Protein (disambiguation)
Encyclopedia
Protein
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...

is a class of biomolecules composed of amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...

 chains.

Biochemistry

  • Antifreeze protein
    Antifreeze protein
    Antifreeze proteins or ice structuring proteins refer to a class of polypeptides produced by certain vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria that permit their survival in subzero environments. AFPs bind to small ice crystals to inhibit growth and recrystallization of ice that would otherwise be...

    , class of polypeptides produced by certain fish, vertebrates, plants, fungi and bacteria
  • Conjugated protein
    Conjugated protein
    A conjugated protein is a protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds or by weak interactions.Many proteins contain only amino acids and no other chemical groups, and they are called simple proteins...

    , protein that functions in interaction with other chemical groups attached by covalent bonds
  • Denatured protein, protein which has lost its functional conformation
  • Matrix protein
    Matrix protein
    Viral matrix proteins are non structural proteins linking the viral envelope with the virus core. They play a crucial role in virus assembly, and interact with the RNP complex as well as with the viral membrane...

    , structural protein linking the viral envelope with the virus core
  • Protein A
    Protein A
    Protein A is a 40-60 kDa MSCRAMM surface protein originally found in the cell wall of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. It is encoded by the spa gene and its regulation is controlled by DNA topology, cellular osmolarity, and a two-component system called ArlS-ArlR. It has found use in...

    , bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
  • Protein A/G
    Protein A/G
    Protein A/G is a recombinant fusion protein that combines IgG binding domains of both Protein A and Protein G. Protein A/G contains four Fc binding domains from Protein A and two from Protein G, yielding a final mass of 50,460 daltons...

    , recombinant protein that binds antibodies
  • Protein C
    Protein C
    Protein C, also known as autoprothrombin IIA and blood coagulation factor XIV, is a zymogenic protein, the activated form of which plays an important role in regulating blood clotting, inflammation, cell death and maintaining the permeability of blood vessel walls in humans and other animals...

    , anticoagulant
  • Protein G
    Protein G
    Protein G is an immunoglobulin-binding protein expressed in group C and G Streptococcal bacteria much like Protein A but with differing specificities. It is a 65-kDa and a 58 kDa cell surface protein that has found application in purifying antibodies through its binding to the Fc region...

    , bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
  • Protein L
    Protein L
    Protein L was first isolated from the surface of bacterial species Peptostreptococcus magnus and was found to bind immunoglobulins through L chain interaction, from which the name was suggested. It consists of 719 amino acid residues...

    , bacterial surface protein that binds antibodies
  • Protein S
    Protein S
    Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent plasma glycoprotein synthesized in the endothelium. In the circulation, Protein S exists in two forms: a free form and a complex form bound to complement protein C4b. In humans, protein S is encoded by the PROS1 gene...

    , plasma glycoprotein
  • Protein Z
    Protein Z
    Protein Z also known as PROZ is a protein which in humans is encoded by the PROZ gene.Protein Z is a member of the coagulation cascade, the group of blood proteins that leads to the formation of blood clots. It is vitamin K-dependent, and its functionality is therefore impaired in warfarin therapy...

    , glycoprotein
  • Protein catabolism
    Protein catabolism
    Protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the use of ribonucleic acids and ribosomes...

    , the breakdown of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative compounds
  • Protein complex
    Protein complex
    A multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains. If the different polypeptide chains contain different protein domain, the resulting multiprotein complex can have multiple catalytic functions...

    , group of two or more associated proteins
  • Protein electrophoresis
    Protein electrophoresis
    Protein electrophoresis is a method for analysing the proteins in a fluid or an extract. The electrophoresis may be performed with a small volume of sample in a number of alternative ways with or without a supporting medium: SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Protein electrophoresis is a method...

    , method of analysing a mixture of proteins by means of gel electrophoresis
  • Protein folding
    Protein folding
    Protein folding is the process by which a protein structure assumes its functional shape or conformation. It is the physical process by which a polypeptide folds into its characteristic and functional three-dimensional structure from random coil....

    , process by which a protein assumes its characteristic functional shape or tertiary structure
  • Protein isoform
    Protein isoform
    A protein isoform is any of several different forms of the same protein. Different forms of a protein may be produced from related genes, or may arise from the same gene by alternative splicing. A large number of isoforms are caused by single-nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs, small genetic...

    , version of a protein with some small differences
  • Protein kinase
    Protein kinase
    A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them . Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins...

    , enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them
  • Protein ligands
    Protein ligands
    In biochemistry, a protein ligand is an atom, a molecule or an ion which can bind to a specific site on a protein. Alternative names used to mean a protein ligand are affinity reagents or protein binders...

    , atoms, molecules, and ions which can bind to specific sites on proteins
  • Protein microarray
    Protein microarray
    A protein microarray, sometimes referred to as a protein binding microarray,provides a multiplex approach to identify protein–protein interactions, to identify the substrates of protein kinases, to identify transcription factor protein-activation, or to identify the targets of biologically active...

    , piece of glass on which different molecules of protein have been affixed at separate locations in an ordered manner
  • Protein phosphatase, enzyme that removes phosphate groups that have been attached to amino acid residues of proteins
  • Protein purification
    Protein purification
    Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate a single type of protein from a complex mixture. Protein purification is vital for the characterization of the function, structure and interactions of the protein of interest. The starting material is usually a biological tissue or...

    , series of processes intended to isolate a single type of protein from a complex mixture
  • Protein sequencing
    Protein sequencing
    Protein sequencing is a technique to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein, as well as which conformation the protein adopts and the extent to which it is complexed with any non-peptide molecules...

    , protein method
  • Protein splicing
    Protein splicing
    Protein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins on both sides...

    , intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment is removed from a precursor protein
  • Protein structure
    Protein structure
    Proteins are an important class of biological macromolecules present in all organisms. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Classified by their physical size, proteins are nanoparticles . Each protein polymer – also known as a polypeptide – consists of a sequence formed from 20 possible L-α-amino...

    , unique three-dimensional shape of amino acid chains
  • Protein targeting
    Protein targeting
    Protein targeting or protein sorting is the mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it. Sorting targets can be the inner space of an organelle, any of several interior membranes, the cell's outer membrane, or its exterior via secretion...

    , mechanism by which a cell transports proteins to the appropriate positions in the cell or outside of it
  • Protein-protein docking
    Protein-protein docking
    Macromolecular docking is the computational modelling of the quaternary structure of complexes formed by two or more interacting biological macromolecules...

    , the determination of the molecular structure of complexes formed by two or more proteins
  • Protein-protein interaction
    Protein-protein interaction
    Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...

    , the association of protein molecules and the study of these associations from the perspective of biochemistry
  • RACK protein
    RACK protein
    RACK is an acronym for Receptor for Activated C-Kinase and is responsible for the binding of active forms of the protein kinase C family of enzymes...

    , receptor responsible for the binding of active forms of the protein kinase C family of enzymes
  • Secretory protein
    Secretory protein
    A secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides.Secretory proteins are synthesized in endoplasmic reticulum....

    , protein which is secreted by a cell

Bioengineering

  • Protein design
    Protein design
    Protein design is the design of new protein molecules, either from scratch or by making calculated variations on a known structure. The use of rational design techniques for proteins is a major aspect of protein engineering....

    , the design of new protein molecules from scratch
  • Protein engineering
    Protein engineering
    Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins. It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles....

    , application of science, mathematics, and economics to the process of developing useful or valuable proteins

Genetics

  • Fibrous protein
    Fibrous protein
    Scleroproteins, or fibrous proteins, constitute one of the three main classes of proteins, alongside globular proteins and conjugated proteins.Keratin, collagen, elastin, and fibroin are all scleroproteins...

    , long filamentous protein molecule that forms one of the two main classes of tertiary structure protein
  • Fusion protein
    Fusion protein
    Fusion proteins or chimeric proteins are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes which originally coded for separate proteins. Translation of this fusion gene results in a single polypeptide with functional properties derived from each of the original proteins...

    , protein created through genetic engineering from two or more proteins
  • Globular protein
    Globular protein
    Globular proteins, or spheroproteins are one of the two main protein classes, comprising "globe"-like proteins that are more or less soluble in aqueous solutions...

    , one of the two main protein classes
  • Protein expression
    Protein expression
    Protein expression is a subcomponent of gene expression. It consists of the stages after DNA has been translated into polypeptide chains, which are ultimately folded into proteins...

    , subcomponent of gene expression
  • Protein family
    Protein family
    A protein family is a group of evolutionarily-related proteins, and is often nearly synonymous with gene family. The term protein family should not be confused with family as it is used in taxonomy....

    , group of evolutionarily related proteins
  • Protein methods
    Protein methods
    Protein methods are the techniques used to study proteins.There are genetic methods for studying proteins, methods for detecting proteins, methods for isolating and purifying proteins and other methods for characterizing the structure and function of proteins, often requiring that the protein first...

    , techniques used to study proteins
  • Protein subunit
    Protein subunit
    In structural biology, a protein subunit or subunit protein is a single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a protein complex: a multimeric or oligomeric protein. Many naturally occurring proteins and enzymes are multimeric...

    , single protein molecule that assembles with other protein molecules to form a multimeric or oligomeric protein
  • Regulatory protein, term used in genetics to describe a protein involved in regulating gene expression

Membrane biology

  • G protein
    G protein
    G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors. G protein-coupled receptors are transmembrane receptors...

    , family of proteins involved in second messenger cascades
  • Membrane protein
    Membrane protein
    A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle. More than half of all proteins interact with membranes.-Function:...

    , protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with, the membrane of a cell or an organelle
  • Transmembrane protein
    Transmembrane protein
    A transmembrane protein is a protein that goes from one side of a membrane through to the other side of the membrane. Many TPs function as gateways or "loading docks" to deny or permit the transport of specific substances across the biological membrane, to get into the cell, or out of the cell as...

    , integral membrane protein that spans from the internal to the external surface of the biological membrane
  • Transport protein
    Transport protein
    A membrane transport protein is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein across a biological membrane. Transport proteins are integral membrane proteins; that is they exist within and span the membrane across which they...

    , protein involved in the movement of a chemical across a biological membrane

Nutrition

  • Protein (nutrient), role of protein in nutrition
  • Soy protein
    Soy protein
    Soy protein is a protein that is isolated from soybean. It is made from dehulled, defatted soybean meal. Dehulled and defatted soybeans are processed into three kinds of high protein commercial products : soy flour, concentrates, and isolates. Soy protein isolate has been used since 1959 in foods ...

    , storage protein held in discrete particles called protein bodies
  • Whey protein
    Whey protein
    Whey protein is a mixture of globular proteins isolated from whey, the liquid material created as a by-product of cheese production. Some preclinical studies in rodents have suggested that whey protein may possess anti-inflammatory or anti-cancer properties; however, human data is lacking...

    , the name for a collection of globular proteins that can be isolated from whey
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