Pleckstrin homology domain
Encyclopedia
Pleckstrin homology domain (PH domain) is a protein domain
of approximately 120 amino acid
s that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.
This domain can bind Phosphatidylinositol
lipids within biological membranes (such as Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate
), and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G protein
s, and protein kinase C
. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membrane
s, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.
ring, e.g., some bind phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate but not Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate or Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate
, while others may possess the requisite affinity. This is important because it makes the recruitment of different PH domain containing proteins sensitive to the activities of enzymes that either phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites on the inositol ring, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase
or PTEN
, respectively. Thus, such enzymes exert a part of their effect on cell function by modulating the localization of downstream signaling proteins that possess PH domains that are capable of binding their phospho-lipid products.
showed that most of the 33 yeast PH domains are indeed promiscuous in binding to phosphoinositides, while only one (Num1-PH) behaved highly specific . Proteins reported to contain PH domains belong to the following families:
Protein domain
A protein domain is a part of protein sequence and structure that can evolve, function, and exist independently of the rest of the protein chain. Each domain forms a compact three-dimensional structure and often can be independently stable and folded. Many proteins consist of several structural...
of approximately 120 amino acid
Amino acid
Amino acids are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group and a side-chain that varies between different amino acids. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen...
s that occurs in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular signaling or as constituents of the cytoskeleton.
This domain can bind Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol
Phosphatidylinositol is a negatively charged phospholipid and a minor component in the cytosolic side of eukaryotic cell membranes....
lipids within biological membranes (such as Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol -triphosphate , abbreviated PIP3, is the product of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinases phosphorylation on phosphatidylinositol -bisphosphate .-Discovery:...
and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate or PtdInsP2, also known simply as PIP2, is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes...
), and proteins such as the βγ-subunits of heterotrimeric G protein
G protein
G proteins are a family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals outside the cell, and causing changes inside the cell. They communicate signals from many hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling factors. G protein-coupled receptors are transmembrane receptors...
s, and protein kinase C
Protein kinase C
Protein kinase C also known as PKC is a family of enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins through the phosphorylation of hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes in turn are activated by signals such as increases in...
. Through these interactions, PH domains play a role in recruiting proteins to different membrane
Cell membrane
The cell membrane or plasma membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment. The cell membrane is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and controls the movement of substances in and out of cells. It basically protects the cell...
s, thus targeting them to appropriate cellular compartments or enabling them to interact with other components of the signal transduction pathways.
Lipid binding specificity
Individual PH domains possess specificities for phosphoinositides phosphorylated at different sites within the inositolInositol
Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound with formula 6126 or 6, a sixfold alcohol of cyclohexane. It exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which the most prominent form, widely occurring in nature, is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol...
ring, e.g., some bind phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate but not Phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate or Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate
Phosphatidylinositol -bisphosphate is a minor phospholipid component of cell membranes, yet an important second messenger...
, while others may possess the requisite affinity. This is important because it makes the recruitment of different PH domain containing proteins sensitive to the activities of enzymes that either phosphorylate or dephosphorylate these sites on the inositol ring, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases are a family of enzymes involved in cellular functions such as cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, motility, survival and intracellular trafficking, which in turn are involved in cancer. In response to lipopolysaccharide, PI3K phosphorylates p65, inducing...
or PTEN
PTEN (gene)
Phosphatase and tensin homolog is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the PTEN gene. Mutations of this gene are a step in the development of many cancers....
, respectively. Thus, such enzymes exert a part of their effect on cell function by modulating the localization of downstream signaling proteins that possess PH domains that are capable of binding their phospho-lipid products.
Structure
The 3D structure of several PH domains has been determined. All known cases have a common structure consisting of two perpendicular anti-parallel beta sheets, followed by a C-terminal amphipathic helix. The loops connecting the beta-strands differ greatly in length, making the PH domain relatively difficult to detect while providing the source of the domain's specificity. The only conserved residue among PH domains is a single tryptophan located within the alpha helix that serves to nucleate the core of the domain.Proteins containing PH domain
PH domains can be found in many different proteins, such as OSBP or ARF. Recruitment to the Golgi in this case is dependent on both PtdIns and ARF. A large number of PH domains have poor affinity for phosphoinositides and are hypothesized to function as protein binding domains. A Genome-wide look in Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a species of yeast. It is perhaps the most useful yeast, having been instrumental to baking and brewing since ancient times. It is believed that it was originally isolated from the skin of grapes...
showed that most of the 33 yeast PH domains are indeed promiscuous in binding to phosphoinositides, while only one (Num1-PH) behaved highly specific . Proteins reported to contain PH domains belong to the following families:
- PleckstrinPleckstrinPleckstrin is a protein found in platelets. The name derives from platelet and leukocyte C kinase substrate and the KSTR string of amino acids.It is the source of the name pleckstrin homology domain....
, the protein where this domain was first detected, is the major substrate of protein kinase C in platelets. Pleckstrin is one of the rare proteins to contain two PH domains. - Ser/Thr protein kinaseProtein kinaseA protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them . Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins...
s such as the Akt/Rac family, the beta-adrenergic receptor kinases, the mu isoform of PKC and the trypanosomal NrkA family. - Tyrosine protein kinases belonging to the Btk/Itk/Tec subfamily.
- Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 (IRS-1).
- Regulators of small G-proteins like guanine nucleotide releasing factor GNRP (Ras-GRF) (which contains 2 PH domains), guanine nucleotide exchange proteins like vav, dbl, SoS and S. cerevisiae CDC24, GTPase activating proteins like rasGAP and BEM2/IPL2, and the human break point cluster protein bcr.
- Cytoskeletal proteins such as dynaminDynaminDynamin is a GTPase responsible for endocytosis in the eukaryotic cell. Dynamins are principally involved in the scission of newly formed vesicles from the membrane of one cellular compartment and their targeting to, and fusion with, another compartment, both at the cell surface as well as at the...
(see ), Caenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegans is a free-living, transparent nematode , about 1 mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the molecular and developmental biology of C. elegans was begun in 1974 by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model...
kinesin-like protein unc-104 (see ), spectrin beta-chain, syntrophin (2 PH domains) and S. cerevisiae nuclear migration protein NUM1. - Mammalian phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase CPhospholipase CPhosphoinositide phospholipase C is a family of eukaryotic intracellular enzymes that play an important role in signal transduction processes. In general, this enzyme is denoted as Phospholipase C, although three other families of phospholipase C enzymes have been identified in bacteria and in...
(PI-PLC) (see ) isoforms gamma and delta. Isoform gamma contains two PH domains, the second one is split into two parts separated by about 400 residues. - Oxysterol binding proteins OSBP, S. cerevisiae OSH1 and YHR073w.
- Mouse protein citron, a putative rho/rac effector that binds to the GTP-bound forms of rho and rac.
- Several S. cerevisiae proteins involved in cell cycle regulation and bud formation like BEM2, BEM3, BUD4 and the BEM1-binding proteins BOI2 (BEB1) and BOI1 (BOB1). * C. elegans protein MIG-10.
Examples
Human genes encoding proteins containing this domain include:- ABR, ADRBK1, ADRBK2, AFAP, AFAP1AFAP1Actin filament-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AFAP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, AFAP1L1, AFAP1L2, AKAP13AKAP13A-kinase anchor protein 13 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKAP13 gene.-Interactions:AKAP13 has been shown to interact with Estrogen receptor alpha, CTNNAL1 and PRKAR2A.-Further reading:...
, AKT1AKT1RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT1 gene. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.- Function :...
, AKT2AKT2RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT2 gene.-Interactions:AKT2 has been shown to interact with TCL1A, APPL1, SH3RF1 and CHUK.-Further reading:...
, AKT3AKT3RAC-gamma serine/threonine-protein kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AKT3 gene.-Interactions:AKT3 has been shown to interact with Protein kinase Mζ.-Further reading:...
, ANLNANLNActin-binding protein anillin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ANLN gene.-Further reading:...
, APBB1IPAPBB1IPAmyloid beta A4 precursor protein-binding family B member 1-interacting protein , also known as APBB1-interacting protein 1 or Rap1-GTP-interacting adapter molecule is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APBB1IP gene....
, APPL1APPL1DCC-interacting protein 13-alpha is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APPL1 gene.Mouse Mutant Alleles for Appl1 Marker Symbol for Mouse Gene. This symbol is assigned to the genomic locus by the Mutant Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Clones...
, APPL2APPL2DCC-interacting protein 13-beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the APPL2 gene.-Further reading:...
, ARHGAP10, ARHGAP12, ARHGAP15, ARHGAP21, ARHGAP22, ARHGAP23, ARHGAP24ARHGAP24Rho GTPase-activating protein 24 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP24 gene.-Further reading:...
, ARHGAP25, ARHGAP26ARHGAP26Rho GTPase activating protein 26 also known as GTPase Regulator Associated with Focal Adhesion Kinase is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP26 gene.-Function:...
, ARHGAP27, ARHGAP9ARHGAP9Rho GTPase-activating protein 9 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP9 gene.-Further reading:...
, ARHGEF16, ARHGEF18, ARHGEF19, ARHGEF2ARHGEF2Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF2 gene.-Further reading:...
, ARHGEF3ARHGEF3Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3, also known as ARHGEF3, is a human gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF3 has been shown to interact with RHOB and RHOA.-Further reading:...
, ARHGEF4ARHGEF4Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF4 gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF4 has been shown to interact with APC.-Further reading:...
, ARHGEF5ARHGEF5Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF5 gene.-Further reading:...
, ARHGEF6ARHGEF6Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 6 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ARHGEF6 gene.-Further reading:...
, ARHGEF7ARHGEF7Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF7 gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF7 has been shown to interact with GIT1, SHANK3, Cbl gene, SHANK1 and SHANK2.-External links:* Info with links in the...
, ARHGEF9ARHGEF9Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF9 gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF9 has been shown to interact with GPHN and SMURF1.-Further reading:...
, ASEF2, - BMXBMXBicycle motocross or BMX refers to the sport in which the main goal is extreme racing on bicycles in motocross style on tracks with inline start and expressive obstacles, and it is also the term that refers to the bicycle itself that is designed for dirt and motocross cycling.- History :BMX started...
, BTKBTKBTK may refer to:*Baku-Tbilisi-Kars Railway*Dennis Rader, a serial killer known as the "BTK killer"**"Bind Torture Kill", a song by the band Suffocation on its album Suffocation....
, - C20orf42C20orf42Fermitin family homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FERMT1 gene.-External links:* Info with links in the -Further reading:...
, C9orf100, CADPSCADPSCalcium-dependent secretion activator 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CADPS gene.-Further reading:...
, CADPS2CADPS2Calcium-dependent secretion activator 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CADPS2 gene.- Function :This gene encodes a member of the calcium-dependent activator of secretion protein family, which are calcium binding proteins that regulate the exocytosis of synaptic and dense-core...
, CDC42BPACDC42BPASerine/threonine-protein kinase MRCK alpha is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDC42BPA gene.-Further reading:...
, CDC42BPB, CDC42BPG, CENTA1CENTA1Arf-GAP with dual PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADAP1 gene.-Interactions:Centaurin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with Protein kinase D1, Nucleolin, PRKCI, P110α, Casein kinase 1, alpha 1 and Protein kinase Mζ.-Further reading:...
, CENTA2CENTA2Arf-GAP with dual PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ADAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, CENTB1CENTB1Arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, CENTB2CENTB2Arf-GAP with coiled-coil, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, CENTB5, CENTD1CENTD1Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, CENTD2CENTD2Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARAP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, CENTD3CENTD3Arf-GAP with Rho-GAP domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARAP3 gene.-Further reading:...
, CENTG1CENTG1Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGAP2 gene.-Interactions:CENTG1 has been shown to interact with PIK3R1, HOMER1 and EPB41L1.-Further reading:...
, CENTG2CENTG2Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGAP1 gene.-HACNS1:HACNS1 is located in an intron of the gene CENTG2...
, CENTG3CENTG3Arf-GAP with GTPase, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the AGAP3 gene.-Further reading:...
, CITCIT-Educational institutions:*California Institute of Technology *Canberra Institute of Technology*Carnegie Institute of Technology, the College of Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University...
, CNKSR1CNKSR1Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNKSR1 gene.-Interactions:CNKSR1 has been shown to interact with RhoD and RASSF1.-Further reading:...
, CNKSR2CNKSR2Connector enhancer of kinase suppressor of ras 2, also known as CNK homolog protein 2 or maguin , is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CNKSR2 gene.- Function :...
, COL4A3BPCOL4A3BPCollagen type IV alpha-3-binding protein, ceramide transfer protein or StAR-related lipid transfer protein 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the COL4A3BP gene. The protein contains a pleckstrin homology domain at its amino terminus and a START domain towards the end of the molecule...
, CTGLF1, CTGLF2, CTGLF3, * CTGLF4, CTGLF5, CTGLF6, - DAB2IPDAB2IPDisabled homolog 2-interacting protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAB2IP gene.-Further reading:...
, DAPP1DAPP1Dual adapter for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositide is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DAPP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, DDEF1DDEF1Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASAP1 gene.-Interactions:DDEF1 has been shown to interact with Src.-Further reading:...
, DDEF2DDEF2Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ASAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, DDEFL1, DEF6DEF6Differentially expressed in FDCP 6 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DEF6 gene.-Further reading:...
, DEPDC2, DGKDDGKDDiacylglycerol kinase delta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKD gene.-Further reading:...
, DGKH, DGKK, DNM1DNM1Dynamin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNM1 gene.-Interactions:DNM1 has been shown to interact with Amphiphysin, FNBP1, NCK1, PACSIN1, Grb2 and SH3GL2.-Further reading:...
, DNM2DNM2Dynamin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNM2 gene.-Interactions:DNM2 has been shown to interact with SNX9, SHANK1 and SHANK2.-External Links:* -Further reading:...
, DNM3DNM3Dynamin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DNM3 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the dynamin family which possess mechanochemical properties involved in actin-membrane processes, predominantly in membrane budding. DNM3 is upregulated in Sézary's syndrome.-Further...
, DOCK10DOCK10Dock10 , also known as Zizimin3, is a large protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors which function as activators of small G proteins.-Discovery:Dock10 was identified via bioinformatic...
, DOCK11Dock11Dock11 , also known as Zizimin2, is a large protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors which function as activators of small G proteins...
, DOCK9DOCK9Dock9 , also known as Zizimin1, is a large protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. It is a member of the DOCK-D subfamily of the DOCK family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors which function as activators of small G proteins...
, DOK1DOK1Docking protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOK1 gene.-Interactions:DOK1 has been shown to interact with RET proto-oncogene, SH2D1A, LYN, RAS p21 protein activator 1, INPP5D, CD117, SHC1, Abl gene and TEC.-Further reading:...
, DOK2DOK2Docking protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOK2 gene.-Interactions:DOK2 has been shown to interact with INPP5D and TEK tyrosine kinase.-Further reading:...
, DOK3DOK3Docking protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOK3 gene.-Further reading:...
, DOK4DOK4Docking protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOK4 gene.-Further reading:...
, DOK5DOK5Docking protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DOK5 gene.-Interactions:DOK5 has been shown to interact with RET proto-oncogene.-Further reading:...
, DOK6, DTGCU2, - EXOC8EXOC8Exocyst complex component 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EXOC8 gene.-Further reading:...
, - FAM109A, FAM109B, FARP1FARP1FERM, RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FARP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, FARP2FARP2FERM, RhoGEF and pleckstrin domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FARP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, FGD1FGD1FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 1 also known as faciogenital dysplasia 1 protein , zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 3 , or Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor FGD1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGD1 gene that lies on the X chromosome...
, FGD2FGD2FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 2 , also known as zinc finger FYVE domain-containing protein 4 , is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGD2 gene.It is a member of the FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain containing family....
, FGD3FGD3FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGD3 gene.-Further reading:...
, FGD4FGD4FYVE, RhoGEF and PH domain-containing protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FGD4 gene.-External links:*...
, FGD5, FGD6, - GAB1GAB1GRB2-associated-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB1 gene.-Interactions:GAB1 has been shown to interact with Grb2, PIK3R1, PTPN11, CRKL, PLCG1 and MAP3K3.-Further reading:...
, GAB2GAB2GRB2-associated-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GAB2 gene.The protein encoded by this gene, GAB2 is an adaptor protein serving as principal activator of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase...
, GAB3, GAB4, GRB10GRB10Growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 also known as insulin receptor-binding protein Grb-IR is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB10 gene.- Function :...
, GRB14GRB14Growth factor receptor-bound protein 14 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRB14 gene.-Interactions:GRB14 has been shown to interact with Epidermal growth factor receptor, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and TNKS2.-Further reading:...
, GRB7GRB7Growth factor receptor-bound protein 7, also known as GRB7, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the GRB7 gene.- Function :The product of this gene belongs to a small family of adaptor proteins that are known to interact with a number of receptor tyrosine kinases and signaling molecules...
, - IRS1IRS1Insulin receptor substrate 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS-1 gene.-Function:Insulin receptor substrate 1 plays a key role in transmitting signals from the insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors to intracellular pathways PI3K / Akt and Erk MAP kinase...
, IRS2IRS2Insulin receptor substrate 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS2 gene.. Mice lacking IRS2 have a diabetic phenotype as well as a 40% reduction in brain mass.-Interactions:...
, IRS4IRS4Insulin receptor substrate 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS4 gene.-Interactions:IRS4 has been shown to interact with CRK and NISCH.-Further reading:...
, ITKITKITK may stand for:* Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami, a Canadian organisation representing Inuit* Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit, an extensible open source image segmentation and registration software library...
, ITSN1ITSN1Intersectin-1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ITSN1 gene.-Interactions:ITSN1 has been shown to interact with SNAP-25, SOS1, SCAMP1 and CDC42.-Further reading:...
, ITSN2ITSN2Intersectin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITSN2 gene.-Interactions:ITSN2 has been shown to interact with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein.-Further reading:...
, - KALRN, KIF1AKIF1AKinesin-like protein KIF1A, also known as axonal transporter of synaptic vesicles or microtubule-based motor KIF1A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF1A gene.- Function :KIF1A is a member of the kinesin family...
, KIF1BKIF1BKinesin-like protein KIF1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KIF1B gene.-External links:*...
, KIF1Bbeta, - MCF2MCF2Proto-oncogene DBL is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCF2 gene.-Further reading:...
, MCF2LMCF2LGuanine nucleotide exchange factor DBS is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MCF2L gene.-Further reading:...
, MCF2L2, MRIP, MYO10MYO10Myosin X, also known as MYO10, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the MYO10 gene.Myosin X is an actin-based motor protein known to associate at the tips of filopodia.-Further reading:...
, - NET1NET1Neuroepithelial cell-transforming gene 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NET1 gene.-Further reading:...
, NGEF, - OBPH1, OBSCNOBSCNObscurin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OBSCN gene.-Interactions:OBSCN has been shown to interact with Titin and ANK1.-Further reading:...
, OPHN1OPHN1Oligophrenin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OPHN1 gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBPOSBPOxysterol-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBP gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBP2OSBP2Oxysterol-binding protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBPL10, OSBPL11OSBPL11Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL11 gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBPL3OSBPL3Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL3 gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBPL5OSBPL5Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL5 gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBPL6, OSBPL7, OSBPL8OSBPL8Oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL8 gene.-Further reading:...
, OSBPL9OSBPL9Oxysterol binding protein-like 9 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OSBPL9 gene.This gene encodes a member of the oxysterol-binding protein family, a group of intracellular lipid receptors...
, - PHLDA2PHLDA2Pleckstrin homology-like domain family A member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHLDA2 gene.-Further reading:...
, PHLDA3, PHLDB1PHLDB1Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHLDB1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PHLDB2PHLDB2Pleckstrin homology-like domain family B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PHLDB2 gene.-Interactions:PHLDB2 has been shown to interact with FLNC.-Further reading:...
, PHLPPPHLPPThe PHLPP isoforms are a pair of protein phosphatases, PHLPP1 and PHLPP2, which are important regulators of Akt serine-threonine kinases and conventional/novel protein kinase C isoforms...
, PIP3-E, PLCD1PLCD11-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCD1 gene.PLCd1 is essential to maintain homeostasis of the skin.-External links:*...
, PLCD4PLCD41-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase delta-4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCD4 gene....
, PLCG1PLCG1Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLCG1 gene.-Function:The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate...
, PLCG2PLCG21-phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLCG2 gene.- Function :Enzymes of the phospholipase C family catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids to yield diacylglycerols and water-soluble phosphorylated derivatives of the lipid...
, PLCH1, PLCH2, PLCL1, PLCL2, PLD1, PLD2PLD2Phospholipase D2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLD2 gene.-Interactions:PLD2 has been shown to interact with BIN1, Amphiphysin, Aldolase A, PLCG1, ARF1, Src, PRKCD, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase ,Caveolin 1,and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein.-Inhibitors:* N--2-naphthamide:...
, PLEK, PLEK2PLEK2Pleckstrin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEK2 gene. The PLEK2 gene is located on chromosome 14 in Homo sapiens and is flanked by TMEM229B to its right and ATP6V1D to its left.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHA1PLEKHA1Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHA1 gene.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHA2, PLEKHA3, PLEKHA4, PLEKHA5PLEKHA5Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHA5 gene.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHA6PLEKHA6Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family A member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHA6 gene.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHA7, PLEKHA8, PLEKHB1, PLEKHB2PLEKHB2Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family B member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHB2 gene.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHC1, PLEKHF1, PLEKHF2PLEKHF2Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family F member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHF2 gene.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHG1, PLEKHG2, PLEKHG3, PLEKHG4PLEKHG4Puratrophin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHG4 gene.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHG5, PLEKHG6, PLEKHH1, PLEKHH2, PLEKHH3, PLEKHJ1, PLEKHK1, PLEKHM1PLEKHM1Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family M member 1 also known as PLEKHM1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHM1 gene.- Function :PLEKHM1 may have critical function in vesicular transport in osteoclasts....
, PLEKHM2PLEKHM2pleckstrin homology domain containing, family M member 2, also known as PLEKHM2, is a human gene....
, PLEKHO1PLEKHO1Pleckstrin homology domain-containing family O member 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLEKHO1 gene.-Interactions:PLEKHO1 has been shown to interact with Casein kinase 2, alpha 1 and SMURF1.-Further reading:...
, PLEKHQ1, PREX1PREX1Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 1 protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PREX1 gene.- Function :...
, PRKCN, PRKD1, PRKD2PRKD2Serine/threonine-protein kinase D2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKD2 gene.- Function :The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the protein kinase D family of serine/threonine protein kinases. This kinase can be activated by phorbol esters as well as by gastrin via the...
, PRKD3PRKD3Serine/threonine-protein kinase D3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PRKD3 gene.-Further reading:...
, PSCD1PSCD1Cytohesin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTH1 gene.-Interactions:PSCD1 has been shown to interact with TRIM23, ARFRP1 and CD18.-Further reading:...
, PSCD2PSCD2Cytohesin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTH2 gene.-Interactions:PSCD2 has been shown to interact with Arrestin beta 2 and Arrestin beta 1.-Further reading:...
, PSCD3PSCD3Cytohesin-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTH3 gene.-Further reading:...
, PSCD4PSCD4Cytohesin-4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CYTH4 gene.-Further reading:...
, PSDPSD-Sciences:* Proportional/Sum/Derivative, a version of the common discrete controller Proportional/Integral/Derivative* Particle size distribution* Phase sensitive detector* Phase space density, number of particles populating the same state...
, PSD2, PSD3PSD3PH and SEC7 domain-containing protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PSD3 gene.-Further reading:...
, PSD4, RALGPS1, RALGPS2, RAPH1RAPH1Ras-associated and pleckstrin homology domains-containing protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RAPH1 gene.-Further reading:...
, - RASA1, RASA2, RASA3RASA3Ras GTPase-activating protein 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RASA3 gene.-Further reading:...
, RASA4RASA4Ras GTPase-activating protein 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RASA4 gene.-Further reading:...
, RASAL1, RASGRF1, RGNEF, ROCK1ROCK1Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1, also known as ROCK1, is a protein serine/threonine kinase, but also denotes the human gene encoding it....
, ROCK2, RTKNRTKNRhotekin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTKN gene.-Further reading:...
, - SBF1SBF1Myotubularin-related protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SBF1 gene.-Interactions:SBF1 has been shown to interact with MTMR2 and SUV39H1.-Further reading:...
, SBF2SBF2Myotubularin-related protein 13 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SBF2 gene.-External links:*...
, SCAP2, SGEFSGEFSGEF is a 97 kDa protein involved in intracellular signalling networks. It functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoG, a small G protein of the Rho family.-Discovery:...
, SH2B, SH2B1SH2B1SH2B adapter protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B1 gene.-Interactions:SH2B1 has been shown to interact with Insulin receptor, Grb2, TrkA and Janus kinase 2.- Clinical significance :...
, SH2B2SH2B2SH2B adapter protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B2 gene.-Interactions:SH2B2 has been shown to interact with TrkA and Cbl gene.-Further reading:...
, SH2B3SH2B3SH2B adapter protein 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SH2B3 gene.-Further reading:...
, SH3BP2SH3BP2SH3BP2 is a protein associated with cherubism.-External links:*...
, SKAP1SKAP1Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 1 is an adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the SKAP1 gene.The demonstration that SKAP1 regulates LFA-1 adhesion was made by retroviral infection and by the SKAP1 deficient mouse...
, SKAP2SKAP2Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SKAP2 gene.-Further reading:...
, SNTA1SNTA1Alpha-1-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNTA1 gene.-Interactions:Syntrophin, alpha 1 has been shown to interact with Dystrophin, Nav1.1 and Nav1.5.-Further reading:...
, SNTB1SNTB1Beta-1-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNTB1 gene.-Interactions:SNTB1 has been shown to interact with Dystrophin.-Further reading:...
, SNTB2SNTB2Beta-2-syntrophin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNTB2 gene.-Further reading:...
, SOS1SOS1Son of sevenless homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOS1 gene.Recent studies also show that mutations in Sos1 can cause Noonan syndrome and hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1. Noonan syndrome has also been shown to be caused by mutations in KRAS and PTPN11 genes...
, SOS2, SPATA13, SPNB4, SPTBN1SPTBN1Spectrin beta chain, brain 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPTBN1 gene.-Interactions:SPTBN1 has been shown to interact with Merlin.-Further reading:...
, SPTBN2SPTBN2Spectrin beta chain, brain 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SPTBN2 gene.-Interactions:SPTBN2 has been shown to interact with UNC13B, ACTR1A and Beta-actin.-Further reading:...
, SPTBN4SPTBN4Spectrin, beta, non-erythrocytic 4, also known as SPTBN4, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SPTBN4 gene.Spectrin is an actin crosslinking and molecular scaffold protein that links the cell membrane to the actin cytoskeleton, and functions in the determination of cell shape, arrangement...
, SPTBN5SPTBN5Spectrin, beta, non-erythrocytic 5 also known as SPTBN5 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SPTBN5 gene. SPTBN5 belongs to the spectrin family of cytoskeletal proteins.- Structure and function :SPTBN5 contains the following domains:...
, STAP1STAP1Signal-transducing adaptor protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STAP1 gene.-Further reading:...
, SWAP70SWAP70Switch-associated protein 70 is a protein that in humans and other mammals is encoded by the SWAP70 gene....
, SYNGAP1SYNGAP1Synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein 1 homolog , also known as SYNGAP1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the SYNGAP1 gene. SYNGAP1 is a ras GTPase-activating protein that is critical for cognition and synapse function. Mutations in humans cause mental retardation.- Function :Unc51.1 and...
, - TBC1D2, TECTEC-Companies and organizations:* TEC , a Belgian company* Telecommunication Engineering Center, an Indian government agency* Toyo Engineering Corporation, a Japanese company...
, TIAM1, TRIOTRIO (gene)Triple functional domain protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIO gene.-Interactions:TRIO has been shown to interact with Filamin and RHOA.-Further reading:...
, TRIOBPTRIOBPTRIO and F-actin-binding protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIOBP gene.-Further reading:...
, TYLTylTyl is the name of* IATA code of the Cap. FAP Victor Montes Arias Airport in Talara, Piura, Peru* Traditional name of Epsilon Draconis, a star in Draco constellation...
, - URP1, URP2,
- VAV1VAV1Proto-oncogene vav is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV1 gene.-Interactions:VAV1 has been shown to interact with Ku70, PLCG1, Lymphocyte cytosolic protein 2, Janus kinase 2, SIAH2, S100B, Abl gene, ARHGDIB, SHB, PIK3R1, PRKCQ, Grb2, MAPK1, Syk, Linker of activated T cells, Cbl gene and...
, VAV2VAV2Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV2 gene.-Interactions:VAV2 has been shown to interact with CD19 and Grb2.-Further reading:...
, VAV3VAV3Guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAV3 gene.-Further reading:...
, VEPH1
See also
- PleckstrinPleckstrinPleckstrin is a protein found in platelets. The name derives from platelet and leukocyte C kinase substrate and the KSTR string of amino acids.It is the source of the name pleckstrin homology domain....
- The unrelated FYVE domainFYVE domainFYVE zinc finger domain is named after the four cysteine-rich proteins: Fab 1 , YOTB, Vac 1 , and EEA1, in which it has been found....
binds Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatePhosphatidylinositol 3-phosphatePhosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate is a phospholipid found in cell membranes that helps to recruit a range of proteins, many of which are involved in protein trafficking, to the membranes...
and has been found in over 60 proteins. - The GRAM domainGRAM domainThe GRAM domain is found in glucosyltransferases, myotubularins and other membrane-associated proteins. The structure of the GRAM domain is similar to that found in PH domains.-Human proteins containing this domain :...
is a structurally related protein domain.
External links
- Nash Lab Protein Interaction Domains - PH domain description - Calculated orientations of PH domains in membranes