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Product (mathematics)



 
 
In the a mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
, a product is the result of multiplying
Multiplication

Multiplication is the Operation of scaling one number by another. It is one of the four basic operations in elementary arithmetic .Multiplication is defined for Natural number in terms of repeated addition; for example, 4 multiplied by 3 can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:...
, or an expression that identifies factor
Divisor

In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which evenly divides n without leaving a remainder....
s to be multiplied. The order in real
Real number

In mathematics, the real numbers may be described informally in several different ways. The real numbers include both rational numbers, such as 42 and −23/129, and irrational numbers, such as pi and the square root of two; or, a real number can be given by an infinite decimal representation, such as 2.4871773339...., where the digits co...
 or complex
Complex number

In mathematics, the complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers obtained by adjoining an imaginary unit, denoted i, which satisfies:...
 numbers are multiplied has no bearing on the product; this is known as the commutative law
Commutativity

In mathematics, commutativity is the process to change the order of something without changing the end result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations throughout mathematics, and many Mathematical proof depend on it....
 of multiplication. When matrices
Matrix (mathematics)

In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, as shown at the right. In addition to a number of elementary, entrywise operations such as matrix addition a key notion is matrix multiplication....
 or members of various other associative algebra
Associative algebra

In mathematics, an associative algebra is a vector space which also allows the multiplication of vectors in a distributivity and associativity manner....
s are multiplied the product usually depends on the order of the factors; in other words, matrix multiplication, and the multiplications in those other algebras, are non-commutative.

The product operator for the product of a sequence
Multiplication

Multiplication is the Operation of scaling one number by another. It is one of the four basic operations in elementary arithmetic .Multiplication is defined for Natural number in terms of repeated addition; for example, 4 multiplied by 3 can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:...
 is denoted by the capital Greek letter Pi ? (in analogy to the use of the capital Sigma ? as summation
Summation

Summation is the addition of a set of numbers; the result is their sum or total. An interim or present total of a summation process is termed the running total....
 symbol).

Several products are considered in mathematics:






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In the a mathematics
Mathematics

Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, change, and related topics of pattern and form. Mathematicians seek out patterns whether found in numbers, space, natural science, computers, imaginary abstractions, or elsewhere....
, a product is the result of multiplying
Multiplication

Multiplication is the Operation of scaling one number by another. It is one of the four basic operations in elementary arithmetic .Multiplication is defined for Natural number in terms of repeated addition; for example, 4 multiplied by 3 can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:...
, or an expression that identifies factor
Divisor

In mathematics, a divisor of an integer n, also called a factor of n, is an integer which evenly divides n without leaving a remainder....
s to be multiplied. The order in real
Real number

In mathematics, the real numbers may be described informally in several different ways. The real numbers include both rational numbers, such as 42 and −23/129, and irrational numbers, such as pi and the square root of two; or, a real number can be given by an infinite decimal representation, such as 2.4871773339...., where the digits co...
 or complex
Complex number

In mathematics, the complex numbers are an extension of the real numbers obtained by adjoining an imaginary unit, denoted i, which satisfies:...
 numbers are multiplied has no bearing on the product; this is known as the commutative law
Commutativity

In mathematics, commutativity is the process to change the order of something without changing the end result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations throughout mathematics, and many Mathematical proof depend on it....
 of multiplication. When matrices
Matrix (mathematics)

In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, as shown at the right. In addition to a number of elementary, entrywise operations such as matrix addition a key notion is matrix multiplication....
 or members of various other associative algebra
Associative algebra

In mathematics, an associative algebra is a vector space which also allows the multiplication of vectors in a distributivity and associativity manner....
s are multiplied the product usually depends on the order of the factors; in other words, matrix multiplication, and the multiplications in those other algebras, are non-commutative.

The product operator for the product of a sequence
Multiplication

Multiplication is the Operation of scaling one number by another. It is one of the four basic operations in elementary arithmetic .Multiplication is defined for Natural number in terms of repeated addition; for example, 4 multiplied by 3 can be calculated by adding 3 copies of 4 together:...
 is denoted by the capital Greek letter Pi ? (in analogy to the use of the capital Sigma ? as summation
Summation

Summation is the addition of a set of numbers; the result is their sum or total. An interim or present total of a summation process is termed the running total....
 symbol).

Several products are considered in mathematics:
  • Products of the various classes of number
    Number

    A number is a mathematical object used in counting and measurement. A notational symbol which represents a number is called a Numeral system, but in common usage the word number is used for both the abstract object and the symbol, as well as for the numeral for the number....
    s


    • Wedge product or exterior product
      Exterior algebra

      In mathematics, the exterior product or wedge product of vectors is an algebraic construction generalizing certain features of the cross product to higher dimensions....
    • Interior product
    • Tensor product
      Tensor product

      In mathematics, the tensor product, denoted by , may be applied in different contexts to vector spaces, matrix , tensors, vector spaces, algebra over a field, topological vector spaces, and module s....
  • The product of matrices
    Matrix (mathematics)

    In mathematics, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, as shown at the right. In addition to a number of elementary, entrywise operations such as matrix addition a key notion is matrix multiplication....
     and vectors; see matrix multiplication
    Matrix multiplication

    In mathematics, matrix multiplication is the operation of multiplying a matrix with either a scalar or another matrix. This article gives an overview of the various ways to perform matrix multiplication....
    , dot product
    Dot product

    In mathematics, the dot product, also known as the scalar product, is an operation which takes two vector over the real numbers R and returns a real-valued scalar quantity....
    , Kronecker product
    Kronecker product

    In mathematics, the Kronecker product, denoted by , is an operation on two matrix of arbitrary size resulting in a block matrix. It is a special case of a tensor product....
    .
  • The pointwise product
    Pointwise product

    The pointwise product of two function s is another function, obtained by multiplying the image of the two functions at each value in the domain....
     of two functions
    Function (mathematics)

    The mathematical concept of a function expresses dependence between two quantities, one of which is known and the other which is produced. A function associates a single output to each input element drawn from a fixed Set , such as the real numbers , although different inputs may have the same output....
    .
  • Products in rings
    Ring (mathematics)

    In mathematics, a ring is a type of algebraic structure. There is some variation among mathematicians as to exactly what properties a ring is required to have, as described in detail below....
     and field
    Field (mathematics)

    In abstract algebra, a field is an algebraic structure with notions of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division , satisfying certain axioms....
    s of many kinds.
  • It is often possible to form the product of two (or more) mathematical objects to form another object of the same kind, e.g.
    • the Cartesian product
      Cartesian product

      In mathematics, the Cartesian product is a direct product of sets. The Cartesian product is named after Ren? Descartes, whose formulation of analytic geometry gave rise to this concept....
       of sets,
    • the product of groups
      Product of groups

      In mathematics, a product of group s usually refers to a direct product of groups, but may also mean:*semidirect product*product of subgroups...
      ,
    • the product of rings
      Product of rings

      In mathematics, it is possible to combine several ring into one large product ring. This is done as follows: if I is some index set and Ri is a ring for every i in I, then the cartesian product Πi in I Ri can be turned into a ring by defining the operations coordinatewise, i...
      ,
    • the product of topological spaces
      Product topology

      In topology and related areas of mathematics, a product space is the cartesian product of a family of topological spaces equipped with a natural topology called the product topology....
      ,
    • the Wick product
      Wick product

      In probability theory, the Wick productnamed after physicist Gian-Carlo Wick, is a sort of product of the random variables, X1, ..., Xk, defined recursively as follows:...
       of random variable
      Random variable

      In mathematics, random variables are used in the study of Randomness and probability. They were developed to assist in the analysis of Game of chance, stochastic events, and the results of experiment by capturing only the mathematical properties necessary to answer probability questions....
      s.
  • For the general treatment, see product (category theory)
    Product (category theory)

    In category theory, the product of two objects in a category is a notion designed to capture the essence behind constructions in other areas of mathematics such as the cartesian product, the direct product of groups, the direct product of rings and the product topology....
    .


See also

  • Pi (letter)
    Pi (letter)

    Pi is the sixteenth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 80. Letters that arose from pi include Cyrillic Pe ....