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Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

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	Topics Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood Topic Home The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (also known as the Pre-Raphaelites) was a group of EnglishEngland Overview England is the largest and most populous constituent country of the United Kingdom.... painterPainting Painting taken literally is the practice of applying pigment suspended in a liquid vehicle to a surface such as paper, can... s, poets, and critics, founded in 1848 by Dante Gabriel RossettiDante Gabriel Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an Italian English poet, illustrator, painter and translator.... , William Michael RossettiWilliam Michael Rossetti William Michael Rossetti was an English writer and critic.... , James CollinsonJames Collinson James Collinson was a Victorian painter who was a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 to 1850.... , John Everett MillaisJohn Everett Millais Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA was a British painter and illustrator who was one of founders of the Pre-Raphaeli... , Frederic George StephensFrederic George Stephens Overview Frederic George Stephens was one of the two 'nonartistic' members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and an art critic.... , Thomas WoolnerThomas Woolner ... and William Holman HuntWilliam Holman Hunt William Holman Hunt was a British painter.... . The group's intention was to reform art by rejecting what they considered to be the mechanistic approach first adopted by the ManneristMannerism Mannerism is the usual term for an approach to all the arts, particularly painting but not exclusive to it, a reaction to th... artists who succeeded RaphaelRaphael Raphael or Raffaello , born in Urbino, was a master painter and architect of the Florentine school in the Italian High... and MichelangeloMichelangelo Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni , commonly known as Michelangelo, was an Italian Renaissance sculptor, pai... . They believed that the ClassicalClassicism Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity, as setting standards for taste which the... poses and elegant compositions of Raphael in particular had been a corrupting influence on the academicAcademic art Academic art is a style of painting and sculpture produced under the influence of European academies or universities.... teaching of art. Hence the name "Pre-Raphaelite". In particular, they objected to the influence of Sir Joshua Reynolds, the founder of the English Royal Academy of Arts. They called him "Sir Sloshua", believing that his broad technique was a sloppy and formulaic form of academic Mannerism. In contrast, they wanted to return to the abundant detail, intense colours, and complex compositions of QuattrocentoQuattrocento The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento.... Italian and Flemish art. The Pre-Raphaelites have been considered the first avant-gardeAvant-garde Avant-garde in French means front guard, advance guard, or vanguard.... movement in art, though they have also been denied that status, because they continued to accept both the concepts of history paintingHistory painting History painting, as formulated in 1667 by Andr Flibien, a historiographer, architect and theoretician of French classicism,... and of mimesisMimesis Mimesis in its simplest context means imitation or representation in Greek.... , or imitation of nature, as central to the purpose of art. However, the Pre-Raphaelites undoubtedly defined themselves as a reform-movement, created a distinct name for their form of art, and published a periodical, The GermFacts About The Germ (periodical) The Germ was a periodical established by the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood to disseminate their ideas.... , to promote their ideas. Their debates were recorded in the Pre-Raphaelite Journal. Beginnings of the Brotherhood The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded in John Millais's parents' house on Gower StreetGower Street (London) Gower Street is a street in Bloomsbury, London, running from Euston Road in the north to Montague Place in the south.... , LondonLondon London is the capital city of England and of the United Kingdom.... in 1848. At the initial meeting, John Everett MillaisJohn Everett Millais Overview Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA was a British painter and illustrator who was one of founders of the Pre-Raphaeli... , Dante Gabriel RossettiDante Gabriel Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an Italian English poet, illustrator, painter and translator.... , and William Holman HuntWilliam Holman Hunt William Holman Hunt was a British painter.... were present. Hunt and Millais were students at the Royal Academy of Arts. They had previously met in another loose association, a sketching-society called the Cyclographic Club. Rossetti was a pupil of Ford Madox BrownFord Madox Brown Ford Madox Brown was an English painter of moral and historical subjects, notable for his distinctively graphic and often H... . He had met Hunt after seeing his painting The Eve of St. AgnesThe Eve of St. Agnes "The Eve of St. Agnes" is a long poem by John Keats, written in 1819 and published in 1820.... , which is based on Keats's poem. As an aspiring poet, Rossetti wished to develop the links between RomanticRomanticism Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in late 18th century Western Europe.... poetry and art. By autumn, four more members had also joined, to form a seven-member-strong Brotherhood. These were William Michael RossettiWilliam Michael Rossetti Summary William Michael Rossetti was an English writer and critic.... (Dante Gabriel Rossetti's brother), Thomas WoolnerThomas Woolner ... , James CollinsonJames Collinson James Collinson was a Victorian painter who was a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 to 1850.... , and Frederic George StephensFrederic George Stephens Frederic George Stephens was one of the two 'nonartistic' members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and an art critic.... . Ford Madox Brown was invited to join, but preferred to remain independent. He nevertheless remained close to the group. Some other young painters and sculptors were also close associates, including Charles Allston CollinsCharles Allston Collins Charles Allston Collins was a British painter and writer associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.... , Thomas Tupper, and Alexander MunroFacts About Alexander Munro Alexander Munro was a British tug of war competitor who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics and in the 1912 Summer Olympic... . They kept the existence of the Brotherhood secret from members of the Royal Academy. Early doctrines The Brotherhood's early doctrines were expressed in four declarations: To have genuine ideas to express; To study Nature attentively, so as to know how to express them; To sympathise with what is direct and serious and heartfelt in previous art, to the exclusion of what is conventional and self-parodying and learned by rote; And, most indispensable of all, to produce thoroughly good pictures and statues. These principles are deliberately non-dogmatic, since the Brotherhood wished to emphasise the personal responsibility of individual artists to determine their own ideas and methods of depiction. Influenced by Romanticism, they thought that freedom and responsibility were inseparable. Nevertheless, they were particularly fascinated by medieval culture, believing it to possess a spiritualSpirituality Spirituality, in a narrow sense, concerns itself with matters of the spirit.... and creative integrity that had been lost in later eras. This emphasis on medieval culture was to clash with certain principles of realismRealism (arts) Realism also refers to a mid-19th century cultural movement with its roots in France.... , which stress the independent observation of nature. In its early stages, the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood believed that their two interests were consistent with one another, but in later years the movement divided and began to move in two directions. The realist-side was led by Hunt and Millais, while the medievalist-side was led by Rossetti and his followers, Edward Burne-JonesEdward Burne-Jones Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones was an English artistand designer closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and l... and William MorrisWilliam Morris Summary William Morris was an English artist, writer, socialist activist and pioneer of Eco-socialism, one of the principal founder... . This split was never absolute, since both factions believed that art was essentially spiritual in character, opposing their idealismIdealism Idealism is an approach to philosophical enquiry which asserts that everything is of a mental nature.... to the materialistMaterialism In philosophy, materialism is that form of physicalism which holds that the only thing that can truly be said to exist i... realism associated with Courbet and ImpressionismImpressionism ----Impressionism was a 19th century art movement that began as a loose association of Paris-based artists who began public... . In their attempts to revive the brilliance of colour found in Quattrocento art, Hunt and Millais developed a technique of painting in thin glazeGlaze (painting technique) A glaze in painting is a transparent medium.... s of pigment over a wet white ground. They hoped that in this way their colours would retain jewel-like transparency and clarity. This emphasis on brilliance of colour was in reaction to the excessive use of bitumenBitumen Bitumen is a category of organic liquids that are highly viscous, black, sticky and wholly soluble in carbon disulfide.... by earlier British artists, such as Reynolds, David WilkieDavid Wilkie (artist) Sir David Wilkie was a Scottish painter.... and Benjamin Robert Haydon. Bitumen produces unstable areas of muddy darkness, an effect that the Pre-Raphaelies despised. Public controversies The first exhibition of Pre-Raphaelite work occurred in 1849. Both Millais's Isabella (1848–1849) and Holman Hunt's Rienzi (1848–1849) were exhibited at the Royal Academy, and Rossetti's Girlhood of Mary Virgin was shown at the Free Exhibition on Hyde Park Corner. As agreed, all members of the Brotherhood signed works with their name and the initials "PRB". Between January and April 1850, the group published a literary magazine, The Germ. William RossettiWilliam Michael Rossetti William Michael Rossetti was an English writer and critic.... edited the magazine, which published poetry by the Rossettis, Woolner, and Collinson, together with essays on art and literature by associates of the Brotherhood, such as Coventry PatmoreCoventry Patmore Coventry Kersey Dighton Patmore was an English poet and critic.... . As the short run-time implies, the magazine did not manage to achieve a sustained momentum. (Daly 1989) In 1850 the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood became controversial after the exhibition of Millais's painting Christ In The House Of His ParentsChrist in the House of His Parents *Christ in the House of His Parents* is a painting by John Everett Millais depicting the Holy Family in Saint Joseph's ca... , considered to be blasphemousBlasphemy Blasphemy is the defamation of the name of a God.... by many reviewers, notably Charles DickensCharles Dickens Overview Charles John Huffam Dickens , pen-name "Boz", was an English novelist.... . Their medievalism was attacked as backward-looking and their extreme devotion to detail was condemned as ugly and jarring to the eye. According to Dickens, Millais made the Holy Family look like alcoholics and slum-dwellers, adopting contorted and absurd "medieval" poses. A rival group of older artists, The CliqueThe Clique The Clique was a group of Victorian artists founded by Richard Dadd.... , also used their influence against the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Their principles were publicly attacked by the President of the Academy, Sir Charles Lock EastlakeCharles Lock Eastlake Born in Plymouth, Devon, Sir Charles Lock Eastlake was an English painter, gallery director, collector and writer of the ear... . However, the Brotherhood found support from the critic John RuskinJohn Ruskin John Ruskin is best known for his work as an art critic and social critic, but is remembered as an author, poet and artist a... , who praised their devotion to nature and rejection of conventional methods of composition. He continued to support their work both financially and in his writings. Following the controversy, Collinson left the Brotherhood. They met to discuss whether he should be replaced by Charles Allston Collins or Walter Howell Deverell, but were unable to make a decision. From that point on the group disbanded, though their influence continued to be felt. Artists who had worked in the style still followed these techniques (initially anyway) but they no longer signed works "PRB". Later developments and influence Artists who were influenced by the Brotherhood include John BrettJohn Brett John Brett was a Pre-Raphaelite painter, mainly notable for his highly detailed landscapes.... , Philip CalderonPhilip Calderon Philip Hermogenes Calderon was a British painter of French birth and Spanish ancestry who worked in the Pre-Raphaelite style... , Arthur HughesArthur Hughes (artist) Arthur Hughes was an English painter and illustrator associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.... , Evelyn De MorganEvelyn De Morgan Evelyn De Morgan was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter.... and Frederic SandysFrederic Sandys Frederic Sandys was an English painter and draughtsman.... . Ford Madox BrownFord Madox Brown Ford Madox Brown was an English painter of moral and historical subjects, notable for his distinctively graphic and often H... , who was associated with them from the beginning, is often seen as most closely adopting the Pre-Raphaelite principles. After 1856, RossettiDante Gabriel Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an Italian English poet, illustrator, painter and translator.... became an inspiration for the medievalising strand of the movement. His work influenced his friend William MorrisWilliam Morris Summary William Morris was an English artist, writer, socialist activist and pioneer of Eco-socialism, one of the principal founder... , in whose firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co.Morris & Co. Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. and its successor Morris & Co. were furnishings and decorative arts manufacturers and... he became a partner, and with whose wife JaneJane Burden Jane Burden was the embodiment of the Pre-Raphaelite ideal of beauty.... he may have had an affair. Ford Madox Brown and Edward Burne-JonesEdward Burne-Jones Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones was an English artistand designer closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and l... also became partners in the firm. Through Morris's company the ideals of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood influenced many interior designers and architects, arousing interest in medieval designs, as well as other crafts. This led directly to the Arts and Crafts movementArts and Crafts movement The Arts and Crafts movement is a major English and American aesthetic movement occurring in the last years of the 19th cent... headed by William Morris. Holman Hunt was also involved with this movement to reform design through the Della Robbia PotteryDella Robbia Pottery Della Robbia Pottery was made in Birkenhead in a factory founded in 1894 by Harold Rathbone and Conrad Dressler.... company. After 1850, both Hunt and Millais moved away from direct imitation of medieval art. Both stressed the realist and scientific aspects of the movement, though Hunt continued to emphasise the spiritual significance of art, seeking to reconcile religion and science by making accurate observations and studies of locations in EgyptEgypt Egypt , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a Middle Eastern country in North Africa.... and PalestinePalestine Palestine is one of several names for the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the banks of the Jordan River ... for his paintings on biblical subjects. In contrast, Millais abandoned Pre-Raphaelitism after 1860, adopting a much broader and looser style influenced by Reynolds. William Morris and others condemned this reversal of principles. The movement influenced the work of many later British artists well into the twentieth century. Rossetti later came to be seen as a precursor of the wider European SymbolistSymbolism (arts) Symbolism was a late nineteenth century art movement of French and Belgian origin in poetry and other arts.... movement. In the late twentieth century the Brotherhood of RuralistsBrotherhood of Ruralists The Brotherhood of Ruralists is a British art group founded in 1975 to paint nature.... based its aims on Pre-Raphaelitism, while the StuckistsStuckism Stuckism is an art movement that was founded in 1999 in Britain by Billy Childish and Charles Thomson to promote figurative ... have also have derived inspiration from it. The Birmingham Museum and Art GalleryBirmingham Museum & Art Gallery Opened in 1885 as an art gallery, Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, in Birmingham, England, has a collection of international... has a world-renowned collection of works by Burne-Jones and the Pre-Raphaelites that, some claim, strongly influenced the young J.R.R. Tolkien while he was growing up in the city. In the twentieth century artistic ideals changed and art moved away from representing reality. Since the Pre-Raphaelites were fixed on portraying things with near-photographic precision, though with a distinctive attention to detailed surface-patterns, their work was devalued by many critics. Since the 1970s there has been a resurgence in interest in the movement. List of artists The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood James CollinsonJames Collinson James Collinson was a Victorian painter who was a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood from 1848 to 1850.... (painter) William Holman HuntWilliam Holman Hunt William Holman Hunt was a British painter.... (painter) John Everett MillaisJohn Everett Millais Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Baronet, PRA was a British painter and illustrator who was one of founders of the Pre-Raphaeli... (painter) Dante Gabriel RossettiDante Gabriel Rossetti Dante Gabriel Rossetti was an Italian English poet, illustrator, painter and translator.... (painter, poet) William Michael RossettiWilliam Michael Rossetti William Michael Rossetti was an English writer and critic.... (critic) Frederic George StephensFrederic George Stephens Frederic George Stephens was one of the two 'nonartistic' members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and an art critic.... (critic) Thomas WoolnerThomas Woolner ... (sculptor, poet) Associated artists and figures John BrettJohn Brett John Brett was a Pre-Raphaelite painter, mainly notable for his highly detailed landscapes.... (painter) Ford Madox BrownFacts About Ford Madox Brown Ford Madox Brown was an English painter of moral and historical subjects, notable for his distinctively graphic and often H... (painter, designer) Richard BurchettFacts About Richard Burchett Richard Burchett was a British artist and educator on the fringes of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, who was for over twenty y... (painter, educator) Edward Burne-JonesEdward Burne-Jones Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones was an English artistand designer closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and l... (painter, designer) Charles Allston CollinsCharles Allston Collins Charles Allston Collins was a British painter and writer associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.... (painter) Frank Cadogan CowperFrank Cadogan Cowper Frank Cadogan Cowper was a British artist, described as "The last of the Pre-Raphaelites".... (painter) Walter Howell Deverell (painter) Arthur HughesArthur Hughes (artist) Arthur Hughes was an English painter and illustrator associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood.... (painter, book illustrator) Jane Morris (artist's model) May Morris (embroiderer and designer) William MorrisWilliam Morris William Morris was an English artist, writer, socialist activist and pioneer of Eco-socialism, one of the principal founder... (designer, writer) Christina RossettiChristina Rossetti ----Christina Georgina Rossetti was an English poet and the sister of artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti as well as William Mich... (poet) John RuskinJohn Ruskin John Ruskin is best known for his work as an art critic and social critic, but is remembered as an author, poet and artist a... (critic) Anthony Frederick Augustus Sandys (painter) Thomas SeddonThomas Seddon Thomas Seddon, English landscape painter, was born in London.... (painter) Elizabeth SiddalElizabeth Siddal Elizabeth Siddal was a British artist's model, poet and artist who was painted and drawn extensively by artists of the Pre-R... (painter, poet and artist's model) Simeon SolomonSimeon Solomon Simeon Solomon was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter.... (painter) Marie Spartali StillmanMarie Spartali Stillman Marie Euphrosyne Spartali, later Stillman, was a London-born Pre-Raphaelite painter of Greek descent.... (painter) Algernon SwinburneAlgernon Swinburne Algernon Charles Swinburne was a Victorian era English poet.... (poet) Henry WallisHenry Wallis Henry Wallis was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter, writer and collector.... (painter) William Lindsay WindusWilliam Lindsay Windus William Lindsay Windus was a British artist, part of a group of Liverpool painters who were influenced by the Pre-Raphaelit... (painter) Loosely associated artists Sophie Gengembre AndersonSophie Gengembre Anderson Sophie Gengembre Anderson was a British artist.... (painter) Wyke BaylissWyke Bayliss Sir Wyke Bayliss was a notable British painter, author and poet.... (painter) George Price BoyceGeorge Price Boyce George Price Boyce was a British watercolour painter of landscapes and vernacular architecture in the Pre-Raphaelite style.... (painter) Julia Margaret CameronJulia Margaret Cameron Julia Margaret Cameron was a British photographer.... (photographer) James CampbellJames Campbell (artist) James Campbell was an English artist , part of a group from Liverpool, who were influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite style.... (painter) John CollierJohn Collier (artist) John Maler Collier was a British writer and painter in the Pre-Raphaelite style.... (painter) William DavisWilliam Davis (artist) William Davis was an Irish artist, and part of a group of Liverpool based artists who were influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite... (painter) Evelyn De MorganEvelyn De Morgan Summary Evelyn De Morgan was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter.... (painter) Frank Bernard DickseeFrank Bernard Dicksee Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee KCVO was an English Victorian painter and illustrator, best known for his pictures of dramatic his... (painter) John William GodwardJohn William Godward John William Godward was an English painter from the end of the Pre-Raphaelite / Neo-Classicist era.... (painter) Thomas Cooper GotchThomas Cooper Gotch Thomas Cooper Gotch was an English Pre-Raphaelite painter and book illustrator.... (painter) Edward Robert HughesEdward Robert Hughes Edward Robert Hughes is a well known Pre-Raphaelite English painter.... (painter) John LeeJohn Lee (artist) John Lee was a British painter, part of a group of Liverpool artists, influenced by the Pre-Raphaelite style.... (painter) Edmund LeightonEdmund Leighton Edmund Blair Leighton was a British painter of medieval scenes of chivalry.... (painter) Charles William MitchellCharles William Mitchell Charles William Mitchell was an English pre-Raphealite painter from Newcastle, born in 1854 and died in 1903.... (painter) Frederic, Lord LeightonFrederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton Frederic Leighton, 1st Baron Leighton was an English painter and sculptor.... (painter) Joseph Noel PatonFacts About Joseph Noel Paton Joseph Noel Paton is a Scottish artist, born in Woolers Alley, Dunfermline, Fife.... (painter) John William WaterhouseJohn William Waterhouse John William Waterhouse was a British Pre-raphaelite painter most famous for his paintings of female characters from mytholo... (painter) Daniel Alexander WilliamsonDaniel Alexander Williamson Daniel Alexander Williamson was a British artist, part of a group of Liverpool painters who were influenced by the Pre-Raph... (painter) Models Fanny CornforthFanny Cornforth Fanny Cornforth was a model and housekeeper for Pre-Raphaelite artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti.... Annie Miller Jane Morris Elizabeth Siddall (Rossetti) Marie Spartali StillmanFacts About Marie Spartali Stillman Marie Euphrosyne Spartali, later Stillman, was a London-born Pre-Raphaelite painter of Greek descent.... Maria Zambaco Collections There are major collections of Pre-Raphaelite work in the Tate GalleryTate Gallery The Tate Gallery in England is a network of four galleries: Tate Britain , Tate Liverpool , Tate St Ives and Tate Modern ,... , Victoria and Albert MuseumVictoria and Albert Museum The Victoria and Albert Museum is on the corner of Cromwell Gardens and Exhibition Road in South Kensington, west London, En... , Manchester Art GalleryManchester Art Gallery Overview Manchester Art Gallery is a free-to-view public art gallery found in Manchester City Centre in the North West of England.... , Lady Lever Art GalleryLady Lever Art Gallery Sunlight Soap magnate William Hesketh Lever, the first Lord Leverhulme, founded the Lady Lever Art Gallery in 1922 and dedic... on Merseyside and Birmingham Museum & Art GalleryBirmingham Museum & Art Gallery Overview Opened in 1885 as an art gallery, Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, in Birmingham, England, has a collection of international... . The Delaware Art MuseumDelaware Art Museum Founded in 1912, the Delaware Art Museum holds a world-renowned collection of more than 12,000 works focusing on American ar... has the most significant collection of Pre-Raphaelite art outside of the United Kingdom. Andrew Lloyd WebberAndrew Lloyd Webber Andrew Lloyd Webber, Baron Lloyd-Webber is a highly successful English composer of musical theatre.... is an avid collector of Pre-Raphaelite works and a selection of 300 items from his collection were shown at a major exhibition at the Royal AcademyRoyal Academy The Royal Academy of Arts is an art institution based in Piccadilly, London.... in 2003. Books Bate, P.H. [1901] (1972) The English Pre-Raphaelite painters : their associates and successors, New York : AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-00691-4 des Cars, L. (2000) The pre-Raphaelites : romance and realism, New York : Harry N. Abrams, ISBN 0-81092-891-4 Mancoff, D.N. (2003) Flora symbolica : flowers in Pre-Raphaelite art, Munich ; London ; New York : Prestel, ISBN 3-7913-2851-4 Marsh, J. and Nunn, P.G. (1998) Pre-Raphaelite women artists, London : Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0-500-28104-1 Staley, A. and Newall, C. (2004) Pre-Raphaelite vision : truth to nature, London : Tate, ISBN 1-85437-499-0 Townsend, J., Ridge, J. and Hackney, S. (2004) Pre-Raphaelite painting techniques : 1848-56, London : Tate, ISBN 1-85437-498-2 Watson, M.F. (1997) Collecting the Pre-Raphaelites : the Anglo-American enchantment, Aldershot : Ashgate, ISBN 1-85928-399-3 See also List of Pre-Raphaelite paintingsList of Pre-Raphaelite paintings This is a list of paintings produced by members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and other artists associated with th... British art Early Renaissance paintingEarly Renaissance painting Early Renaissance painting bridges the period of European art history between the art of the Middle Ages and the art of the ... English school of paintingEnglish school of painting The English school of painting is an expression for English painters who produced characteristically English paintings.... Hogarth clubHogarth Club The Hogarth Club was an exhibition society of artists which existed between 1858 and 1861.... Middle Ages in historyMiddle Ages in history Summary The Middle Ages in history is an overview of how previous periods have both romanticised and disparaged the Middle Ages.... The Light of the WorldThe Light of the World The Light of the World is an allegorical painting by William Holman Hunt representing the figure of Jesus preparing to knock... External links Lecture by John RuskinJohn Ruskin John Ruskin is best known for his work as an art critic and social critic, but is remembered as an author, poet and artist a... is a collection of full-text and excerpted 19th century reviews of the movement and its individual members. an article describing Worcester's desire to establish a brotherhood similar to the Pre-Raphaelites in the SF Bay Area