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Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope
Pope

The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and head of state of Vatican City. The current pope is Pope Benedict XVI, who was elected April 19, 2005 in Papal conclave, 2005....
 from August 13, 1099, until his death. A monk of the Cluniac order, he was created cardinal priest of the Titulus S. Clementi
Basilica di San Clemente

The Basilica of Saint Clement is a twelfth century Roman Catholic Church minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking it is a three-tiered complex of buildings on the site, the lowermost notable as being an archaeological record of a first century insulae belonging to T....
 by Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII

Pope Saint Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Soana , was papacy from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing...
 (1073–85) about 1076, and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II

Pope Urban II , born Otho de Lagery , was Pope from March 12, 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church....
 (1088–99) on August 19, 1099.
as born in Bleda, near Forlė
Forlė

Forl? is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forl?, of the Renaissance humanism historian Flavio Biondo, of the famous physicians Geronimo Mercuriali and Giovanni Battista Morgagni....
, Romagna
Romagna

Romagna is an Italy historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennine Mountains to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers River Reno and Sillaro to the north and west....
.

In the long struggle with the Emperors over investiture
Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials ....
, he zealously carried on the Hildebrandine
Pope Gregory VII

Pope Saint Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Soana , was papacy from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing...
 policy, but with only partial success.






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Paschal II, born Ranierius, (died January 21, 1118) was Pope
Pope

The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church and head of state of Vatican City. The current pope is Pope Benedict XVI, who was elected April 19, 2005 in Papal conclave, 2005....
 from August 13, 1099, until his death. A monk of the Cluniac order, he was created cardinal priest of the Titulus S. Clementi
Basilica di San Clemente

The Basilica of Saint Clement is a twelfth century Roman Catholic Church minor basilica dedicated to Pope Clement I located in Rome, Italy. Archaeologically speaking it is a three-tiered complex of buildings on the site, the lowermost notable as being an archaeological record of a first century insulae belonging to T....
 by Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII

Pope Saint Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Soana , was papacy from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing...
 (1073–85) about 1076, and was consecrated pope in succession to Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II

Pope Urban II , born Otho de Lagery , was Pope from March 12, 1088 until his death. He is most known for starting the First Crusade and setting up the modern day Roman Curia, in the manner of a royal court, to help run the Church....
 (1088–99) on August 19, 1099.

Biography

He was born in Bleda, near Forlė
Forlė

Forl? is a comune and city in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, famed as the birthplace of the great painter Melozzo da Forl?, of the Renaissance humanism historian Flavio Biondo, of the famous physicians Geronimo Mercuriali and Giovanni Battista Morgagni....
, Romagna
Romagna

Romagna is an Italy historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. Traditionally, it is limited by the Apennine Mountains to the south-west, the Adriatic to the east, and the rivers River Reno and Sillaro to the north and west....
.

In the long struggle with the Emperors over investiture
Investiture Controversy

The Investiture Controversy or Investiture Contest was an 11th century dispute between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials ....
, he zealously carried on the Hildebrandine
Pope Gregory VII

Pope Saint Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Soana , was papacy from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing...
 policy, but with only partial success. In 1104 Paschal II succeeded in instigating the Emperor's second son to rebel against his father, but soon found Emperor Henry V (1105–25) even more persistent in maintaining the right of investiture than Emperor Henry IV (1056–1105) had been. The imperial Diet
Diet (assembly)

In politics, a diet is a formal deliberative assembly. The term is derived from Medieval Latin dietas, and ultimately comes from the Latin dies, "day"....
 at Mainz
Mainz

Mainz is a city in Germany and the capital of the Germany States of Germany of Rhineland-Palatinate. It was a politically important seat of the Prince-elector of Mainz under the Holy Roman Empire, and previously was a Roman Empire fort city which commanded the west bank of the Rhine River and formed part of the northernmost frontier of th...
 invited Paschal II to visit Germany and settle the trouble in January 1106, but the Pope in the Council of Guastalla
Guastalla

Guastalla is a town and commune in the province of Reggio Emilia in Emilia-Romagna, Italy....
 (October 1106) simply renewed the prohibition of investiture. In the same year he brought to an end the investiture struggle in England
England

native_name =|conventional_long_name = England|common_name = England|image_flag = Flag of England.svg|image_coat = England COA.svg|symbol_type = Royal Coat of Arms...
, in which Anselm
Anselm of Canterbury

Saint Anselm of Canterbury was an Italian medieval philosopher, theology, and church official who held the office of Archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109....
, archbishop of Canterbury
Archbishop of Canterbury

The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Diocesan Bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury, the Episcopal see that churches must be in communion with in order to be a part of the Anglican Communion....
, had been engaged with Henry I of England
Henry I of England

Henry I was the fourth son of William I the Conqueror. He succeeded his elder brother William II of England as King of England in 1100 and defeated his eldest brother, Robert Curthose, to become Duke of Normandy in 1106....
 (1100–35), by retaining to himself exclusive right to invest with the ring and crozier, but recognizing the royal nomination to vacate benefice
Benefice

Originally a benefice was a gift of land for life as a reward for services rendered. The word comes from the Latin language noun beneficium, meaning "benefit"....
s and the oath of fealty for temporal domains. He went to France
France

France , officially the French Republic , is a country whose Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe and that also comprises various Overseas departments and territories of France....
 at the close of 1106 to seek the mediation of Philip I of France
Philip I of France

Philip I , called the Amorous, was List of French monarchs from 1060 to his death. His reign, like that of most of the early House of Capet, was extraordinarily long for the time....
 (1060–1108) and Prince Louis in the imperial struggle, but, his negotiations remaining without result, he returned to Italy in September 1107. When Henry V advanced with an army into Italy in order to be crowned, the Pope agreed to a compact (February 1111), by the terms of which the Church should surrender all the possessions and royalties it had received of the empire and kingdom of Italy since the days of Charlemagne
Charlemagne

Charlemagne was List of Frankish kings from 768 to his death. He expanded the Franks kingdoms into a Carolingian Empire that incorporated much of Western Europe and Central Europe....
 (768–814), while Henry V on his side should renounce lay investiture. Preparations were made for the coronation on 12 February 1111, but the Romans rose in revolt against him, and the German king retired taking the Pope and curia with him.

After sixty-one days of harsh imprisonment, during which Prince Robert I of Capua
Robert I of Capua

Robert I , count of Aversa and prince of Capua from 1106, on the death of his elder and heirless brother Richard II of Capua, was the second eldest son of Jordan I of Capua and Gaitelgrima, daughter of Guaimar IV, daughter of Guaimar IV of Salerno....
's Norman army was repulsed on its rescue mission, Paschal II yielded and guaranteed investiture to the emperor. Henry V was then crowned in St. Peter's
St. Peter's Basilica

The Basilica of Saint Peter , officially known in Italian language as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St. Peter's Basilica, is located within the Vatican City....
 on 13 April 1111, and, after exacting a promise that no revenge would be taken for what had happened, withdrew beyond the Alps
Alps

The Alps is the name for one of the great mountain range systems of Europe, stretching from Austria and Slovenia in the east; through Italy, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany; to France in the west....
. The Hildebrandine party was aroused to action, however; a Lateran
Lateran

Lateran and Laterano are the shared names of several architectural projects throughout Rome. The properties were once owned by the Lateranus family of the former Roman Empire....
 council of March 1112 declared null and void the concessions extorted by violence; a council held at Vienna
Vienna

Vienna is the Capital of Republic of Austria and also one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million...
 in October 1111 actually excommunicated the emperor, and Paschal II sanctioned the proceeding. Towards the end of his pontificate trouble began anew in England; Paschal II complained (1115) that councils were held and bishops translated without his authorization, and threatened Henry I with excommunication
Excommunication

Excommunication is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community. The word literally means putting [someone] out of full communion....
. On the death of the countess Matilda, who had bequeathed all her territories to the Church (1115), the emperor at once laid claim to them as imperial fiefs and forced the Pope to flee from Rome. Paschal II returned after the emperor's withdrawal at the beginning of 1118, but died within a few days on January 21, 1118.

Actions during his reign

Pope Paschal II ordered the building of the new basilica of Santi Quattro Coronati
Santi Quattro Coronati

Santi Quattro Coronati is an ancient basilica in Rome. The church dates back to the 4th century, and is devoted to four anonymous saints and martyrs....
, on the ashes of the one burned during the Norman Sack of Rome (1084)
Sack of Rome (1084)

The Sack of Rome of May 1084 was a Italo-Normans sack, the result of the pope's call for aid from the duke of Apulia, Robert Guiscard.Pope Gregory VII was besieged in the Castel Sant'Angelo by the Emperor Henry IV in June 1083....
.

The first bishop of America
Americas

The Americas are the region of the Western hemisphere that consists of the continents of North America and South America with their associated islands and regions....
 was appointed during Paschal II's reign, nearly four centuries before Columbus
Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus was a Republic of Genoa navigator, colonialist and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean?funded by Queen Isabella of Spain?led to general European awareness of the America in the Western Hemisphere....
's first voyage across the Atlantic. Erik Gnupsson
Erik Gnupsson

Erik Gnupsson or Eir?kr Gn?psson, also known as Henricus , was born in Iceland. He became a clergyman and later was appointed the Bishop of Greenland, residing at Gardar, Greenland....
 was given the province of Greenland
Greenland

Greenland is a member country of the Kingdom of Denmark located between the Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago....
 and Vinland
Vinland

Vinland was the name given to an area of North America by the Norsemen Leif Eriksson, about the year A.D. 1001.In 1960 archaeology evidence of the only known Norse colonization of the Americas in North America was found at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland , in what is now the Canada province of Newfoundl...
, the latter believed to refer to what is now Newfoundland.

See Also

  • First Council of the Lateran
    First Council of the Lateran

    The Council of 1123 is reckoned in the series of Ecumenical councils by the Catholic Church. It was convoked by Pope Callixtus II in December, 1122, immediately after the Concordat of Worms....
  • Concordat of Worms
    Concordat of Worms

    The Concordat of Worms, sometimes called the Pactum Calixtinum by papal historians, was an agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor on September 23 1122 near the city of Worms, Germany....