Righteye flounders are a family,
Pleuronectidae, of
flounderFlounder is an ocean-dwelling flatfish species that is located off the Canadian and U.S. east coast of the Northern Atlantic, and the Pacific Ocean, in coastal lagoons and estuaries.-Taxonomy:...
s. They are called "righteye flounders" because most species lie on the sea bottom on their left side, with both eyes on the right side. While the
ParalichthyidaeLarge-tooth flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders. They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are on the left side of the head, while the Pleuronectidae are the opposite with their eyes on the right side....
are the opposite with their eyes on the left side.
Their
dorsalA dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of some fish, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the ichthyosaurs. Depending on the species, an animal can have up to three of them. Its main purpose is to stabilize the animal against rolling and assist in sudden turns...
and anal fins are long and continuous, with the dorsal fin extending forward onto the head. Females lay eggs that float in mid-water until the larvae develop, and they sink to the bottom.
They are found on the bottoms of oceans around the world, with some species, such as the
Atlantic halibutThe Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sand, gravel or clay bottoms at depths of between . Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern Atlantic, from Labrador and Greenland to Iceland, the...
,
Hippoglossus hippoglossus, being found down to .
Righteye flounders are a family,
Pleuronectidae, of
flounderFlounder is an ocean-dwelling flatfish species that is located off the Canadian and U.S. east coast of the Northern Atlantic, and the Pacific Ocean, in coastal lagoons and estuaries.-Taxonomy:...
s. They are called "righteye flounders" because most species lie on the sea bottom on their left side, with both eyes on the right side. While the
ParalichthyidaeLarge-tooth flounders are a family, Paralichthyidae, of flounders. They lie on the sea bed on their right side; both eyes are on the left side of the head, while the Pleuronectidae are the opposite with their eyes on the right side....
are the opposite with their eyes on the left side.
Their
dorsalA dorsal fin is a fin located on the backs of some fish, whales, dolphins, and porpoises, as well as the ichthyosaurs. Depending on the species, an animal can have up to three of them. Its main purpose is to stabilize the animal against rolling and assist in sudden turns...
and anal fins are long and continuous, with the dorsal fin extending forward onto the head. Females lay eggs that float in mid-water until the larvae develop, and they sink to the bottom.
They are found on the bottoms of oceans around the world, with some species, such as the
Atlantic halibutThe Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sand, gravel or clay bottoms at depths of between . Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern Atlantic, from Labrador and Greenland to Iceland, the...
,
Hippoglossus hippoglossus, being found down to . The smaller species eat sea-floor invertebrates such as
polychaeteThe Polychaeta or polychaetes are a class of annelid worms, generally marine. Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made of chitin. Indeed, polychaetes are sometimes referred to as bristle worms. More than 10,000...
s and
crustaceanCrustaceans are a very large group of arthropods, comprising almost 52,000 described species , and are usually treated as a subphylum . They include various familiar animals, such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles...
s, but the larger righteye flounders, such as
H. hippoglossus, which grows up to in length, feed on other fishes and
cephalopod{Taxobox| name = Cephalopods| fossil_range = | image = Tafel 054 300.jpg| image_caption = A variety of cephalopod forms from Ernst Haeckel's 1904 Kunstformen der Natur| regnum = Animalia| image_width = 220px| phylum = Mollusca| classis = Cephalopoda...
s as well.
They include many important commercially fished species, including not only the various fish called
flounderFlounder is an ocean-dwelling flatfish species that is located off the Canadian and U.S. east coast of the Northern Atlantic, and the Pacific Ocean, in coastal lagoons and estuaries.-Taxonomy:...
s, but also the
European plaiceEuropean plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, are a commercially important flatfish occurring on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf. Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean...
, the
halibutA halibut is a type of flatfish from the family of the right-eye flounders . This name is derived from haly and butt , alleged to be called so from being commonly eaten on holy-days...
s, the
lemon soleThe lemon sole, Microstomus kitt, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is native to shallow seas around Northern Europe, where it lives on stony bottoms down to depths of about . It grows up to in length and reaches about in weight....
, the
common dabThe common dab, Limanda limanda, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish native to shallow seas around Northern Europe, in particular the North Sea, where it lives on sandy bottoms down to depths of about...
, the
Pacific Dover soleDover sole, Microstomus pacificus, is a Pacific flatfish of the flounder family which ranges from Baja California to the Bering Sea. It takes its name from a resemblance to the common sole of Europe, which is often called a 'Dover sole'....
, and the
flukeFluke may refer to:* A fluke, the pair of horizontal tail fins of whales, dolphins, and porpoises* Flounder, type of flatfish* Trematoda, class of flatworms* Fluke , electronic dance music group* Fluke, 1995 film* Fluke , 1977 novel...
s.
The name of the family is derived from the
GreekGreek , an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, is the language of the Greeks. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. In its ancient form, it is the language of classical...
πλευρά (
pleura), meaning "rib" or "side", and
νηκτόν (
nekton), meaning "swimming".
Classification
In some classifications the subfamilies
ParalichthodinaeParalichthodinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of just one genus, Paralichthodes.In some classifications, Paralichthodinae is raised to the level of a family....
,
PoecilopsettinaePoecilopsettinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.In some classifications, Poecilopsettinae is raised to the level of a family....
, and
RhombosoleinaeRhombosoleinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.In some classifications, Rhombosoleinae is raised to the level of a family.-Genera:* Ammotretis* Azygopus* Colistium* Oncopterus* Pelotretis* Peltorhamphus...
are raised to the level of families.
According to
FishBaseFishBase is a comprehensive database of information about fish. , it included descriptions of over 30,000 species, over 260,000 common names in hundreds of languages, over 46,000 pictures, and references to more than 42,000 works in the scientific literature....
there are 101 species in 41 genera and five subfamilies:
- Subfamily Eopsettinae
Eopsettinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family....
- Genus Atheresthes
Atheresthes is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Kamchatka flounder, Atheresthes evermanni .* Arrowtooth flounder, Atheresthes stomias ....
- Kamchatka flounder
The Kamchatka flounder, Atheresthes evermanni, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives at depths of between and . It can grow as long as in length, and can weigh up to...
, Atheresthes evermanni (JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Starks, 1904).
- Arrowtooth flounder
Arrowtooth flounder are members of the family Pleuronectidae, the right-eyed flounders. It can be caught from the Bering Sea to Santa Rosa Island, California. Spawning occurs from December through February. This species of flounder can live up to 25 years. If not properly handled, the flesh of...
, Atheresthes stomias (JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Gilbert, 1880).
- Genus Eopsetta
Eopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Shotted halibut, Eopsetta grigorjewi .* Petrale sole, Eopsetta jordani ....
- Shotted halibut
The Shotted halibut, Eopsetta grigorjewi, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy mud bottoms in the sublittoral zone at depths of between and . It can reach in length...
, Eopsetta grigorjewi (Herzenstein, 1890).
- Petrale sole
The Petrale sole, Eopsetta jordani, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy bottoms, usually in deep water, down to depths of about . Males can grow to in length, females to , and they can weigh up to...
, Eopsetta jordani (Lockington, 1879).
- Subfamily Hippoglossinae
Hippoglossinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words hippos, "horse", and glossa, "tongue".-Genera:* Clidoderma* Hippoglossus* Reinhardtius* Verasper...
- Genus Clidoderma
Clidoderma is an extinct genus of prehistoric bony fish.-See also:* Prehistoric fish* List of prehistoric bony fish...
- Roughscale sole
The roughscale sole, Clidoderma asperrimum, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy, muddy bottoms at depths from , though it is most commonly found at depths of between . It can reach in length and can weigh up to...
, Clidoderma asperrimum (TemminckCoenraad Jacob Temminck was a Dutch aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death. His Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe was the standard work on European birds...
& SchlegelHermann Schlegel was a German ornithologist.-Early life and education:Schlegel was born at Altenburg, the son of a brassfounder. His father collected butterflies, which stimulated Schlegel's interest in natural history...
, 1846).
- Genus Hippoglossus
Hippoglossus is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Nomenclature:The word hippoglossus is derived from the Greek hippos, meaning "horse", and glossus, meaning "tongue" - a reference to the shape of the fish.-Species:...
- Atlantic halibut
The Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sand, gravel or clay bottoms at depths of between . Its native habitat is the temperate waters of the northern Atlantic, from Labrador and Greenland to Iceland, the...
, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature...
, 1758).
- Pacific halibut
The Pacific halibut, Hippoglossus stenolepis, is a large flatfish found in the northern Pacific Ocean closely related to the Atlantic Halibut. Its range is from the Bering Sea, the Aleutian Islands and Hokkaidō, Japan to Baja California, Mexico. The largest reported specimen was 267 cm and they...
, Hippoglossus stenolepis (Schmidt, 1904).
- Genus Reinhardtius
- Greenland halibut
The Greenland halibut belongs to the Pleuronectidae family , and is the only species of the genus Reinhardtius. It is a deepwater fish distributed from 200 to 1600 m but has been caught at depths more than...
, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides (WalbaumJohann Julius Walbaum , a native of Lübeck, Germany was a physician, naturalist and taxonomist. He was the first to describe many previously unknown species from remote parts of the globe, such as the Great Barracuda , the Chum salmon from the Kamchatka River in Siberia, and the curimatá-pacú...
, 1792)
- Genus Verasper
Verasper is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Barfin flounder, Verasper moseri .* Spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus ....
- Barfin flounder
The Barfin flounder, Verasper moseri, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy, muddy bottoms at depths of up to . It can reach up to in length, and can weigh as much as . Its native habitat is the northwestern Pacific, specifically the Sea of Okhotsk,...
, Verasper moseri (JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Gilbert, 1898).
- Spotted halibut
The Spotted halibut, Verasper variegatus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy, muddy bottoms in the sublittoral coastal zone at depths of up to . It can reach in length and can weigh up to . Its native habitat is the northwestern Pacific, from...
, Verasper variegatus (TemminckCoenraad Jacob Temminck was a Dutch aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death. His Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe was the standard work on European birds...
& SchlegelHermann Schlegel was a German ornithologist.-Early life and education:Schlegel was born at Altenburg, the son of a brassfounder. His father collected butterflies, which stimulated Schlegel's interest in natural history...
, 1846).
- Subfamily Hippoglossoidinae
Hippoglossoidinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek words hippos, "horse", glossa, "tongue", and eidos, "form, likeness"....
- Genus Acanthopsetta
Acanthopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the Scale-eye plaice.-Species:* Scale-eye plaice, Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi ...
- Scale-eye plaice
The Scale-eye plaice, Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives at depths from between to . It can reach in length and can weigh up to . Its native habitat is the northern Pacific, primarily from the Sea of Okhotsk to Japan and Korea,...
, Acanthopsetta nadeshnyi (Schmidt, 1904).
- Genus Cleisthenes
Cleisthenes is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Sôhachi, Cleisthenes herzensteini .* Sôhachi, Cleisthenes pinetorum ...
- Sôhachi, Cleisthenes herzensteini (Schmidt, 1904).
- Cleisthenes pinetorum (Jordan
David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Starks, 1904).
- Genus Hippoglossoides
Hippoglossoides is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Flathead flounder, Hippoglossoides dubius .* Flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon ....
- Flathead flounder
The flathead flounder, Hippoglossoides dubius, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on bottoms in shallow coastal waters, at depths of between . Its native habitat is the northwestern Pacific, particularly the seas of Japan and Okhotsk, and the coastlines of...
, Hippoglossoides dubius (Schmidt, 1904).
- Flathead sole
The flathead sole, Hippoglossoides elassodon, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on soft, silty or muddy bottoms at depths of up to . Its native habitat is the northern Pacific, from the seas of Japan and Okhotsk, across the Bering Sea and to the coast of...
, Hippoglossoides elassodon (JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Gilbert, 1880).
- American plaice
The American plaice or sole, Hippoglossoides platessoides, is a flatfish that belongs, along with other right eyed flounders, to the Pleuronectidae family. American plaice are an Atlantic species. Their range is from southern Labrador to Rhode Island. They spawn in the Gulf of Maine, with peak...
, Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabricius, 1780)
- Bering flounder
The Bering flounder, Hippoglossoides robustus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on bottoms at depths of up to . It reaches up to in length. Its native habitat is the northern Pacific, from Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk across the Bering Sea to Alaska, the...
, Hippoglossoides robustus (GillTheodore Nicholas Gill was an American ichthyologist, mammalogist, malacologist and librarian.Born and educated in New York City under private tutors, Gill early showed interest in natural history. He was associated with J...
& Townsend, 1897).
- Subfamily Lyopsettinae
Lyopsettinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of just one genus, Lyopsetta....
- Genus Lyopsetta
Lyopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the slender sole.-Species:* Slender sole, Lyopsetta exilis ....
- Slender sole
The slender sole, Lyopsetta exilis, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on bottoms near rocky areas at depths of between . Its native habitat is the eastern Pacific coast, from Alaska in the north to Baja California, Mexico in the south. It can reach up to ...
, Lyopsetta exilis (JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Gilbert, 1880).
- Subfamily Paralichthodinae
Paralichthodinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of just one genus, Paralichthodes.In some classifications, Paralichthodinae is raised to the level of a family....
- Genus Paralichthodes
Paralichthodes is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the peppered flounder.-Species:* Peppered flounder, Paralichthodes algoensis ...
- Peppered flounder
The peppered flounder, Paralichthodes algoensis, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy and muddy bottoms in subtropical waters at depths of up to . Its native habitat is the southeastern Atlantic and the western Indian Ocean, specifically the African...
, Paralichthodes algoensis (Gilchrist, 1902).
- Subfamily Pleuronectinae
Pleuronectinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Tribes:* Isopsettini* Microstomini* Pleuronectini* Psettichthyini...
- Tribe Isopsettini
Isopsettini is a tribe of fish in the Pleuronectinae subfamily. It consists of just one genus, Isopsetta....
- Genus Isopsetta
Isopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the butter sole.-Species:* Butter sole, Isopsetta isolepis ...
- Butter sole
The butter sole, Isopsetta isolepsis, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on soft, silty bottoms in temperate waters at depths of between . Its native habitat is the northeastern Pacific, from the Bering Sea and the Aleutian Islands, along the coasts...
, Isopsetta isolepis (Lockington, 1880).
- Tribe Microstomini
Microstomini is a tribe of fish in the Pleuronectinae subfamily.-Nomenclature:The word Microstomini is derived from the Greek μικρὸς , meaning "small", and στόμα , meaning "mouth".-Genera:* Dexistes...
- Genus Dexistes
Dexistes is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the Rikuzen flounder.-Species:* Rikuzen flounder, Dexistes rikuzenius ...
- Rikuzen flounder
The Rikuzen flounder, Dexistes rikuzenius, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy and muddy bottoms in temperate waters at depths of between . Its native habitat is the northwestern Pacific, particularly the Sea of Japan and the coastlines of Japan and...
, Dexistes rikuzenius (JordanDavid Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Starks, 1904).
- Genus Embassichthys
Embassichthys is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the deepsea sole.-Species:* Deepsea sole, Embassichthys bathybius ...
- Deepsea sole
The deepsea sole, Embassichthys bathybius, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a bathydemersal fish that lives on muddy bottoms at depths of between , though it is most often found at depths of . Its native habitat is the northern Pacific, from Japan to the Gulf of Alaska and down the...
, Embassichthys bathybius (Gilbert, 1890).
- Genus Glyptocephalus
Glyptocephalus is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Nomenclature:The word Glytocephalus is derived from the Greek γλύφειν , meaning "to carve", and κεφαλος , meaning "head".-Species:...
- Witch, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature...
, 1758)
- Blackfin flounder
The blackfin flounder, Glyptocephalus stelleri, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives in temperate waters at depths of between , though it is most commonly found between . Its native habitat is the northern Pacific, from the Sea of Japan to the Strait of...
, Glyptocephalus stelleri (Schmidt, 1904).
- Rex sole
The rex sole, Glyptocephalus zachirus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives in temperate waters on sand or mud bottoms at depths of up to , though it is most commonly found between...
, Glyptocephalus zachirus (Lockington, 1879).
- Genus Hypsopsetta
Hypsopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Diamond turbot, Hypsopsetta guttulata .* Hypsopsetta macrocephala ....
- Diamond turbot, Hypsopsetta guttulata (Girard
Charles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1856).
- Hypsopsetta macrocephala (Breder, 1936).
- Genus Lepidopsetta
Lepidopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Rock sole, Lepidopsetta bilineata .* Dusky sole, Lepidopsetta mochigarei ....
- Rock sole, Lepidopsetta bilineata (Ayres
William Orville Ayres was an American physician and ichthyologist. Born in Connecticut, he studied to become a doctor at Yale University School of Medicine....
, 1855).
- Dusky sole, Lepidopsetta mochigarei (Snyder, 1911).
- Northern rock sole, Lepidopsetta polyxystra (Orr & Matarese, 2000).
- Genus Microstomus
Microstomus is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Nomenclature:The word Microstomus is derived from the Greek μικρὸς , meaning "small", and στόμα , meaning "mouth".-Species:...
- Slime flounder, Microstomus achne (Jordan
David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Starks, 1904).
- Lemon sole
The lemon sole, Microstomus kitt, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is native to shallow seas around Northern Europe, where it lives on stony bottoms down to depths of about . It grows up to in length and reaches about in weight....
, Microstomus kitt (WalbaumJohann Julius Walbaum , a native of Lübeck, Germany was a physician, naturalist and taxonomist. He was the first to describe many previously unknown species from remote parts of the globe, such as the Great Barracuda , the Chum salmon from the Kamchatka River in Siberia, and the curimatá-pacú...
, 1792)
- Dover sole
Dover sole refers to two species of flatfish:* The common sole, Solea solea, found in European waters, the "Dover sole" of European cookery....
, Microstomus pacificusDover sole, Microstomus pacificus, is a Pacific flatfish of the flounder family which ranges from Baja California to the Bering Sea. It takes its name from a resemblance to the common sole of Europe, which is often called a 'Dover sole'....
(Lockington, 1879).
- Microstomus shuntovi (Borets, 1983).
- Genus Pleuronichthys
Pleuronichthys is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Nomenclature:The word Pleuronichthys is derived from the Greek πλευρά , meaning "rib" or "side", and ἰχθύς , meaning "fish".-Species:...
- C-O sole, Pleuronichthys coenosus (Girard
Charles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854).
- Ridged-eye flounder, Pleuronichthys cornutus (Temminck
Coenraad Jacob Temminck was a Dutch aristocrat and zoologist.Temminck was the first director of the National Natural History Museum at Leiden from 1820 until his death. His Manuel d'ornithologie, ou Tableau systematique des oiseaux qui se trouvent en Europe was the standard work on European birds...
& SchlegelHermann Schlegel was a German ornithologist.-Early life and education:Schlegel was born at Altenburg, the son of a brassfounder. His father collected butterflies, which stimulated Schlegel's interest in natural history...
, 1846).
- Curlfin sole, Pleuronichthys decurrens (Jordan
David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Gilbert, 1881).
- Ocellated turbot, Pleuronichthys ocellatus (Starks & Thompson, 1910).
- Spotted turbot, Pleuronichthys ritteri (Starks & Morris, 1907).
- Hornyhead turbot, Pleuronichthys verticalis (Jordan
David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Gilbert, 1880).
- Genus Tanakius
Tanakius is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the willowy flounder.-Species:* Willowy flounder, Tanakius kitaharae ....
- Willowy flounder, Tanakius kitaharae (Jordan
David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Starks, 1904).
- Tribe Pleuronectini
Pleuronectini is a tribe of fish in the Pleuronectinae subfamily.-Genera:* Kareius* Limanda* Liopsetta* Parophrys* Platichthys* Pleuronectes* Pseudopleuronectes...
- Genus Kareius
Kareius is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the stone flounder.-Species:* Stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus ....
- Stone flounder, Kareius bicoloratus (Basilewsky, 1855).
- Genus Limanda
Limanda is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Yellowfin sole, Limanda aspera
.* Yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea
....
- Yellowfin sole, Limanda aspera (Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas was a German zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia.- Life and work :...
, 1814).
- Yellowtail flounder
The yellowtail flounder is a species of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It is found in Canada and the United States.-Source:* Sobel, J. 1996. . Downloaded on 04 August 2007....
, Limanda ferruginea (Storer, 1839).
- Common dab
The common dab, Limanda limanda, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish native to shallow seas around Northern Europe, in particular the North Sea, where it lives on sandy bottoms down to depths of about...
, Limanda limanda (LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature...
, 1758)
- Longhead dab, Limanda proboscidea (Gilbert, 1896).
- Sand flounder, Limanda punctatissimus (Steindachner
Franz Steindachner was an Austrian zoologist.Being interested in natural history, Steindachner took up the study of fossil fishes on the recommendation of his friend Eduard Suess...
, 1879).
- Sakhalin sole, Limanda sakhalinensis (Hubbs, 1915).
- Genus Liopsetta
Liopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Arctic flounder, Liopsetta glacialis .* Far Eastern smooth flounder, Liopsetta pinnifasciata ....
- Arctic flounder, Liopsetta glacialis (Pallas
Peter Simon Pallas was a German zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia.- Life and work :...
, 1776).
- Far Eastern smooth flounder, Liopsetta pinnifasciata (Norman, 1926).
- American smooth flounder, Liopsetta putnami (Gill
Theodore Nicholas Gill was an American ichthyologist, mammalogist, malacologist and librarian.Born and educated in New York City under private tutors, Gill early showed interest in natural history. He was associated with J...
, 1864).
- Genus Parophrys
Parophrys is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the English sole.-Nomenclature:The English sole was first given the name Parophrys vetulus by Charles Frédéric Girard in 1854; the word parophrys is derived from the Greek para, meaning "near", and ophrys,...
- English sole
The English sole, Parophrys vetulus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy and muddy bottoms in estuaries and near shore areas, at depths of up to . It reaches up to in length, and can weigh up to...
, Parophrys vetulus (GirardCharles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854).
- Genus Platichthys
Platichthys is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* European flounder, Platichthys flesus .* Starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus ....
- European flounder
The European Flounder is a flatfish of Northern European coastal waters. It is a well-known food fish.-Description:The European flounder is oval in shape and is usually right-eyed...
, Platichthys flesus (LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature...
, 1758).
- Starry flounder
The starry flounder is a common flatfish found around the margins of the North Pacific.The distinctive features of the starry flounder include the combination of black and white-to-orange bar on the dorsal and anal fins, as well as the skin covered with scales modified into tiny star-shaped plates...
, Platichthys stellatus (PallasPeter Simon Pallas was a German zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia.- Life and work :...
, 1788).
- Genus Pleuronectes
Pleuronectes is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.It contains the following species:* European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa
....
- European plaice
European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, are a commercially important flatfish occurring on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf. Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean...
, Pleuronectes platessa (LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature...
, 1758).
- Alaska plaice
Alaska plaice is a saltwater fish that live in the North Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographic range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west...
, Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus (PallasPeter Simon Pallas was a German zoologist and botanist who worked in Russia.- Life and work :...
, 1814).
- Genus Pseudopleuronectes
Pseudopleuronectes is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus .* Littlemouth flounder, Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini ....
- Winter flounder
The winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is native to coastal waters of the western north Atlantic coast, from Labrador, Canada to Georgia, United States. In the waters from Newfoundland down through Massachusetts Bay it is the most common...
, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (GillTheodore Nicholas Gill was an American ichthyologist, mammalogist, malacologist and librarian.Born and educated in New York City under private tutors, Gill early showed interest in natural history. He was associated with J...
, 1864).
- Littlemouth flounder, Pseudopleuronectes herzensteini (Schmidt, 1904).
- Pseudopleuronectes obscurus (Herzenstein, 1890).
- Cresthead flounder, Pseudopleuronectes schrenki (Schmidt, 1904).
- Marbled flounder, Pseudopleuronectes yokohamae (Günther, 1877).
- Tribe Psettichthyini
Psettichthyini is a tribe of fish in the Pleuronectinae subfamily. It consists of just one genus, Psettichthys....
- Genus Psettichthys
- Pacific sand sole
The Pacific sand sole, Psettichthys melanostictus, is the only fish in the genus Psettichthys of the Pleuronectidae family. It is a flat fish and inhabits Eastern Pacific waters where it lives on sandy bottoms. It feeds on other fish, worms, crustaceans and molluscs....
, Psettichthys melanostictus (GirardCharles Frédéric Girard was a French biologist specializing on ichthyology and herpetology.Born in Mulhouse, France, he studied at the College of Neuchâtel, Switzerland as a student of Louis Agassiz. In 1847, he accompanied Agassiz as his assistant to Harvard...
, 1854).
- Subfamily Poecilopsettinae
Poecilopsettinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.In some classifications, Poecilopsettinae is raised to the level of a family....
- Genus Marleyella
Marleyella is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Comb flounder, Marleyella bicolorata .* Marleyella maldivensis ....
- Comb flounder, Marleyella bicolorata (Basilewsky, 1855).
- Marleyella maldivensis (Norman, 1939).
- Genus Nematops
Nematops is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Narrow-body righteye flounder, Nematops chui .* Large-scale righteye flounder, Nematops grandisquama ....
- Narrow-body righteye flounder, Nematops chui (Fowler, 1934).
- Large-scale righteye flounder, Nematops grandisquama (Weber & de Beaufort, 1929).
- Long-fin righteye flounder, Nematops macrochirus (Norman, 1931).
- Small-mouth righteye flounder, Nematops microstoma (Günther, 1880).
- Nematops nanosquama (Amaoka, Kawai & Seret, 2006).
- Genus Poecilopsetta
Poecilopsetta is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Poecilopsetta albomaculata .* Deepwater dab, Poecilopsetta beanii ....
- Poecilopsetta albomaculata (Norman, 1939).
- Deepwater dab
The deepwater dab, Poecilopsetta beanii, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a bathydemersal fish that lives on bottoms at depths of . It can reach in length...
, Poecilopsetta beanii (GoodeGeorge Brown Goode , was an ichthyologist, although most of his time was spent as a museum administrator and he was very interested in the history of science, especially the history of the development of science in America. Goode graduated from Wesleyan University and studied at Harvard University...
, 1881)
- Coloured righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta colorata (Günther, 1880).
- Poecilopsetta dorsialta (Guibord & Chapleau, 2001).
- Poecilopsetta hawaiiensis (Gilbert, 1905).
- Poecilopsetta inermis (Breder, 1927).
- Poecilopsetta macrocephala (Breder, 1936).
- Fowler's large-scale righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta megalepis (Fowler, 1934).
- African righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta natalensis (Norman, 1931).
- Poecilopsetta normani (Foroshchuk & Fedorov, 1992).
- Poecilopsetta pectoralis (Kawai & Amaoka, 2006).
- Tile-colored righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta plinthus (Jordan
David Starr Jordan, Ph.D., LL.D. was a leading eugenicist, ichthyologist , educator and peace activist. He was president of Indiana University and Stanford University....
& Starks, 1904).
- Alcock's narrow-body righteye flounder, Poecilopsetta praelonga Alcock
Alfred William Alcock was a British physician naturalist and carcinologist.Alcock was the son of a sea-captain, John Alcock in Bombay, India who retired to live in Blackheath...
, 1894.
- Poecilopsetta vaynei (Quéro, Hensley & Maugé, 1988).
- Poecilopsetta zanzibarensis (Norman, 1939).
- Subfamily Rhombosoleinae
Rhombosoleinae is a subfamily of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.In some classifications, Rhombosoleinae is raised to the level of a family.-Genera:* Ammotretis* Azygopus* Colistium* Oncopterus* Pelotretis* Peltorhamphus...
- Genus Ammotretis
Ammotretis is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Shortfin flounder, Ammotretis brevipinnis .* Elongate flounder, Ammotretis elongatus ....
- Shortfin flounder, Ammotretis brevipinnis (Norman, 1926).
- Elongate flounder, Ammotretis elongatus (Yarrell, 1839).
- Tudor's flounder, Ammotretis lituratus (Richardson
Sir John Richardson was a Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and arctic explorer.Richardson was born at Dumfries. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University , and became a surgeon in the navy in 1807. He traveled with John Franklin in search of the Northwest Passage on the Coppermine Expedition...
, 1844).
- Ammotretis macrolepis (McCulloch, 1914).
- Longsnout flounder, Ammotretis rostratus (Günther, 1862).
- Genus Azygopus
- Banded-fin flounder
The banded-fin flounder or spotted flounder, Azygopus pinnifasciatus, is a righteye flounder, the only species in the genus Azygopus, found around the Indo-West Pacific Oceans, including southern Australia and New Zealand, on the continental slope at depths of between 120 and 900 m...
, Azygopus pinnifasciatus (Norman, 1926).
- Genus Colistium
Colistium is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* New Zealand brill, Colistium guntheri .* New Zealand turbot, Colistium nudipinnis ....
- New Zealand brill
The New Zealand brill, Colistium guntheri, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish native to shallow seas around New Zealand, at depths of between and . It can grow to in length and can weigh up to .-Identification:...
, Colistium guntheri (Hutton, 1873).
- New Zealand turbot
The New Zealand turbot, Colistium nudipinnis, is a righteye flounder of the subfamily Rhombosoleinae in the family Pleuronectidae, found around New Zealand in shallow enclosed waters...
, Colistium nudipinnis (Waite, 1911).
- Genus Oncopterus
Oncopterus is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the Remo flounder.-Species:* Remo flounder, Oncopterus darwinii ....
- Remo flounder
The Remo flounder, Oncopterus darwinii, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on bottoms at depths of between to . Its native habitat is the southwestern Atlantic, particularly the south east coast of South America, from Santa Catarina, Brazil in the...
, Oncopterus darwinii (SteindachnerFranz Steindachner was an Austrian zoologist.Being interested in natural history, Steindachner took up the study of fossil fishes on the recommendation of his friend Eduard Suess...
, 1874).
- Genus Pelotretis
- Southern lemon sole
The southern lemon sole, Pelotretis flavilatus, is a righteye flounder, the only species in the genus Pelotretis, found around New Zealand in enclosed waters such as estuaries, harbours, mudflats, and sandflats, in waters less than 385 m in depth...
, Pelotretis flavilatus (Waite, 1911).
- Genus Peltorhamphus
Peltorhamphus is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family.-Species:* Speckled sole, Peltorhamphus latus .* New Zealand sole, Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae ....
- Speckled sole
The speckled sole, Peltorhamphus latus, is a righteye flounder of the family Pleuronectidae, found around New Zealand and Norfolk Island in enclosed waters less than 55 m in depth...
, Peltorhamphus latus (James, 1972).
- New Zealand sole
The New Zealand sole or common sole, Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae, is a righteye flounder of the genus Peltorhamphus, found around New Zealand in shallow enclosed waters less than 100 m in depth...
, Peltorhamphus novaezeelandiae (Günther, 1862).
- Peltorhamphus tenuis
Peltorhamphus tenuis is a righteye flounder of the family Pleuronectidae, found only around New Zealand in enclosed waters less than 100 m in depth.-References:...
(James, 1972).
- Genus Psammodiscus
- Indonesian ocellated flounder
The Indonesian ocellated flounder, Psammodiscus ocellatus, is an edible flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sandy bottoms in the eastern Indian Ocean, particularly Indonesia and northwestern Australia. It can reach in length....
, Psammodiscus ocellatus (Starks & Thompson, 1910).
- Genus Rhombosolea
Rhombosolea is a genus of flounders. All four of the species in this genus can be found in the waters around New Zealand and Australia....
- Yellowbelly flounder
The yellowbelly flounder, Rhombosolea leporina, is a flatfish of the genus Rhombosolea, found around New Zealand.-References:* Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, ISBN 0-00-216987-8...
, Rhombosolea leporina (Günther, 1862).
- New Zealand flounder
The New Zealand flounder, Rhombosolea plebeia, is a righteye flounder of the genus Rhombosolea, found around New Zealand in shallow waters down to depths of 100 m. Their length is from 25 to 45 cm.-References:...
, Rhombosolea plebeia (RichardsonSir John Richardson was a Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and arctic explorer.Richardson was born at Dumfries. He studied medicine at Edinburgh University , and became a surgeon in the navy in 1807. He traveled with John Franklin in search of the Northwest Passage on the Coppermine Expedition...
, 1843).
- Black flounder
The black flounder, Rhombosolea retiaria, is a flatfish of the genus Rhombosolea, found around New Zealand in shallow enclosed waters and coastal freshwater lakes. Their length is from 20 to 45 cm.-References:...
, Rhombosolea retiaria (Hutton, 1873)
- Greenback flounder
The greenback flounder, Rhombosolea tapirina, is a righteye flounder of the genus Rhombosolea, found around southern Australia and New Zealand.-References:...
, Rhombosolea tapirina (Günther, 1862).
- Genus Taratretis
Taratretis is a genus of fish in the Pleuronectidae family. It consists of only one species, the Derwent flounder.-Species:* Derwent flounder, Taratretis derwentensis ....
- Derwent flounder
The Derwent flounder, Taratretis derwentensis, is a flatfish of the family Pleuronectidae. It is a demersal fish that lives on sand and mud bottoms in shallow coastal waters, at depths of between . Its native habitat is the southwestern Pacific, particularly the south east coast of Australia, from...
, Taratretis derwentensis (Last, 1978).