (uterus Uterus The uterus is a major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ of most mammals, including humans. It is within the uterus that the fetus develops during gestation.... )	reproductive system Reproductive system The reproductive system is a system of Organ within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (arrector pili muscles)	integumentary system Integumentary system The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages. The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressu...	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (ureter Ureter In human anatomy, the ureters are muscular ducts that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the adult, the ureters are usually long.... )	urinary system Urinary system The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (urinary bladder Urinary bladder In anatomy, the urinary bladder is a solid, muscle, and distensible organ that sits on the pelvic floor in mammals. It is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination.... )	urinary system Urinary system The urinary system is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (vascular)	circulatory system Circulatory system The circulatory system is an organ that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis....	5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor 5-HT2A receptor The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor which belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a GPCR .... adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, arterioles and veins....
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (seminal tract Seminal tract The seminal tract is a part of the male reproductive system and consists of Seminiferous tubules , Epididymis , Vas deferens and Ejaculatory duct.... )	reproductive system Reproductive system The reproductive system is a system of Organ within an organism which work together for the purpose of reproduction. Many non-living substances such as fluids, hormones, and pheromones are also important accessories to the reproductive system....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	ejaculation Ejaculation Ejaculation is the ejecting of semen from the penis, and is usually accompanied by orgasm. It is usually the result of sexual stimulation. Rarely, it is due to prostatic disease....
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (GI tract Gastrointestinal tract The digestive tract is the system of Organ s within multicellular animals that takes in food, digestion it to extract energy and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste.... )	digestive system	5-HT --> 5-HT2A 5-HT2A receptor The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor which belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a GPCR .... or 5-HT2B receptor 5-HT2B receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, also known as HTR2B, is a 5-HT2 receptor, but also denotes the human gene encoding it.... acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... (ACh) --> M3 receptor	contraction
smooth muscle Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the tunica media layer of large and small arteries and veins, the urinary bladder, uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye.... cell (bronchi)	respiratory system Respiratory system A respiratory system?s function is to allow gas exchange. The space between the alveoli and the capillaries, the anatomy or structure of the exchange system, and the precise physiological uses of the exchanged gases vary depending on the organism....	5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor 5-HT2A receptor The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor which belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a GPCR .... adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand.... acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M3 and M1 receptor	bronchoconstriction Bronchoconstriction Bronchoconstriction is the constriction of the airways in the lungs due to the tightening of surrounding smooth muscle, with consequent coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath....
proximal convoluted tubule cell	kidney Kidney The kidneys are Organ that have numerous biological roles. Their primary role is to maintain the homeostasis balance of bodily fluids by filtering and secreting Metabolomics#Metabolitess and minerals from the blood and excreting them, along with water , as urine....	angiotensin II --> AT1 receptor adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	stimulate NHE3 --> H⁺ secretion & Na⁺ reabsorption stimulate basolateral Na-K ATPase --> Na⁺ reabsorption
neurons in autonomic ganglia	nervous system Nervous system The nervous system is a Neural network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body....	acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M1 receptor	EPSP Excitatory postsynaptic potential In neuroscience, an excitatory postsynaptic potential is a temporary depolarization of postsynaptic membrane potential caused by the flow of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell as a result of opening of ligand-sensitive channels....
neurons in CNS Central nervous system The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that functions to coordinate the activity of all parts of the bodies of multicellular organisms....	nervous system Nervous system The nervous system is a Neural network of specialized cells that communicate information about an animal's surroundings and itself. It processes this information and causes reactions in other parts of the body....	5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor 5-HT2A receptor The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor which belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a GPCR .... acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M1 receptor	neuronal excitation (5-HT) memory? (acetylcholine)
platelet Platelet Platelets, or Thrombocyte, are small, irregularly shaped anuclear cells, 2-4?m in diameter, which are derived from fragmentation of precursor megakaryocytes.... s	circulatory system Circulatory system The circulatory system is an organ that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis....	5-HT --> 5-HT2A receptor 5-HT2A receptor The mammalian 5-HT2A receptor is a subtype of the 5-HT2 receptor which belongs to the serotonin receptor family and is a GPCR ....	aggregation
ependymal cells (choroid plexus Choroid plexus The choroid plexus is the area on the ventricle s of the brain where cerebrospinal fluid is produced by modified ependymal cells.... )	ventricular system Ventricular system The ventricular system is a set of structures in the brain continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord....	5-HT --> 5-HT2C receptor 5-HT2C receptor 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C, also known as HTR2C, is a 5-HT2 receptor, but also denotes the human gene encoding it....	↑cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid Cerebrospinal fluid , Liquor cerebrospinalis, is a clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain.... secretion
heart muscle	circulatory system Circulatory system The circulatory system is an organ that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells to help fight diseases and help stabilize body temperature and pH to maintain homeostasis....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	positive ionotropic effect Ionotropic effect An ionotropic effect is a special kind of effect of a hormone on its target. The hormone activates or deactivates ionotropic receptors . The effect can be either positive or negative, whether the effect is a depolarization or a hyperpolarization respectively....
serous cells (salivary gland Salivary gland The salivary glands in mammals are exocrine glands that produce saliva. They also secrete amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch into glucose. In other organisms such as Insecta, salivary glands are often used to produce biologically important proteins like silk or glues, and fly salivary glands contain polytene chromosomes that have been usefu... )	digestive system	acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M1 and M3 receptors adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	↑secretion increase salivary potassium Potassium Potassium is a chemical element. It has the symbol K , atomic number 19, and atomic mass 39.0983. Potassium was first isolated from potash, hence the name.... levels.
serous cells (lacrimal gland Lacrimal gland The lacrimal glands are paired almond-shaped glands, one for each eye, that secrete the aqueous layer of the tears film. They are situated in the upper, outer portion of each Orbit .... )	digestive system	acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M3 receptor	↑secretion
adipocyte Adipocyte Adipocytes are the cell s that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.There are two types of adipose tissue, white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue , which are also known as white fat and brown fat, respectively, and comprise two types of fat cells....	digestive system/endocrine system Endocrine system The endocrine system is a system of small organs that involve the release of extracellular signaling molecules known as hormones. The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, human development , and tissue and also plays a part in determining Mood ....	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	glycogenolysis Glycogenolysis Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen by removal of a glucose monomer through cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce glucose-1-phosphate.... and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....
hepatocyte Hepatocyte Hepatocytes make up 70-80% of the cytoplasmic mass of the liver.These cells are involved in protein synthesis, protein storage and transformation of carbohydrates, synthesis of cholesterol, bile salts and phospholipids, and detoxification, modification and excretion of exogenous and endogenous substances....	digestive system	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	glycogenolysis Glycogenolysis Glycogenolysis is the catabolism of glycogen by removal of a glucose monomer through cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce glucose-1-phosphate.... and gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....
sweat gland Sweat gland The skin contains two different groups of sweat glands: apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands. Both gland types contain myoepithelial cells , specialized epithelial cells located between the gland cells and the underlying basal lamina.... cells	integumentary system Integumentary system The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from damage, comprising the skin and its appendages. The integumentary system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the location of receptors for pain, sensation, pressu...	adrenergic agonists --> a1 receptor A1 receptor The adenosine A1 receptor is one member of the adenosine receptor group of G protein-coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand....	↑secretion
parietal cell Parietal cell Parietal cells, or oxyntic cells, are the stomach epithelium cell s that secrete gastric acid and intrinsic factor.... s	digestive system	acetylcholine Acetylcholine The chemical compound acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter in both the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system in many organisms including homo sapiens.... --> M1 receptors	↑ gastric acid Gastric acid Gastric acid is one of the main secretions of the stomach, together with several enzymes and intrinsic factor. Chemically it is an acid solution with a pH of 1 to 2 in the stomach lumen , consisting mainly of hydrochloric acid , and large quantities of potassium chloride and sodium chloride .... secretion

Protein kinase C

Isozymes

Structure

Regulatory

Catalytic

Activation

Function

Overview table

See also

External links