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Polybutadiene
 
 
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Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber
Synthetic rubber

Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made polymer material, which acts as an elastomer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more Elasticity deformation under stress, than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation....
 that is a polymer
Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties....
 formed from the polymerization
Polymerization

In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains....
 of the monomer
Monomer

A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer....
 1,3-butadiene
1,3-Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene is a simple Conjugated system diene. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber....
. It has a high resistance to wear and is used especially in the manufacture
Tire manufacturing

Pneumatic tires are manufactured according to relatively standardized processes and machinery, in around 450 tire factories in the world. Over 1 billion tires are manufactured annually, making the tire industry the majority consumer of natural rubber....
 of tire
Tire

Tires, or tyres , are ring-shaped parts, either pneumatic or solid , that fit around wheels to protect them and enhance their function....
s. It has also been used to coat or encapsulate electronic assemblies, offering extremely high electrical resistivity. It exhibits a recovery of 80% after stress is applied, a value only exceeded by elastin
Elastin

Elastin is a protein in connective tissue that is Elasticity and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting....
 and resilin
Resilin

Resilin is an elastomeric protein found in many arthropods. As of 2005 it is the most efficient elastic protein known . The elastic efficiency of the resilin isolated from locust tendon has been reported to be 97 % ....
.

Polymerization of butadiene
1,3-Butadiene is an organic compound
Organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered Inorganic compound....
 which is a rather simple conjugated
Conjugated system

A conjugated system occurs in an organic compound where atoms covalently Chemical bond with alternating single and multiple bonds and influence each other to produce a region called electron delocalization....
 diene
Diene

Dienes or diolefins are hydrocarbons which contain two covalent bond. Dienes are intermediate between alkenes and polyenes....
 hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...
; the chemical structure
Chemical structure

A Chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure and crystal structure of a chemical compound. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together....
 is shown as a reactant in the diagram below.






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Encyclopedia


Polybutadiene is a synthetic rubber
Synthetic rubber

Synthetic rubber is any type of artificially made polymer material, which acts as an elastomer. An elastomer is a material with the mechanical property that it can undergo much more Elasticity deformation under stress, than most materials and still return to its previous size without permanent deformation....
 that is a polymer
Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule composed of repeating structural units typically connected by covalent chemical bonds. While polymer in popular usage suggests plastic, the term actually refers to a large class of natural and synthetic materials with a variety of properties....
 formed from the polymerization
Polymerization

In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form three-dimensional networks or polymer chains....
 of the monomer
Monomer

A monomer is a small molecule that may become Chemistry chemical bonding to other monomers to form a polymer....
 1,3-butadiene
1,3-Butadiene

1,3-Butadiene is a simple Conjugated system diene. It is an important industrial chemical used as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber....
. It has a high resistance to wear and is used especially in the manufacture
Tire manufacturing

Pneumatic tires are manufactured according to relatively standardized processes and machinery, in around 450 tire factories in the world. Over 1 billion tires are manufactured annually, making the tire industry the majority consumer of natural rubber....
 of tire
Tire

Tires, or tyres , are ring-shaped parts, either pneumatic or solid , that fit around wheels to protect them and enhance their function....
s. It has also been used to coat or encapsulate electronic assemblies, offering extremely high electrical resistivity. It exhibits a recovery of 80% after stress is applied, a value only exceeded by elastin
Elastin

Elastin is a protein in connective tissue that is Elasticity and allows many tissues in the body to resume their shape after stretching or contracting....
 and resilin
Resilin

Resilin is an elastomeric protein found in many arthropods. As of 2005 it is the most efficient elastic protein known . The elastic efficiency of the resilin isolated from locust tendon has been reported to be 97 % ....
.

Polymerization of butadiene


1,3-Butadiene is an organic compound
Organic compound

An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. For historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, simple oxides of carbon and cyanides, as well as the allotropes of carbon, are considered Inorganic compound....
 which is a rather simple conjugated
Conjugated system

A conjugated system occurs in an organic compound where atoms covalently Chemical bond with alternating single and multiple bonds and influence each other to produce a region called electron delocalization....
 diene
Diene

Dienes or diolefins are hydrocarbons which contain two covalent bond. Dienes are intermediate between alkenes and polyenes....
 hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed entirely of carbon or hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas other hydrocarbons with bonded com...
; the chemical structure
Chemical structure

A Chemical structure includes molecular geometry, electronic structure and crystal structure of a chemical compound. Molecular geometry refers to the spatial arrangement of atoms in a molecule and the chemical bonds that hold the atoms together....
 is shown as a reactant in the diagram below. A hydrocarbon diene molecule
Molecule

In chemistry, a molecule is defined as a sufficiently stable, electric charge neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by very strong chemical bonds....
 has two carbon-carbon double bonds (i. e. between two sets of carbon
Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element with chemical symbol C and atomic number 6. As a member of group 14 on the periodic table, it is nonmetallic and tetravalence?making four electrons available to form covalent bond chemical bonds....
 atoms). Polybutadiene can be formed from many 1,3-butadiene monomers undergoing free radical polymerization
Radical polymerization

Radical polymerization is a type of polymerization in which the reactive center of a polymer chain consists of a radical .The polymerization reaction is initiated by three classes of radical initiators:...
 to make a much longer polymer chain molecule.

A chain propagating step in this chemical reaction
Chemical reaction

A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of chemical substances. The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants....
 involves a free radical near the end of a growing polymer chain forming a covalent bond
Covalent bond

A covalent bond is a form of chemical bonding that is characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms, or between atoms and other covalent bonds....
 with the #1 carbon in a 1,3-butadiene monomer molecule being added, resulting in a polymer chain intermediate with a substituted allyl
Allyl

An allyl group is an alkene hydrocarbon group with the formula H2C=CH-CH2-. It is made up of a vinyl group, CH2=CH-, attached to a methylene -CH2....
 free radical at the end of the chain. This allyl free radical, formed from the butadiene just added, can further bond to another monomer molecule at either the #2 or #4 carbons of the previous butadiene monomer. Most of the time, the new monomer bonds to the #4 or terminal carbon of the previous butadiene, resulting in a 1,4-addition of the previous butadiene unit. In a 1,4-addition, the two double bonds of the previous butadiene unit are turned into single bonds and a new double bond is formed between the #2 and #3 carbons. This new double bond may have either a cis
CIS

CIS usually refers to the Commonwealth of Independent States, a modern political entity consisting of nine former Soviet Union republics.CIS may also refer to:...
 or a trans
Trans

Trans is a Latin noun or prefix, meaning "across", "beyond" or "on the opposite side".Trans may refer to:...
 configuration. A smaller fraction of the time (perhaps 20%), the new monomer bonds to the #2 carbon of the previous butadiene, resulting in a 1,2-addition of the previous butadiene unit. The double bond between the #1 and #2 carbons turns into a single bond in the previous butadiene unit, and the double bond between the #3 and #4 carbons remains intact in a short vinyl
Vinyl

A vinyl compound is any organic compound that contains a vinyl group , −CarbonHydrogenCovalent bondCH2. These are derivatives of ethene, CH2=CH2, with one hydrogen atom replaced with some other group....
 side group available for branching or cross-linking. Cis or trans configurations are not applicable in 1,2-additions of butadiene. See the following reaction diagram for examples of 1,2- and 1,4-addition in a polybutadiene chain.

1,3 Butadiene Polymerization
The trans double bonds formed during polymerization allow the polymer chain to stay rather straight, allowing sections of polymer chains to line up against each other and effectively form microcrystalline regions in the material. The cis double bonds cause a bend in the polymer chain, preventing polymer chains from lining up and forming crystalline regions and resulting in larger regions of amorphous polymer. It has been found that a substantial percentage of cis double bond configurations in the polymer will result in a material with flexible elastomer
Elastomer

An elastomer is a polymer with the property of elasticity. The term, which is derived from elastic polymer, is often used interchangeably with the term rubber, and is preferred when referring to vulcanization....
 (rubber-like) qualities. In free radical polymerization, both cis and trans double bonds will form in percentages which depend on temperature. There are different catalysts available which can result in polymerization either in the cis or the trans configurations.

Properties

Polybutadiene is a highly resilient synthetic rubber. Due to its outstanding resilience, it can be used for the manufacturing of golf balls. Heat buildup will be less in polybutadiene rubber based products subjected to repeated flexing during service. This property leads to its use in the sidewall of truck tires. Good abrasion resistance of this rubber also leads to its use in the tread portion of truck tires; however, skidding may be a problem in passenger car tires due to low rolling resistance. For high temperature curing, polybutadiene may be blended with natural rubber and other rubbers, due to resistance in reversion of physical properties. Polybutadiene rubber can be used in water seals for dams due to its low water absorption properties. Rubber bullets and road binders can be also produced by polybutadiene rubber.

Copolymers


1,3-butadiene is normally copolymerized with other types of monomers such as styrene
Styrene

Styrene, also known as vinyl benzene as well as many other names , is an organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5CH=CH2....
 and acrylonitrile
Acrylonitrile

Acrylonitrile is the chemical compound with the formula CH2CHCN. This pungent-smelling colorless liquid often appears yellow due to impurities....
 to form rubbers or plastic
Plastic

Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic chemistry solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products....
s with various qualities. The most common form is styrene-butadiene
Styrene-butadiene

Styrene-Butadiene or Styrene-Butadiene-Rubber is a synthetic rubber copolymer consisting of styrene and butadiene. It has good Wear#Abrasive wear resistance and good aging stability when protected by additives, and is widely used in car tires, where it is blended with natural rubber....
 copolymer, which is a commodity material for car tires. It is also used in block copolymers and tough thermoplastic
Thermoplastic

A thermoplastic is a polymer that turns to a liquid when heated and freezes to a very glassy state when cooled sufficiently. Most thermoplastics are high-molecular mass polymers whose Chain s associate through weak Van der Waals forces ; stronger dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding ; or even stacking of aromatic rings ....
s such as ABS plastic. This way a copolymer material can be made with good stiffness
Stiffness

Stiffness is the resistance of an Elasticity body to deformation by an applied force. It is an intensive and extensive properties....
, hardness, and toughness
Toughness

Toughness, in materials science and metallurgy, is the resistance to fracture of a material when stress . It is defined as the amount of energy per volume that a material can absorb before rupture ....
. Because the chains have a double bond in each and every repeat unit
Repeat unit

An essential concept which defines polymer structure, the repeat unit is the simplest structural unit of a polymer chain. So a polymer consists of repeat units linked together, like the beads of a necklace....
, the material is sensitive to ozone cracking
Ozone cracking

Cracks can be formed in many different elastomers by ozone attack, and the characteristic form of attack of vulnerable rubbers is known as ozone cracking....
.

Processing


Polybutadiene rubber is seldom used alone, but is instead mixed with other rubbers. Polybutadiene is difficult to band in a two roll mixing mill. Instead, a thin sheet of polybutadiene may be prepared and kept separate. Then, after proper mastication of natural rubber, the polybutadiene rubber may be added to the two roll mixing mill. A similar practice may be adopted, for example, if polybutadiene is to be mixed with Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR).

In an internal mixer, natural rubber and/or styrene-butadiene rubber may be placed first, followed by polybutadiene.

The plasticity of polybutadiene is not reduced by excessive mastication.

See also

  • Polymer degradation
    Polymer degradation

    Polymer degradation is a change in the properties - tensile strength, colour, shape, etc - of a polymer or polymer based product under the influence of one or more environmental factors such as heat, light or chemicals....
  • Ozone cracking
    Ozone cracking

    Cracks can be formed in many different elastomers by ozone attack, and the characteristic form of attack of vulnerable rubbers is known as ozone cracking....