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Prosopis

 
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Prosopis is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 of about 45 species of leguminous
Legume

A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a Fruit#Simple fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence on two sides....
 spiny
Spine (botany)

Spines are leaves that have been modified into cylindrical, hard structures with sharp ends. They are occasionally called thorn , which is incorrect ....
 tree
TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
s and shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas
Americas

The Americas are the region of the Western hemisphere that consists of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions....
, Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
 and southwest Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
. They often thrive in arid soil and are resistant to drought
Drought

A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation ....
s, on occasion developing extremely deep root
Root

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial root or aerating ....
 systems. Their wood
Wood

Wood is an organic material; in the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs, etc....
 is usually hard, dense and durable. Their fruits are pod
Legume

A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a Fruit#Simple fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence on two sides....
s and may contain large amounts of sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
.

of the species in this genus are:

rosopis has been found to contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, apigenin
Apigenin

Apigenin is a flavone that is the aglycone of apiin, isolated from parsley and celery, and apigetrin. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool....
, isorhamnetin-3-diglucoside, l-arabinose, quercetin
Quercetin

Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid, specifically a flavonol, used as a nutritional supplement.The American Cancer Society says that quercetin "has been promoted as being effective against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer....
, tannin
Tannin

Tannins are astringent, bitter plant polyphenols that either bind and Precipitation or shrink proteins. The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of red wine or an unripened fruit....
 and tryptamine
Tryptamine

Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants, fungi, and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived....
.

class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" style="background:white">
 Prosopis Species Known to Contain Alkaloids
Prosopis alba
Prosopis alba

Prosopis alba is a South American tree species that inhabits the center part of Argentina, the Gran Chaco ecoregion and part of the Mesopotamia, Argentina....
 		 Beta-phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....
 and tryptamine
Prosopis alpataco "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine.






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Encyclopedia


Prosopis is a genus
Genus

A genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the classification of living and fossil organisms. The taxonomic ranks are domain , kingdom , phylum, class , order , family , genus, and species....
 of about 45 species of leguminous
Legume

A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a Fruit#Simple fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence on two sides....
 spiny
Spine (botany)

Spines are leaves that have been modified into cylindrical, hard structures with sharp ends. They are occasionally called thorn , which is incorrect ....
 tree
TREE

TREE was a Boston hardcore punk band formed in the summer of 1990. They were active in the Boston music scene until disbanding in 2002....
s and shrub
Shrub

A shrub or bush is a horticulture rather than strictly Botany category of woody plant, distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and lower height, usually less than 5-6 m tall....
s found in subtropical and tropical regions of the Americas
Americas

The Americas are the region of the Western hemisphere that consists of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions....
, Africa
Africa

Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
 and southwest Asia
Asia

Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
. They often thrive in arid soil and are resistant to drought
Drought

A drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation ....
s, on occasion developing extremely deep root
Root

In vascular plants, the root is the organ of a plant body that typically lies below the surface of the soil. This is not always the case, however, since a root can also be aerial root or aerating ....
 systems. Their wood
Wood

Wood is an organic material; in the strict sense wood is produced as secondary xylem in the stems of woody plants, notably trees but also shrubs, etc....
 is usually hard, dense and durable. Their fruits are pod
Legume

A legume is a plant in the family Fabaceae , or a fruit of these specific plants. A legume fruit is a Fruit#Simple fruit that develops from a simple carpel and usually Dehiscence on two sides....
s and may contain large amounts of sugar
Sugar

Sugar is a class of edible crystalline substances, mainly sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Human taste buds interpret its flavor as sweet. Sugar as a basic food carbohydrate primarily comes from sugar cane and from sugar beet, but also appears in fruit, honey, sorghum, sugar maple , and in many other sources....
.

Species

Some of the species in this genus are:
  • Mesquite
    Mesquite

    Mesquite is a legume plant of the Prosopis genus found in Northern Mexico and the United States from the U.S.-Mexico border in Texas up to southwestern Kansas and from southeastern California and southwestern Utah to the southern limits of the Sonoran desert....
    s     (southern United States
    United States

    The United States of America is a Federal government constitutional republic comprising U.S. state and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its Contiguous United States and Washington, D.C., the Capital districts and territories, lie between the Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, Borders of the U...
    , Mexico
    Mexico

    The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federalism constitutionalism republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico....
    )
    • Prosopis glandulosa – Honey Mesquite; haas (Cmiique Iitom
      Seri language

      Seri is a language isolate spoken by the Seri in two villages on the coast of Sonora, Mexico....
      )
    • Prosopis pallida
      Prosopis pallida

      Prosopis pallida is a species of mesquite tree. It has the common names kiawe, huarango, and American carob, as well as "bayahonda" and "algarrobo blanco" ....
       – American Carob, huarango, kiawe
    • Prosopis pubescens
      Prosopis pubescens

      Prosopis pubescens , is a small tree or shrub found in the southwestern United States and Mexico. It has light brown bark, usually short, straight spines , twice-compound leaves, and numerous, small, yellowish flowers appearing in elongate spikes....
       – Screwbean Mesquite, "tornillo"
    • Prosopis reptans – "tornillo"
    • Prosopis strombulifera – Creeping Mesquite
    • Prosopis velutina
      Prosopis velutina

      Velvet Mesquite is a small to medium sized perennial tree. It is a legume adapted to a dry, desert climate. Though considered to be a Noxious weeds in states outside its natural range, it plays a vital role in the ecology of the Sonoran Desert....
       – Velvet Mesquite
  • "Algarrobo
    Algarrobo

    Algarrobo may refer to:* The European carob tree * South American trees of the genus Prosopis* On Cuba, the Albizia saman tree * Algarrobo, Chile, a city in Chile...
    s", bayahondas     etc. (Neotropics, particularly the Gran Chaco
    Gran Chaco

    The Gran Chaco , is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland region, of the R?o de la Plata basin, divided between eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and a portion of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso....
    )
    • Prosopis affinis
      Prosopis affinis

      The Algarrobillo, Espinillo, Ibop?-Morot?, or ?andubay is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay....
       – Ñandubay, Algarrobillo, Espinillo, Ibopé-Morotí
    • Prosopis alba
      Prosopis alba

      Prosopis alba is a South American tree species that inhabits the center part of Argentina, the Gran Chaco ecoregion and part of the Mesopotamia, Argentina....
       – Algarrobo blanco; ibopé or igopé (Guaraní
      Guaraní

      Guaran? are a group of culture related indigenous peoples of South America, distinguished from the related Tupi people by their use of the Guaran? language....
      )
      • Prosopis alba var. panta – Algarrobo panta
    • Prosopis caldenia
      Prosopis caldenia

      The Cald?n is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in Argentina.Its status is insufficiently known....
       – Caldén
    • Prosopis chilensis – Algarrobo chileno
    • Prosopis fiebrigii
    • Prosopis flexuosa – Alpataco
    • Prosopis hassleri
    • Prosopis juliflora
      Prosopis juliflora

      Prosopis juliflora is a shrub or small tree native to Mexico, South America and the Caribbean. It has become established as a weed in Asia, Australia and elsewhere....
       – Bayahonda blanca, Bayarone Français; Kabuli Kikar, Vilayati Babul, Vilayati Khejra or Vilayati Kikar (Hindi
      Hindi

      Standard Hindi, also known as High Hindi, Nagari Hindi or Literary Hindi is a Standard language register of Hindi. It is one of the 22 official languages of India, and is used, along with English language, for administration of the central government....
      ); trupillo or turpío (Wayuunaiki
      Wayuu language

      The Wayuu language is spoken by 305,000 indigenous Wayuu in northwestern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia on the Guajira Peninsula.Wayuu is part of the Maipurean linguistic family predominant in different parts of the Caribbean....
      )
    • Prosopis kuntzei
      Prosopis kuntzei

      Prosopis kuntzei is a South American legume tree species that inhabits the westernmost Gran Chaco forests covering areas of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay, where it acts as natural component....
       – Itín, Barba de tigre, Carandá, Palo mataco
    • Prosopis nigra
      Prosopis nigra

      Prosopis nigra is a South American legume tree species that inhabits the Gran Chaco ecoregion , in Argentina and Paraguay. It is known as algarrobo negro in Spanish language, which means "black carob tree" ....
       – Algarrobo negro, Algarrobo amarillo, Algarrobo dulce, Algarrobo morado
    • Prosopis rojasiana
    • Prosopis ruscifolia – Vinal
    • Prosopis tamarugo
      Prosopis tamarugo

      Tamarugo is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in northern Chile, particularly in the "Pampa del Tamarugal", some 70 km....
       – Tamarugo
  • Africa
    Africa

    Africa is the world's second-largest and second most-populous continent, after Asia. At about 30.2 million km? including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of the Earth's total surface area and 20.4% of the total land area....
    n species
    • Prosopis africana
  • Asia
    Asia

    Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area and, with over 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population....
    n species     (India
    India

    India, officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and outlying territories by total area country by geographical area, the List of countries by population country, and the most populous liberal democracy in the world....
     - mainly Rajasthan
    Rajasthan

    Rajasthan is the largest States and territories of India of the Republic of India in terms of area. It encompasses most of the area of the large, inhospitable Great Indian Desert , which has an edge paralleling the Sutlej-Indus river valley along its border with Pakistan....
     - to Arabia)
    • Prosopis cineraria
      Prosopis cineraria

      Prosopis cineraria is a small to medium size tree, found mainly in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan in India. Common names include: Ghaf , khejri, jant/janti, sangri , jand , kandi , Vanni , sami, sumri ....
       – Jand; ghaf (Arabic); sami or sumri (Gujarati
      Gujarati language

      Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan languages, and part of the greater Indo-European languages language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli....
      ); khejri, sangri (Rajasthani
      Rajasthani language

      Rajasthani is a language or language cluster of the Indo-Aryan languages family. It is spoken by 36 million people in Rajasthan and other States and territories of India of India and in some adjacent areas of Pakistan....
      ); kandi (Sindhi
      Sindhi language

      Sindhi is the language of the Sindh region of Pakistan. It is spoken by approximately 41 million people in Pakistan, and is also spoken by a minority 12 million in India; it is the third most spoken language of Pakistan, and the official language of Sindh in Pakistan....
      )


Phytochemistry

Prosopis has been found to contain 5-hydroxytryptamine, apigenin
Apigenin

Apigenin is a flavone that is the aglycone of apiin, isolated from parsley and celery, and apigetrin. It is a yellow crystalline solid that has been used to dye wool....
, isorhamnetin-3-diglucoside, l-arabinose, quercetin
Quercetin

Quercetin is a plant-derived flavonoid, specifically a flavonol, used as a nutritional supplement.The American Cancer Society says that quercetin "has been promoted as being effective against a wide variety of diseases, including cancer....
, tannin
Tannin

Tannins are astringent, bitter plant polyphenols that either bind and Precipitation or shrink proteins. The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption of red wine or an unripened fruit....
 and tryptamine
Tryptamine

Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants, fungi, and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived....
.

 Prosopis Species Known to Contain Alkaloids
Prosopis alba
Prosopis alba

Prosopis alba is a South American tree species that inhabits the center part of Argentina, the Gran Chaco ecoregion and part of the Mesopotamia, Argentina....
 		 Beta-phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....
 and tryptamine
Prosopis alpataco "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine. Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....
 derivatives.
Prosopis argentina "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine. Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....
 derivatives.
Prosopis chilensis "Aerial parts" contain beta-phenethylamine and derivatives plus tryptamine
Prosopis argentina Exudate contains tryptamine. Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....
 derivatives.
Prosopis glandulosa Alkaloids in bark and roots, tyramine
Tyramine

In organic chemistry chemistry tyramine is a monoamine Chemical compound derived from the amino acid tyrosine. Tyramine can cause the release of stored monoamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine....
 and N-methyltyramine (a stimulant) in leaves
Prosopis juliflora
Prosopis juliflora

Prosopis juliflora is a shrub or small tree native to Mexico, South America and the Caribbean. It has become established as a weed in Asia, Australia and elsewhere....
 		 5-HTP (plant) and tryptamine
Tryptamine

Tryptamine is a monoamine alkaloid found in plants, fungi, and animals. It is based around the indole ring structure, and is chemically related to the amino acid tryptophan, from which its name is derived....
 (plant).
Prosopis nigra
Prosopis nigra

Prosopis nigra is a South American legume tree species that inhabits the Gran Chaco ecoregion , in Argentina and Paraguay. It is known as algarrobo negro in Spanish language, which means "black carob tree" ....
 		 Harman
Harman

Harman can refer to:...
, eleagnine and N-acetyltryptamine
Prosopis pugionata "Aerial parts" contain tryptamine. Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....
 derivatives.
Prosopis tamarugo
Prosopis tamarugo

Tamarugo is a species of legume in the Fabaceae family.It is found only in northern Chile, particularly in the "Pampa del Tamarugal", some 70 km....
 		 Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine

Phenethylamine, or ?-phenylethylamine or 2-phenylethylamine, is an alkaloid and monoamine. Phenethylamine also has a constitutional isomer a-phenylethylamine , which has two stereoisomers: --1-phenylethylamine and --1-phenylethylamine....


Photos


General References

  • Paciecznik, N. M., Harris P. J. C., & S. J. Smith. 2003. . HDRA, Coventry, UK. ISBN 0-905343-34-4.
  • (FAO Document Repository)
  • (website of the Vascular Plant Herbarium of the University of Arizona in Tucson)


See also

  • Arabian Desert and East Sahero-Arabian xeric shrublands
  • Northwestern thorn scrub forests
    Northwestern thorn scrub forests

    The Northwestern thorn scrub forests are a Deserts and xeric shrublands terrestrial ecoregion of Pakistan and northwestern India. The ecoregion encircles the Thar Desert and Indus Valley Desert ecoregions....
  • Invasive species in Australia
    Invasive species in Australia

    Invasive species are a serious threat to the native biodiversity of Australia and are an ongoing cost to Agriculture in Australia.The management of weeds costs AUD $3.5 billion yearly....


External links