Polycarbonate

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Polycarbonate

Polycarbonates are a particular group of thermoplastic

Thermoplastic

A thermoplastic is a polymer that turns to a liquid when heated and freezes to a very glassy state when cooled sufficiently. Most thermoplastics are high-molecular mass polymers whose Chain s associate through weak Van der Waals forces ; stronger dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding ; or even stacking of aromatic rings ....
polymer

Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties....
s.

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Encyclopedia

Polycarbonate

Physical Properties
Density Density The density of a material is defined as its mass per unit volume. The symbol of density is ....	1200-1220 kg/m³ Kilogram per cubic metre Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of density and is represented as kg/m?, where kg stands for kilogram and m? stands for cubic metre. The density of water is about 1000 kg/m? , since a cubic metre of water weighs about 1 megagram....
Abbe number (V) Abbe number In physics and optics, the Abbe number, also known as the V-number or constringence of a Transparency material, is a measure of the material's dispersion in relation to the refractive index....	34.0
Refractive index (n) Refractive index The refractive index of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light is reduced inside the medium. For example, typical soda-lime glass has a refractive index of 1.5, which means that in glass, light travels at times the speed of light in a vacuum....	1.584-6 List of indices of refraction Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the frequency of light. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at yellow Fraunhofer lines, 589 nanometres....
Flammability Flammability Flammability is defined at how easily something will burn or ignite, causing fire or combustion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is subject to quantification through fire testing....	V0-V2
Limiting oxygen Oxygen Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]... index	25-27%
Water absorption Hydroxyl ion absorption Hydroxyl ion absorption is the Absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic waves, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant.... - Equilibrium Chemical equilibrium In a chemical process, chemical equilibrium is the state in which the Activity or concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time.... (ASTM) ASTM International ASTM International , originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services....	0.16-0.35%
Water absorption Hydroxyl ion absorption Hydroxyl ion absorption is the Absorption in optical fibers of electromagnetic waves, including the near-infrared, due to the presence of trapped hydroxyl ions remaining from water as a contaminant.... - over 24 hour Hour The hour is a unit of time. It is not an SI unit but is Non-SI units accepted for use with SI.... s	0.1%
Radiation resistance Radiation resistance Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna 's feedpoint resistance that is caused by the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna....	Fair
Ultraviolet (1-380nm) Ultraviolet Ultraviolet light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light, but longer than x-rays, in the range 400 nanometer to 10 nm, and energies from 3 Electron volt to 124 eV.... resistance Radiation resistance Radiation resistance is that part of an antenna 's feedpoint resistance that is caused by the radiation of electromagnetic waves from the antenna....	Fair
Mechanical Properties
Young's modulus (E) Young's modulus In solid mechanics, Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of an isotropic elastic material. It is also known as the Young modulus, modulus of elasticity, elastic modulus or tensile modulus....	2-2.4 G Giga Giga is a SI prefix in the SI system of units denoting Orders of magnitude , or 1,000,000,000. The Oxford English Dictionary reports the earliest written use of giga- in this sense to be in the Reports of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 14th Conference in 1947: "The following prefixes to abbreviations for the names... Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, stress , Young's modulus and tensile strength. It is a measure of force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one joule per cubic meter....
Tensile strength (s_t) Tensile strength Tensile strength , or is the Stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms. Tensile strength is an Intensive and extensive properties and, consequently, does not depend on the size of the test specimen....	55-75 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, stress , Young's modulus and tensile strength. It is a measure of force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one joule per cubic meter....
Compressive strength (s_c) Compressive strength Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to withstand axially directed pushing forces. When the limit of compressive strength is reached, materials are crushed....	>80 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, stress , Young's modulus and tensile strength. It is a measure of force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one joule per cubic meter....
Elongation (e) Strain (materials science) In continuum mechanics, the infinitesimal strain theory, sometimes called small deformation theory, small displacement theory, or small displacement-gradient theory, deals with infinitesimal Deformation s of a Continuum mechanics.... @ break Structural failure Structural failure refers to loss of the Structural load-carrying capacity of a component or member within a Architectural structure or of the structure itself....	80-150%
Poisson's ratio Poisson's ratio Poisson's ratio , named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the contraction or transverse strain , to the extension or axial strain .When a sample cube of a materials is stretched in one direction, it tends to contract in the other two directions perpendicular to the direction of stretch....	0.37
Hardness - Rockwell Rockwell scale The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on the indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test determines the hardness by measuring the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load compared to the penetration made by a preload....	M70
Izod impact strength Izod impact strength test Izod impact strength testing is an ASTM standard method of determining impact strength. A notched sample is generally used to determine impact strength....	600-850 J Joule The joule is the SI derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is defined as:One joule is the amount of energy required to perform the following actions:... /m
Notch test Charpy impact test The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy v-notch test, is a Wiktionary:standardized high strain -rate test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture....	20-35 k Kilo Kilo is a SI prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting 1 E3 or 1,000. For example:* one kilogram is 1,000 grams* one kilometre is 1,000 metres... J Joule The joule is the SI derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is defined as:One joule is the amount of energy required to perform the following actions:... /m²
Abrasive resistance - ASTM ASTM International ASTM International , originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.... D1044	10-15 m Milli milli is a SI prefix in the SI and other systems of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 10-3, or 1/1,000 .Adopted in 1795, the prefix comes from the Latin mille, meaning one thousand .... g Gram The gram , ; symbol g, is a Physical unit of mass.Originally defined as "the absolute weight of a volume of pure water equal to the cube of the hundredth part of a metre, and at the temperature of melting ice" , a gram is now defined as one one-thousandth of the SI base unit, the kilogram, or Scientific notation kg, which itself is... /1000 cycles Rotation A rotation is a movement of an object in a circular motion. A two-dimensional object rotates around a center of rotation. A Three-dimensional space object rotates around a line called an axis....
Coefficient of friction (µ)	0.31
Thermal Properties
Melting temperature (T_m) Melting temperature Melting temperature may refer to:* Melting point, the temperature at which a substance changes from solid to liquid state.* DNA melting temperature, the temperature at which a DNA double helix dissociates into single strands....	267 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death.... *
Glass transition temperature(T_g) Glass transition temperature The Glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature at which an amorphous solid, such as glass or a polymer, becomes wikt:brittle on cooling, or soft on heating....	150 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
Heat deflection temperature Heat Deflection Temperature The 'heat deflection temperature' or 'heat distortion temperature' is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load.... - 10 k Kilo Kilo is a SI prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting 1 E3 or 1,000. For example:* one kilogram is 1,000 grams* one kilometre is 1,000 metres... N Newton The newton is the International System of Units SI derived unit of force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics.... (Vicat B)	145 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
Heat deflection temperature Heat Deflection Temperature The 'heat deflection temperature' or 'heat distortion temperature' is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load.... - 0.45 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, stress , Young's modulus and tensile strength. It is a measure of force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one joule per cubic meter....	140 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
Heat deflection temperature Heat Deflection Temperature The 'heat deflection temperature' or 'heat distortion temperature' is the temperature at which a polymer or plastic sample deforms under a specified load.... - 1.8 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Pa Pascal (unit) The pascal is the SI derived unit of pressure, stress , Young's modulus and tensile strength. It is a measure of force per unit area i.e. equivalent to one newton per square meter or one joule per cubic meter....	128-138 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
Upper working temperature Temperature In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....	115-130 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
Lower working temperature Temperature In physics, temperature is a physical property of a Physical system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the greater temperature....	-135 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....
Linear thermal expansion coefficient (a) Coefficient of thermal expansion When the temperature of a substance changes, the energy that is stored in the intermolecular bonds between atoms changes. When the stored energy increases, so does the length of the molecular bonds....	65-70 × 10^-6/K Kelvin The kelvin is a Units of measurement of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a Thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero ....
Specific heat capacity (c) Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the energy required to increase the temperature of a of a substance by a certain Celsius#Temperatures_and_intervals....	1.2-1.3 k Kilo Kilo is a SI prefix in the SI and other systems of units denoting 1 E3 or 1,000. For example:* one kilogram is 1,000 grams* one kilometre is 1,000 metres... J Joule The joule is the SI derived unit of energy in the International System of Units. It is defined as:One joule is the amount of energy required to perform the following actions:... /kg Kilogram The kilogram or kilogrammeThe spelling kilogram is used by the International Committee for Weights and Measures and the U.S.... ·K Kelvin The kelvin is a Units of measurement of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a Thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero ....
Thermal conductivity (k) Thermal conductivity In physics, thermal conductivity, , is the List of materials properties of a material that indicates its ability to conduct heat. It appears primarily in Heat conduction#Fourier's law for heat conduction.... @ 23 °C Celsius Celsius is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius , who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death....	0.19-0.22 W WATT WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945.... /(m·K Kelvin The kelvin is a Units of measurement of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a Thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero .... )
Heat transfer coefficient (h) Heat transfer coefficient The heat transfer coefficient, in thermodynamics and in mechanical engineering and chemical engineering, is used in calculating the heat transfer, typically by convection or phase change between a fluid and a solid:...	0.21 W WATT WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945.... /(m²·K Kelvin The kelvin is a Units of measurement of temperature and is one of the seven SI base units. The Kelvin scale is a Thermodynamic temperature scale where absolute zero, the theoretical absence of all thermal energy, is zero .... )
Electrical Properties
Dielectric constant (e_r) Dielectric constant The relative static permittivity of a material under given conditions is a measure of the extent to which it concentrates electrostatic lines of flux.... @ 1 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Hz Hertz The hertz is a measure of frequency per unit of time, or the number of list of cycles per second. It is the SI base unit of frequency in the International System of Units , and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts....	2.9
Permittivity (e) Permittivity Permittivity is a physical quantity that describes how an electric field affects, and is affected by a dielectric medium, and is determined by the ability of a material to polarization in response to the field, and thereby reduce the total electric field inside the material.... @ 1 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Hz Hertz The hertz is a measure of frequency per unit of time, or the number of list of cycles per second. It is the SI base unit of frequency in the International System of Units , and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts....	2.568 x10^-11 F Farad The farad is the SI unit of capacitance. The farad is named after the British physicist Michael Faraday.... /m
Relative permeability (µ_r) Permeability (electromagnetism) In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is typically represented by the Greek letter Mu .... @ 1 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Hz Hertz The hertz is a measure of frequency per unit of time, or the number of list of cycles per second. It is the SI base unit of frequency in the International System of Units , and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts....	0.866(2)
Permeability (µ) Permeability (electromagnetism) In electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied magnetic field. Magnetic permeability is typically represented by the Greek letter Mu .... @ 1 M Mega mega is an SI prefix in the SI system of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 1 E6, 1,000,000 .For example, 1 MW = 1,000,000 watts = 1,000 kilowatts.... Hz Hertz The hertz is a measure of frequency per unit of time, or the number of list of cycles per second. It is the SI base unit of frequency in the International System of Units , and is used worldwide in both general-purpose and scientific contexts....	1.089(2) µ Micro The term *micro* is a SI prefix in the SI and other systems of Units of measurements denoting a factor of 10−6 .Confirmed in 1960, the prefix comes from the Ancient Greek , meaning "small".... N Newton The newton is the International System of Units SI derived unit of force, named after Isaac Newton in recognition of his work on classical mechanics.... /A Ampere The ampere is the International System of Units unit of electric current. The ampere, in practice often shortened to amp, is an SI base unit, and is named after Andr?-Marie Amp?re, one of the main discoverers of electromagnetism.... ²
Dielectric strength Dielectric strength In physics, the term dielectric strength has the following meanings:Of an insulating material, the maximum electric field strength that it can withstand intrinsically without breaking down, i.e.*, without experiencing failure of its insulating properties....	15-67 kV/mm
Dissipation factor Dissipation factor In physics, the dissipation factor is a measure of loss-rate of Power of a mode of oscillation in a dissipative system. It is the reciprocal of Quality factor, which represents the quality of oscillation.... @ 1 MHz	0.01
Surface resistivity Resistivity Electrical resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electrical charge....	10¹⁵ O Ohm The ohm is the SI unit of electrical impedance or, in the direct current case, electrical resistance, named after Georg Ohm.... /sq
Volume resistivity Resistivity Electrical resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the movement of electrical charge....	10¹²-10¹⁴ O Ohm The ohm is the SI unit of electrical impedance or, in the direct current case, electrical resistance, named after Georg Ohm.... ·m
Near to Short-wave Infrared Infrared Infrared radiation is electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is longer than that of visible light , but shorter than that of terahertz radiation and microwaves .... Transmittance Transmittance In optics and spectroscopy, transmittance is the fraction of incident light at a specified wavelength that passes through a sample. Specifically, visible transmittance is this fraction for visible light.... Spectrum Electromagnetic spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation frequencies. The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that particular object....

Chemical Resistance
Acid Acid An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e.... s - concentrated Concentration In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given chemical substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent....	Poor
Acid Acid An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e.... s - dilute Concentration In chemistry, concentration is the measure of how much of a given chemical substance there is mixed with another substance. This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in the solvent....	Good
Alcohol Alcohol In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group.... s	Good
Alkali Alkali In chemistry, an alkali is a Base , Ionic compound salt of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal Chemical element. Alkalis are best known for being Base s that dissolve in water.... s	Good-Poor
Aromatic hydrocarbon Aromatic hydrocarbon An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene is a hydrocarbon, of which the molecular structure incorporates one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalised electrons numbering the same as if they consisted of alternating single and double covalent bonds.... s	Poor
Greases Grease (lubricant) The term grease is used to describe a number of Quasi-solid lubricants possessing a higher initial viscosity than oil. Although the word grease is also used to describe Rendering fat of animals, in the context of lubricants, it typically applies to a material consisting of a calcium, sodium or lithium soap base emulsion with mineral oi... & Oil Oil An oil is a chemical substance that is in a viscosity liquid state at room temperature or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic and lipophilic .... s	Good-Fair
Halogenated Hydrocarbons Haloalkane The haloalkanes are a group of chemical compounds, consisting of alkanes, such as methane or ethane, with one or more halogens linked, such as chlorine or fluorine, making them a type of organic halide....	Good-Poor
Halogen Halogen \|}The halogens or halogen elements are a chemical series of nonmetal chemical element from Periodic table group International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry of the periodic table, comprising fluorine, F; chlorine, Cl; bromine, Br; iodine, I; and astatine, At.... s	Poor
Ketone Ketone In organic chemistry, a ketone is a type of organic compound which contains a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms in the form:Neither of the substituents R1 and R2 may be equal to hydrogen .... s	Poor
Economic Properties
Price	5-9 € Euro The euro is the official currency of 16 out of 27 European Union member state of the European Union . The states, known collectively as the Eurozone are: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Spain.... /kg Kilogram The kilogram or kilogrammeThe spelling kilogram is used by the International Committee for Weights and Measures and the U.S....

Polycarbonates are a particular group of thermoplastic

Thermoplastic

Polymer

Injection moulding

Injection molding is a manufacturing process for producing parts from both thermoplastic and thermosetting plastic materials. Material is fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the mold cavity....
, and thermoformed

Thermoforming

Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where plastic sheet is heated to a pliable forming temperature, formed to a specific part shape in a mold, and trimmed to create a usable product....
; as such, these plastic

Plastic

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic chemistry solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products....
s are very widely used in the modern chemical industry

Chemical industry

The chemical industry comprises the companies that produce industrial chemicals. It is central to modern world economy, converting raw materials into more than 70,000 different products....
. Their interesting features (temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties) position them between commodity plastics

Commodity plastics

Commodity plastics are plastics that are used in high volume and wide range of applications, such as film for packaging, photographic and magnetic tape, beverage and trash containers and a variety of house hold products where mechanical properties and service environments are not critical....
and engineering plastic

Engineering plastic

Engineering plastics are a group of plastic materials that exhibit superior mechanical and thermal properties in a wide range of conditions over and above more commonly used commodity plastics....
s. Their plastic identification code

Plastic recycling

Plastic recycling is the process of recovering scrap or waste plastics and reprocessing the material into useful products, sometimes completely different in form from their original state....
is 7.

Chemistry

Polycarbonates got their name because they are polymer

Polymer

Carbonate ester

A carbonate ester is a functional group in organic chemistry consisting of a carbonyl group flanked by two alkoxy groups. The general structure of these carbonates is R1OOR2 and they are related to esters R1OR and ethers R1OR2 and also to the inorganic chemistry carbonates....
s (-O-(C=O)-O-) in a long molecular chain.

Also carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom....
was used as a C1-synthon on an industrial scale to produce diphenyl carbonate, being later trans-esterified with a diphenolic derivative affording poly (aromatic carbonate)s.

Taking into consideration the C1-synthon

Synthon

A synthon is a concept in retrosynthetic analysis. It is defined as a structural unit within a molecule which is related to a possible organic reaction operation....
polycarbonates can be divided into poly(aromatic carbonate)s and poly(aliphatic carbonate)s. The second one, poly(aliphatic carbonate)s are a product of the reaction of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state....
with epoxide

Epoxide

An epoxide is a cyclic ether with only three ring atoms. This ring approximately is an equilateral triangle which makes it highly ring strain....
s, which owing to the thermodynamical stability of carbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide

Porphyrin

Porphyrins are a group of chemical compounds of which many occur in nature, such as in green leaves and red blood cells, and in bio-inspired synthetic catalysts and devices....
s, alkoxide

Alkoxide

An alkoxide is the conjugate base of an alcohol and therefore consists of an organic group bonded to a negatively charged oxygen atom. They can be written as RO–, where R is the organic substituent....
s, carboxylates, salen

Salen ligand

Salen is the abbreviation for a popular chelation ligand used in coordination chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. The name salen is a contraction for salicylic acid and ethylene diamine, which are the precursors to the ligand....
s and beta-diiminates as organic, chelating ligand

Ligand

In chemistry, a ligand is either an atom, ion, or molecule that bonds to a central metal, generally involving formal donation of one or more of its electrons....
s and aluminium

Aluminium

Aluminium or aluminum is a silvery white and ductile member of the boron group of chemical elements. It has the symbol Al; its atomic number is 13....
, zinc

Zinc

Zinc is a metallic chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is a first-row transition metal of the group 12 element of the periodic table....
, cobalt

Cobalt

Cobalt is a hard, lustrous, grey metal, a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Although cobalt-based colors and pigments have been used since ancient times, and miners have long used the name kobold ore for some minerals, cobalt was only discovered in 1735 by Georg Brandt....
and chromium

Chromium

Chromium is a chemical element which has the symbol Cr and atomic number 24. It is a steely-gray, Lustre , hard metal that takes a high polish and has a high melting point....
as the metal centres. Poly(aliphatic carbonate)s display promising characteristics, have a better biodegradability than the aromatic ones and could be employed to develop other specialty polymers.

One type of polycarbonate plastic is made from bisphenol A

Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A, commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an organic compound with two phenol functional groups. It is a difunctional building block of several important plastics and plastic additives....
(BPA). This polycarbonate is a very durable material, and can be laminated to make bullet-proof "glass", though “bullet-resistant” would be more accurate. Although polycarbonate has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance and so a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate eyewear lenses

Corrective lens

A corrective lens is a lens worn in front of the eye, mainly used to treat myopia, hyperopia, Astigmatism , and presbyopia. Glasses or "spectacles" are worn on the face a short distance in front of the eye....
and polycarbonate exterior automotive components. The characteristics of polycarbonate are quite like those of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA; acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger, usable in a larger temperature range but also more expensive. This polymer

Polymer

Transparency (optics)

In optics, transparency is the material property of allowing light to pass through. In mineralogy, another term for this property is diaphaneity....
to visible light and has better light transmission characteristics than many kinds of glass

Glass

CR-39

CR-39, or allyl diglycol carbonate, is a plastic polymer commonly used in the manufacture of eyeglass lens . It should not be confused with polycarbonate, a homopolymer made from bis-phenol A, a tough polymer widely used for glazing....
is a specific polycarbonate material — although it is usually referred to as CR-39 plastic — with good optical and mechanical properties, frequently used for eyeglass lenses.

Processing

Polycarbonate has a glass transition temperature

Glass transition temperature

The Glass transition temperature, Tg, is the temperature at which an amorphous solid, such as glass or a polymer, becomes wikt:brittle on cooling, or soft on heating....
of about , so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about . Injection moulding

Injection moulding

Non-Newtonian fluid

A non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose flow properties are not described by a single constant value of viscosity. Many polymer solutions and molten polymers are non-Newtonian fluids, as are many commonly found substances such as ketchup, starch suspensions, paint, blood and shampoo....
flow behaviour. Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above to make strain- and stress-free products. Low molecular mass

Molecular mass

The molecular mass of a chemical compound, frequently referred by the older term molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the mass of one molecule of that substance, relative to the unified atomic mass unit u ....
grades are easier to mould than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are much more difficult to process.

Applications

Polycarbonate is becoming more common in housewares as well as laboratories and in industry, especially in applications where any of its main features—high impact resistance, temperature resistance, optical properties—are required.

Main transformation techniques for polycarbonate resins:

extrusion
Extrusion

Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross section profile. A material is pushed or drawn through a Die of the desired cross-section....
into tubes, rods and other profiles
extrusion with cylinders into sheets and films (below ), which can be used directly or manufactured into other shapes using thermoforming
Thermoforming

Thermoforming is a manufacturing process where plastic sheet is heated to a pliable forming temperature, formed to a specific part shape in a mold, and trimmed to create a usable product....
or secondary fabrication techniques, such as bending, drilling, routing, laser cutting etc.
injection molding into ready articles

Typical injected applications:

compact disc
Compact Disc

A Compact Disc is an optical disc used to store Data , originally developed for storing digital audio. The CD, available on the market since October 1982, remains the standard physical medium for sale of commercial Sound recording and reproduction to the present day....
s, DVD
DVD

DVD, also known as "Digital Versatile Disc" or "Digital Video Disc,"is a popular optical disc data storage device media format. Its main uses are video and data storage....
s, Blu-ray Disc
Blu-ray Disc

Blu-ray Disc is an optical disc data storage device medium. Its main uses are high-definition video and data storage. The disc has the same physical dimensions as standard DVDs and CDs....
s
drinking bottles
drinking glasses
lab equipment, research animal enclosures
lighting lenses, sunglass/eyeglass lenses, safety glasses, automotive headlamp lenses
MP3/Digital audio player cases
Digital audio player

A digital audio player, more commonly referred to as an MP3 player, is a consumer electronics device that stores, organizes and plays audio file formats....

Typical sheet/film application:

Advertisement: signs, displays, poster protection
Building: domelights, flat or curved glazing, and sound walls
Computers: Apples's MacBook
MacBook

The MacBook is a brand of Macintosh Laptops by Apple Inc. Introduced in May 2006, it replaced the iBook G4 and 12 inch PowerBook series of notebooks as a part of the Apple Intel transition....
, and Mac mini
Mac Mini

The Mac Mini is a desktop computer made by Apple Inc. Like earlier Mini-ITX PC designs, it is uncommonly small for a desktop computer: 6.5 inches square and 2 inches tall....
Industry: machined or formed, cases, machine glazing
Glazing

Glazing is a Transparency part of a wall, usually made of glass or plastic . Glazing also describes the work done by a professional "glazier"....
, riot shields, visor
VISOR

In the Star Trek fictional universe, a VISOR is a device used by the blindness to artificially provide them with a sense of sight. The device Scanner the electromagnetic spectrum, creating Visual perception input, and transmits it into the brain of the wearer via the optic nerves....
s, instrument panels

For use in applications exposed to weathering or UV-radiation, a special surface treatment is needed. This either can be a coating (e.g. for improved abrasion resistance), or a coextrusion

Makroclear

Makroclear is a brand of solid polycarbonate plastic sheet ranging from 0.75 to 12 mm thickness.Polycarbonate is seen as the toughest transparent material....
for enhanced weathering resistance.

Some polycarbonate grades are used in medical applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards (occasionally referred to as PC-ISO). Class VI is the most stringent of the six USP ratings. These grades can be sterilized using steam at 120 °C, gamma radiation or the ethylene oxide (EtO) method. See for more information. However, scientific research indicates possible problems with biocompatibility

Biocompatibility

Biocompatibility is related to the behavior of biomaterials in various contexts. The term may refer to specific properties of a material without specifying where or how the material is used, or to more empirical clinical success of a whole device in which the material or materials feature....
. Dow Chemical strictly limits all its plastics with regard to medical applications.

The cockpit canopy of the F-22 Raptor

F-22 Raptor

The Lockheed Martin/Boeing F-22 Raptor is a Fighter aircraft#Fifth generation jet fighters , fighter aircraft that uses stealth aircraft technology....
jet fighter is made from a piece of high optical quality polycarbonate, and is the largest piece of its type formed in the world.

In the automotive industry, injection moulded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well suited for direct (without the need for a basecoat) metalised parts such as decorative bezels and optical reflectors. Its uniform mould shrinkage results in parts with greater accuracy than those made of polypropylene

Polypropylene

Polypropylene or polypropene is a thermoplastic polymer, made by the chemical industry and used in a wide variety of applications, including packaging, textiles , stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, and polymer banknotes....
. However, due to its susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking

Stress corrosion cracking

Stress corrosion cracking is the unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals or tough thermoplastics subjected to a tensile stress in a corrosion environment, especially at elevated temperature in the case of metals....
, its use is limited to low stress applications.

Being based on bisphenol A

Bisphenol A

Phenol

Phenol, also known as carbolic acid, is a toxic, white crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor, commonly referred to as a "hospital smell"....
based on benzene

Benzene

Benzene, or benzol, is an organic compound chemical compound and a known carcinogen with the molecular formula Carbon6Hydrogen6....
) pricing is largely dependent on phenol and benzene pricing.

Trade names

Other trade names for polycarbonate include:

Calibre from Dow Chemicals
Lexan
Lexan

Lexan is a registered trademark for SABIC brand of highly durable polycarbonate resin thermoplastic intended to replace traditional glass and polymethyl methacrylate where the need for strength and impact resistance justifies its higher cost....
from SABIC Innovative Plastics (formerly General Electric
General Electric

The General Electric Company, or GE is a multinational corporation United States technology and Service s conglomerate incorporated in the State of New York....
Plastics)
Makrolife from Arlaplast
Makrolon from Bayer
Bayer

Bayer Aktiengesellschaft is a Germany chemical industry and pharmaceutical company founded in Barmen, Germany in 1863. Today it is headquartered in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany....
Panlite from Teijin
Teijin

is a Japan chemical industry and pharmaceutical industry company. It is listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange with a market capitalisation of USD 3.9 billion....
Chemical Limited

Potential hazards in food contact applications

Polycarbonate may be appealing to manufacturers and purchasers of food storage containers due to its clarity and toughness, being described as lightweight and highly break resistant particularly when compared to silica glass

Glass

Glass generally refers to a Hardness, brittle, transparency amorphous solid, such as that used for windows, many Glass Bottles, or eyewear, including, but not limited to, soda-lime glass, borosilicate glass, acrylic glass, sugar glass, Muscovite , or aluminium oxynitride....
. Polycarbonate may be seen in the form of single use and refillable plastic water bottles.

More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of bisphenol A

Bisphenol A

Bisphenol A, commonly abbreviated as BPA, is an organic compound with two phenol functional groups. It is a difunctional building block of several important plastics and plastic additives....
leachates from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and that it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice.

An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry funded studies tend to find no significant effects while government funded studies tend to find significant effects.

Research by Ana M. Soto, professor of anatomy and cellular biology at Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, published Dec. 6 in the online edition of Reproductive Toxicology (DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.10.002) describes exposure of pregnant rats to bisphenol A at 2.5 to 1,000 µg per kilogram of body weight per day. At the equivalent of puberty for the pups (50 days old), about 25% of their mammary ducts had precancerous lesions, some three to four times higher than unexposed controls. The study is cited as evidence for the hypothesis that environmental exposure to bisphenol A as a fetus can cause breast cancer in adult women.

An expert panel of 12 scientists has found that there is "some concern that exposure to the chemical bisphenol A in utero causes neural and behavioral effects," according to the draft report prepared by The National Toxicology Program (NTP) Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction.

For the general adult population, the expert panel found a "negligible concern for adverse reproductive effects following exposures."

A study of cross-sectional data from the 2003-2004 U.S. National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey published in the September 17, 2008 edition of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) demonstrated positive and statistically significant correlations between the concentration of bisphenol A in the urine and self-reported histories of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

One point of agreement among those studying polycarbonate water and food storage containers may be that using sodium hypochlorite bleach and other alkali cleaners to clean polycarbonate is not recommended, as they catalyze the release of the bisphenol-A. The tendency of polycarbonate to release bisphenol A was discovered after a lab tech used strong cleaners on polycarbonate lab containers. Endocrine disruption later observed on lab rats was traced to exposure from the cleaned containers.

On April 18, 2008, Health Canada announced that bisphenol A is "toxic to human health". Canada is the first and only nation to make this designation.

A chemical compatibility chart

Compatibility (chemical)

Chemical compatibility is a measure of how stable a substance is when mixed with another substance. If substances mix and do not change they are considered compatible....
shows reactivity between chemicals such as polycarbonate and a cleaning agent. Alcohol

Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group....
is one recommended organic solvent for cleaning grease and oils from polycarbonate. For treating mold, borax

Borax

Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid....
:H₂O 1:96 to 1:8 may be effective.

Synthesis

Polycarbonate can be synthesized from bisphenol A and phosgene

Phosgene

Phosgene is the chemical compound with the chemical formula COCl2. This colorless gas gained infamy as a chemical weapon during World War I, but it is also a valued industrial reagent and building block in organic synthesis....
(carbonyl dichloride, COCl₂). The first step in the synthesis of polycarbonate from bisphenol A is treatment of bisphenol A

Bisphenol A

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic Base . Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water, however, only the hydroxide ion is basic....
. This deprotonates the hydroxyl groups of the bisphenol A molecule

Molecule

In chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable, electric charge neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong chemical bonds....
.

The deprotonated oxygen reacts with phosgene through carbonyl addition to create a tetrahedral intermediate (not shown here), after which the negatively charged oxygen kicks off a chloride ion (Cl^-) to form a chloroformate

Chloroformate

Chloroformates are a class of chemical compounds which are esters of chloroformic acid. They are widely used as reagents in organic chemistry....
.

The chloroformate is then attacked by another deprotonated bisphenol A, eliminating the remaining chloride ion and forming a dimer of bisphenol A with a carbonate linkage in between.

Repetition of this process yields a polycarbonate with alternating carbonate groups and groups from bisphenol A.

Interaction with other chemicals

	Require caution	Considered safe
Alkali bleaches such as sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent.... Acetone Acetone Acetone is the organic compound with the chemical formula OC2. This colorless, mobile, flammable liquid is the simplest example of the ketones.... Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile Acrylonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula CH2CHCN. This pungent-smelling colorless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities.... Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia is a chemical compound with the chemical formula nitrogenhydrogen. It is normally encountered as a gas with a characteristic pungent odor.... Amyl acetate Amyl acetate Amyl acetate is an organic compound and an ester with the chemical formula CH3COO4CH3 and the molecular weight 130.18 g/mol.... Benzene Benzene Benzene, or benzol, is an organic compound chemical compound and a known carcinogen with the molecular formula Carbon6Hydrogen6.... Bromine Bromine Bromine , , meaning "stench " ), is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. A halogen element, bromine is a reddish-brown Volatility liquid at Standard conditions for temperature and pressure that is intermediate in reactivity between chlorine and iodine.... Butyl acetate Butyl acetate n-Butyl acetate, also known as butyl ethanoate, is an organic compound commonly used as a solvent in the production of lacquers and other products.... Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic Base . Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water, however, only the hydroxide ion is basic.... Chloroform Chloroform Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane and methyl trichloride, is a chemical compound with chemical formula CarbonHydrogenChlorine3.... Dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide is the organic compound with the chemical formula 2NCH. Commonly abbreviated DMF, this colourless liquid is miscible with Water and the majority of organic liquids.... Concentrated hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong acid mineral acid and has major industrial uses.... Concentrated hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. While it is extremely corrosive and dangerous to handle, it is technically a weak acid.... Iodine Iodine Iodine , is a chemical element that has the symbol I and atomic number 53. Naturally-occurring iodine is a single isotope with 74 neutrons.... Methanol Methanol Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a chemical compound with chemical formula carbonhydrogen3oxygenhydrogen .... Methyl ethyl ketone Styrene Styrene Styrene, also known as vinyl benzene as well as many other names , is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2.... Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene, also known under its systematic name tetrachloroethene and as perchloroethylene, perchloroethene, perc, and PCE, is a chlorocarbon with the formula Cl2C=CCl2.... Toluene Toluene Toluene, also known as methylbenzene or phenylmethane, is a clear, Water -insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners, redolent of the sweet smell of the related compound benzene.... Concentrated sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry.... Xylene Xylene The term xylene or xylol refers to a mixture of three aromatic hydrocarbon isomers which is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries.... Cyanoacrylate Cyanoacrylate Cyanoacrylate is the generic name for cyanoacrylate based fast-acting glues such as methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate , butyl cyanoacrylate .... monomers	Cyclohexanone Cyclohexanone Cyclohexanone is the organic compound with the chemical formula... Diesel oil Formic acid Formic acid Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Its formula is hydrogencarbonoxygenOH or CH2O2. It is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and occurs naturally, most notably in the venom of bee and ant stingers.... Gasoline Gasoline File:GasCan.jpgGasoline or petrol is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture, primarily used as fuel in internal combustion engines.It consists mostly of aliphatic hydrocarbons, enhanced with iso-octane or the aromatic hydrocarbons toluene and benzene to increase its octane rating.... Glycerine Heating oil Heating oil Heating oil, or oil heat is a low viscosity, flammable liquid petroleum product used to fuel building furnaces or boilers.Heating oil is commonly delivered by tank truck to residential, commercial and municipal buildings and stored in above-ground storage tanks located in the basements, garages, or outside adjacent to the building.... Jet fuel Jet fuel Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by Aircraft engine#Gas turbine engine configurations. It is clear to straw colored.... Concentrated perchloric acid Perchloric acid Perchloric acid, HClO4, is an oxoacid of chlorine and is a colorless liquid soluble in water . It is a strong acid comparable in strength to sulfuric acid and nitric acids.... Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide Sulfur dioxide is the chemical compound with the formula SO2. It is produced by volcanoes and in various industrial processes. Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion generates sulfur dioxide.... Turpentine Turpentine Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from trees, mainly pine trees. It is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-Pinene and beta-Pinene....	Acetic acid Acetic acid Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. Pure, water-free acetic acid is a colourless liquid that absorbs water from the environment , and freezes at 16.7 Celsius to a colourless crystalline solid.... Ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride is, in its pure form, a clear white water-soluble crystalline salt of ammonia. The aqueous ammonium chloride solution is mildly acidic.... Antimony trichloride Antimony trichloride Antimony trichloride is the chemical compound with the chemical formula AntimonyChlorine. This a soft colorless solid was known to the alchemy as butter of antimony.... Borax Borax Borax, also known as sodium borate, sodium tetraborate, or disodium tetraborate, is an important boron compound, a mineral, and a salt of boric acid.... in H₂O Butane Butane Butane, also called n-butane, is the unbranched alkane with four carbon atoms, CH3CH2CH2CH3.... Calcium chloride Calcium chloride Calcium chloride, CaCl2, is a common Salt . It behaves as a typical ionic halide, and is solid at room temperature. It has several common applications such as brine for refrigeration plants, ice and dust control on roads, and in concrete.... Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with chemical formula 2. It is widely used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent .... Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalent bond to a single carbon atom. It is a gas at standard temperature and pressure and exists in Earth's atmosphere in this state.... Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless and odorless, tasteless, yet highly toxic gas. Its molecules consist of one carbon atom covalent bond to one oxygen atom.... Citric acid Citric acid Citric acid is a weak organic chemistry acid, and it is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic, or sour, taste to foods and soft drinks.... 10% Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II) sulfate Copper sulfate is the chemical compound with the chemical formula CopperSulfurOxygen4. This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of water of crystallization.... Ethyl alcohol, i.e. ethanol 95% Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol Ethylene glycol is an alcohol with two -OH groups , a chemical compound widely used as an automobile antifreeze. In its pure form, it is an odorless, colorless, syrupy, sweet tasting, toxic liquid.... Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Formaldehyde is a chemical compound with the chemical formula H2CO. It is the simplest aldehyde. Formaldehyde exists in several forms aside from H2CO: the cyclic trimer trioxane and the polymer Polyoxymethylene.... 10% Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid is the solution of hydrogen chloride in water. It is a highly corrosive, strong acid mineral acid and has major industrial uses.... 20% Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid Hydrofluoric acid is a solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. While it is extremely corrosive and dangerous to handle, it is technically a weak acid.... 5% Isopropyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol is a common name for isopropanol, a colorless, flammable chemical compound with a strong odor. It has the molecular formula C3H7OH and is the simplest example of a Alcohol#Primary.2C secondary.2C and tertiary alcohols, where the alcohol carbon is attached to two other carbons.... Mercury Mercury (element) Mercury , also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum , is a chemical element with the symbol Hg and atomic number 80. A heavy, silvery d-block metal, mercury is one of six elements that are liquid at or near room temperature and pressure.... Methane Methane Methane is a chemical compound with the molecular formula . It is the simplest alkane, and the principal component of natural gas. Methane's bond angles are 109.5 degrees.... Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]... Ozone Ozone Ozone or trioxygen is a triatomic molecule, consisting of three oxygen atoms. It is an allotrope of oxygen that is much less stable than the diatomic O2.... Sulfur Sulfur Sulfur or sulphur is the chemical element that has the atomic number 16. It is denoted with the symbol S. It is an abundant Valence non-metal.... Urea Urea Urea is an organic compound with the chemical formula 2carbonoxygen.Urea is also known by the International Nonproprietary Name carbamide, as established by the World Health Organization.... Water Water Water is a common chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of life. In typical usage, water refers only to its liquid form or States of matter, but the substance also has a solid state, ice, and a gaseous state, water vapor or steam.... ^†
† At room temperature. Above 60 °C hydrolysis Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions.... degradation can occur. Degradation also depends on time.

Using sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent....
(bleach

Bleach

A bleach is a chemical that removes colors or whitens, often via oxidation. Common chemical bleaches include household "chlorine bleach", a solution of approximately 3?6% sodium hypochlorite , and "oxygen bleach", which contains hydrogen peroxide or a peroxide-releasing compound such as sodium perborate, sodium percarbonate, sodium persulfat...
) and other alkali cleaners on polycarbonate is not recommended as they cause the release of bisphenol A, a known endocrine disruptor.

Polycarbonate

Chemistry

Processing

Applications

Trade names

Potential hazards in food contact applications

Synthesis

Interaction with other chemicals

See also