Pilosans of the Caribbean
Encyclopedia
The mammal
ian order Pilosa
, which includes the sloth
s and anteater
s, includes various species from the Caribbean
region. Many species of sloths are known from the Greater Antilles
, all of which went extinct over the last millennia, but some sloths and anteaters survive on islands closer to the mainland.
For the purposes of this article, the "Caribbean" includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea
(except for small islets close to the mainland) and the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands
, and Barbados
, which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically
belong to the same Caribbean bioregion
.
of Cuba
, Hispaniola
, and Puerto Rico
and several smaller Antillean islands, but they are missing from the fourth of the Greater Antilles, Jamaica
. These are part of the family Megalonychidae
, which also includes some of the extinct giant ground sloths, such as Megalonyx
, and the living two-toed sloth
s (Choloepus) of the American mainland. All Greater Antillean sloths are now extinct; their extinction by ~4400 BP (uncalibrated radiocarbon date
) apparently postdated the extinction of the mainland ground sloths by about six thousand years, and coincided (to within a thousand years) with the arrival of humans on the islands. The extinct Caribbean sloths apparently had a wide range of locomotor habits corresponding to varying degrees of arboreality
, but were generally more terrestrial than extant tree sloths. They had been present on the Antilles since the early Oligocene
, 32 million years ago. The subdivision of Antillean sloths into several subfamilies implies at least a diphyletic origin for them, requiring at two or more separate colonization events
.
In addition to the Greater Antillean sloths, some other pilosans are still extant on islands close to the Central and South American mainland. This includes several anteaters and a member of the other sloth family, that of the three-toed sloth
s, restricted to a small island in Panama. The record of a tamandua
from Cozumel
, off Mexico, was probably in error.
The genera of Caribbean pilosans are classified as follows:
is the largest of the Greater Antilles. A diverse assortment of sloths is known.
, the second largest of the Greater Antilles, is divided into Haiti
and the Dominican Republic
. It has a diverse sloth fauna.
is an island off southwestern Haiti.
, the easternmost of the Greater Antilles; another species is known from much older, Oligocene, sediments.
is the southernmost island of the main Lesser Antillean island arc.
is a large island off northeastern Venezuela. It hosts two species of anteaters that are also found on mainland South America.
is a Dutch
island off northwestern Venezuela
.
Mammal
Mammals are members of a class of air-breathing vertebrate animals characterised by the possession of endothermy, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands functional in mothers with young...
ian order Pilosa
Pilosa
The order Pilosa is a group of placental mammals, extant today only in the Americas. It includes the anteaters and sloths, including the recently extinct ground sloths....
, which includes the sloth
Sloth
Sloths are the six species of medium-sized mammals belonging to the families Megalonychidae and Bradypodidae , part of the order Pilosa and therefore related to armadillos and anteaters, which sport a similar set of specialized claws.They are arboreal residents of the jungles of Central and South...
s and anteater
Anteater
Anteaters, also known as antbear, are the four mammal species of the suborder Vermilingua commonly known for eating ants and termites. Together with the sloths, they compose the order Pilosa...
s, includes various species from the Caribbean
Caribbean
The Caribbean is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north...
region. Many species of sloths are known from the Greater Antilles
Greater Antilles
The Greater Antilles are one of three island groups in the Caribbean. Comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola , and Puerto Rico, the Greater Antilles constitute almost 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies.-Greater Antilles in context :The islands of the Caribbean Sea, collectively known as...
, all of which went extinct over the last millennia, but some sloths and anteaters survive on islands closer to the mainland.
For the purposes of this article, the "Caribbean" includes all islands in the Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean located in the tropics of the Western hemisphere. It is bounded by Mexico and Central America to the west and southwest, to the north by the Greater Antilles, and to the east by the Lesser Antilles....
(except for small islets close to the mainland) and the Bahamas, Turks and Caicos Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos Islands are a British Overseas Territory and overseas territory of the European Union consisting of two groups of tropical islands in the Caribbean, the larger Caicos Islands and the smaller Turks Islands, known for tourism and as an offshore financial centre.The Turks and...
, and Barbados
Barbados
Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles. It is in length and as much as in width, amounting to . It is situated in the western area of the North Atlantic and 100 kilometres east of the Windward Islands and the Caribbean Sea; therein, it is about east of the islands of Saint...
, which are not in the Caribbean Sea but biogeographically
Biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species , organisms, and ecosystems in space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities vary in a highly regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area...
belong to the same Caribbean bioregion
Caribbean bioregion
The Caribbean bioregion is a biogeographic region that includes the islands of the Caribbean Sea, which share a flora and fauna distinct from surrounding bioregions....
.
Overview
Extinct sloths are known from the three Greater AntillesGreater Antilles
The Greater Antilles are one of three island groups in the Caribbean. Comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola , and Puerto Rico, the Greater Antilles constitute almost 90% of the land mass of the entire West Indies.-Greater Antilles in context :The islands of the Caribbean Sea, collectively known as...
of Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
, Hispaniola
Hispaniola
Hispaniola is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west and Puerto Rico to the east, within the hurricane belt...
, and Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...
and several smaller Antillean islands, but they are missing from the fourth of the Greater Antilles, Jamaica
Jamaica
Jamaica is an island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length, up to in width and 10,990 square kilometres in area. It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, about south of Cuba, and west of Hispaniola, the island harbouring the nation-states Haiti and the Dominican Republic...
. These are part of the family Megalonychidae
Megalonychidae
Megalonychidae is a group of sloths including the extinct Megalonyx and the living two toed sloths. Megalonychids first appeared in the early Oligocene, about 35 million years ago, in southern Argentina , and spread as far as the Antilles by the early Miocene...
, which also includes some of the extinct giant ground sloths, such as Megalonyx
Megalonyx
Megalonyx is an extinct genus of giant ground sloths of the family Megalonychidae endemic to North America from the Hemphillian of the Late Miocene through to the Rancholabrean of the Pleistocene, living from ~10.3 Mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately .-Taxonomy:The generic name...
, and the living two-toed sloth
Two-toed sloth
Choloepus is a genus of mammals of Central and South America, within the family Megalonychidae consisting of two-toed sloths. There are only two species of Choloepus : Linnaeus's Two-toed Sloth and Hoffmann's Two-toed Sloth...
s (Choloepus) of the American mainland. All Greater Antillean sloths are now extinct; their extinction by ~4400 BP (uncalibrated radiocarbon date
Radiocarbon dating
Radiocarbon dating is a radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years. Raw, i.e. uncalibrated, radiocarbon ages are usually reported in radiocarbon years "Before Present" ,...
) apparently postdated the extinction of the mainland ground sloths by about six thousand years, and coincided (to within a thousand years) with the arrival of humans on the islands. The extinct Caribbean sloths apparently had a wide range of locomotor habits corresponding to varying degrees of arboreality
Arboreal locomotion
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees. In every habitat in which trees are present, animals have evolved to move in them. Some animals may only scale trees occasionally, while others are exclusively arboreal. These habitats pose numerous mechanical challenges to animals...
, but were generally more terrestrial than extant tree sloths. They had been present on the Antilles since the early Oligocene
Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present . As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly...
, 32 million years ago. The subdivision of Antillean sloths into several subfamilies implies at least a diphyletic origin for them, requiring at two or more separate colonization events
Biological dispersal
Biological dispersal refers to species movement away from an existing population or away from the parent organism. Through simply moving from one habitat patch to another, the dispersal of an individual has consequences not only for individual fitness, but also for population dynamics, population...
.
In addition to the Greater Antillean sloths, some other pilosans are still extant on islands close to the Central and South American mainland. This includes several anteaters and a member of the other sloth family, that of the three-toed sloth
Three-toed sloth
The three-toed sloths are tree-living mammals from South and Central America. They are the only members of the genus Bradypus and the family Bradypodidae. There are four living species of three-toed sloths...
s, restricted to a small island in Panama. The record of a tamandua
Tamandua
Tamandua is a genus of anteaters. It has two members: the Southern Tamandua and the Northern Tamandua . They live in forests and grasslands, are semi-arboreal, and possess partially prehensile tails. They mainly eat ants and termites, but they occasionally eat bees, beetles, and insect larvae...
from Cozumel
Cozumel
Cozumel is an island in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen, and close to the Yucatan Channel. Cozumel is one of the ten municipalities of the state of Quintana Roo...
, off Mexico, was probably in error.
The genera of Caribbean pilosans are classified as follows:
- Order Pilosa
- Suborder Folivora (sloths)
- Family Bradypodidae: Bradypus
- Family MegalonychidaeMegalonychidaeMegalonychidae is a group of sloths including the extinct Megalonyx and the living two toed sloths. Megalonychids first appeared in the early Oligocene, about 35 million years ago, in southern Argentina , and spread as far as the Antilles by the early Miocene...
- Subfamily Choloepodinae
- Tribe Acratocnini: AcratocnusAcratocnusAcratocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloth found in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.-Classification:Like all of the Antillean sloths, Acratocnus is a member of the family Megalonychidae, whose sole surviving genus is Choloepus, representing the two-toed tree sloths.-Location:The species of...
- Tribe Cubanocnini: Neocnus
- Incertae sedisIncertae sedis, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
: Paulocnus
- Tribe Acratocnini: Acratocnus
- Subfamily Megalonychinae
- Tribe Megalocnini: MegalocnusMegalocnusThe ground sloths of the extinct genus Megalocnus were among the largest of the Caribbean ground sloths, with individuals estimated to have weighed up to when alive. Two species are known, M. rodens of Cuba, and M. zile of Hispaniola. Subfossils of M...
- Tribe Mesocnini: Mesocnus
- Tribe Megalocnini: Megalocnus
- Subfamily Ortotheriinae: Paramiocnus
- Incertae sedisIncertae sedis, is a term used to define a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is attributed by , , and similar terms.-Examples:*The fossil plant Paradinandra suecica could not be assigned to any...
: ImagocnusImagocnusImagocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloth from the early Miocene of Cuba.This sloth resided in the Antilles and showed a range of body size. Its relationships to other Antillean sloths are not immediately clear, though the genera Megalocnus and Parocnus,other ground sloths, are its most likely...
, Galerocnus, several unidentified genera
- Subfamily Choloepodinae
- Suborder Vermilingua (anteaters)
- Family CyclopedidaeCyclopedidaeCyclopedidae is a family of anteaters that includes the silky anteater and its extinct relatives....
: CyclopesCyclopesCyclopes may refer to:*The genus Cyclopes, of which the Silky Anteater is the only known species*The plural form of Cyclops, a one-eyed monster from Greek mythology... - Family MyrmecophagidaeMyrmecophagidaeMyrmecophagidae is a family of anteaters, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek words for 'ant' and 'eat' . Myrmecophagids are native to Central and South America, from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. There are 2 genera and 3 species in the family, consisting of the Giant Anteater,...
: TamanduaTamanduaTamandua is a genus of anteaters. It has two members: the Southern Tamandua and the Northern Tamandua . They live in forests and grasslands, are semi-arboreal, and possess partially prehensile tails. They mainly eat ants and termites, but they occasionally eat bees, beetles, and insect larvae...
- Family Cyclopedidae
- Suborder Folivora (sloths)
Cuba
CubaCuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
is the largest of the Greater Antilles. A diverse assortment of sloths is known.
- Acratocnus antillensis (previously Miocnus antillensis), a sloth known exclusively from Cuba. Isolated femoraFemurThe femur , or thigh bone, is the most proximal bone of the leg in tetrapod vertebrates capable of walking or jumping, such as most land mammals, birds, many reptiles such as lizards, and amphibians such as frogs. In vertebrates with four legs such as dogs and horses, the femur is found only in...
referred to separate species Habanocnus hoffstetteri and H. paulacoutoi fall within the range of variation of this species. - Galerocnus jaimezi, a sloth.
- Imagocnus zazae, a large sloth from the early MioceneMioceneThe Miocene is a geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about . The Miocene was named by Sir Charles Lyell. Its name comes from the Greek words and and means "less recent" because it has 18% fewer modern sea invertebrates than the Pliocene. The Miocene follows the Oligocene...
fauna of Domo de Zaza. Although it is recognizably megalonychid, its precise relations are obscure. A large pelvisPelvisIn human anatomy, the pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the lower limbs .The pelvis includes several structures:...
found at Domo de Zaza may indicate the presence of another, even larger sloth; alternatively, I. zazae may have been variable in size. - Neocnus gliriformis (previously Microcnus gliriformis), a sloth found only on Cuba.
- Megalocnus rodens, a common sloth in faunas from western and central Cuba. It has been radiocarbon-dated to about 6000 years before present.
- Neocnus major, also known from Cuba alone. It includes the previously recognized N. minor and N. baireiensis and may not itself be distinct from N. gliriformis.
- Paramiocnus riveroi, a large and possibly arboreal sloth known from limited remains.
- Parocnus browni (previously Mesocnus browni), a sloth related to Hispaniolan P. serus. The previously recognized species Mesocnus torrei and Mesocnus herrerai are now regarded as identical to P. browni. Remains of P. browni have been radiocarbon-dated to about 5000 years before present.
Hispaniola
HispaniolaHispaniola
Hispaniola is a major island in the Caribbean, containing the two sovereign states of the Dominican Republic and Haiti. The island is located between the islands of Cuba to the west and Puerto Rico to the east, within the hurricane belt...
, the second largest of the Greater Antilles, is divided into Haiti
Haiti
Haiti , officially the Republic of Haiti , is a Caribbean country. It occupies the western, smaller portion of the island of Hispaniola, in the Greater Antillean archipelago, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Ayiti was the indigenous Taíno or Amerindian name for the island...
and the Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic is a nation on the island of La Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries...
. It has a diverse sloth fauna.
- Acratocnus simorhynchus, a sloth from eastern Hispaniola known from remains dated to about 20000 years before present.
- Acratocnus ye, a sloth known only from Hispaniola.
- Megalocnus zile, a sloth known from both Hispaniola and the satellite island of Tortuga, apparently much rarer than its Cuban relative M. rodens.
- Neocnus comes (previously Acratocnus comes and Synocnus comes), a large Neocnus commonly found in cave deposits throughout Hispaniola. Several remains have been radiocarbon-dated, the youngest to about 5000 years before present.
- Neocnus dousman, a medium-sized Neocnus found throughout Hispaniola. A single radiocarbon-dated specimen is about 10000 years old.
- Neocnus toupiti, a small Neocnus and perhaps the smallest sloth known, found in Haiti.
- Parocnus serus, a sloth known from Hispaniola and the satellite islands of Tortuga and Gonâve. A specimen has been radiocarbon-dated to over 14000 years before present.
Tortuga
Tortuga is an island off northern Haiti.- Megalocnus zile, a sloth known also from mainland Hispaniola.
- Parocnus serus, a sloth found also on mainland Hispaniola and Gonâve.
Gonâve
GonâveGonâve Island
Gonâve Island is an island of Haiti located to the west-northwest of Port-au-Prince in the Gulf of Gonâve. It is the largest of the Hispaniolan satellite islands, situated off the mainland...
is an island off southwestern Haiti.
- Parocnus serus, a sloth also known from mainland Hispaniola and Tortuga.
Puerto Rico
Only one sloth is known from the Quaternary of Puerto RicoPuerto Rico
Puerto Rico , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.Puerto Rico comprises an...
, the easternmost of the Greater Antilles; another species is known from much older, Oligocene, sediments.
- Acratocnus odontrigonus, a sloth known only from Puerto Rico. Acratocnus major, described on the basis of somewhat larger Puerto Rican sloth bones, simply represents large individuals of A. odontrigonus.
- A small sloth femur has been found at an early OligoceneOligoceneThe Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 34 million to 23 million years before the present . As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the period are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the period are slightly...
site in southwestern Puerto Rico. It is not sufficiently diagnostic to permit conclusive identification as a megalonychid.
Grenada
GrenadaGrenada
Grenada is an island country and Commonwealth Realm consisting of the island of Grenada and six smaller islands at the southern end of the Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea...
is the southernmost island of the main Lesser Antillean island arc.
- Three teeth of a sloth have been found in a late Pliocene or early Pleistocene deposit that also yielded the capybara Hydrochoerus gaylordi. The teeth differ in size and may represent either one or two species and although recognizably megalonychid, their precise relationships cannot be determined.
Trinidad
TrinidadTrinidad
Trinidad is the larger and more populous of the two major islands and numerous landforms which make up the island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. It is the southernmost island in the Caribbean and lies just off the northeastern coast of Venezuela. With an area of it is also the fifth largest in...
is a large island off northeastern Venezuela. It hosts two species of anteaters that are also found on mainland South America.
- Cyclopes didactylus, the pygmy anteater, also known from Mexico to Brazil.
- Tamandua tetradactyla, the southern tamandua, also known across South America east of the AndesAndesThe Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America. This range is about long, about to wide , and of an average height of about .Along its length, the Andes is split into several ranges, which are separated...
.
Curaçao
CuraçaoCuraçao
Curaçao is an island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. The Country of Curaçao , which includes the main island plus the small, uninhabited island of Klein Curaçao , is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands...
is a Dutch
Kingdom of the Netherlands
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a sovereign state and constitutional monarchy with territory in Western Europe and in the Caribbean. The four parts of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are referred to as "countries", and participate on a basis of equality...
island off northwestern Venezuela
Venezuela
Venezuela , officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela , is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south...
.
- Paulocnus petrifactus, a medium-sized sloth that may be related to Antillean AcratocnusAcratocnusAcratocnus is an extinct genus of ground sloth found in Cuba, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico.-Classification:Like all of the Antillean sloths, Acratocnus is a member of the family Megalonychidae, whose sole surviving genus is Choloepus, representing the two-toed tree sloths.-Location:The species of...
.
Escudo de Veraguas
Escudo de Veraguas is an island off northern Panama. Despite its small size, it supports two mammal species found nowhere else: the bat Artibeus incomitatus and the only extant Caribbean sloth.- Bradypus pygmaeus, a critically endangered small sloth related to mainland B. variegatus.
Related articles
- List of extinct late Pleistocene North American Pilosans
- List of extant Central American Pilosans
- List of extant South American Pilosans
Literature cited
- Anderson, R.P. and Handley, C.O., Jr. 2001. A new species of three-toed sloth (Mammalia: Xenarthra) from Panama, with a review of the genus Bradypus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 114:1–33.
- Arredondo, C. and Arredondo, O. 2000. Nuevo genero y especie de perezoso (Edentata: Megalonychidae) del Pleistoceno de Cuba. Revista Biologia 14(1):66–72.
- Arredondo, C. and Rivero, M. 1997. Nuevo genero y especie de Megalonychidae del Cuaternario Cubano. Revista Biologia 11:105–112.
- Gardner, A.L. 2005. Order Pilosa. Pp. 100–103 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0
- Jones, J.K., Jr., and Lawlor, T.E. 1965. Mammals from Isla Cozumel, México, with description of a new species of harvest mouse. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History 16:409–419.
- Koopman, K.F. 1959. The zoogeographical limits of the West Indies. Journal of Mammalogy 40(2):236–240.
- MacPhee, R.D.E., Singer, R. and Diamond, M. 2000. Late Cenozoic land mammals from Grenada, Lesser Antillean island-arc. American Museum Novitates 3302:1–20.
- Rega, E., McFarlane, D.A., Lundberg, J. and Christenson, K. 2002. A new megalonychid sloth from the Late Wisconsinan of the Dominican Republic. Caribbean Journal of Science 38(1–2):11–19.
- Steadman, D.W., Martin, P.S., MacPhee, R.D.E., Jull, A.J.T., McDonald, H.G., Woods, C.A., Iturralde-Vinent, M. and Hodgins, G.W.L. 2005. Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(33):11763–11768.
- White, J. L. 1993. Indicators of Locomotor Habits in Xenarthrans: Evidence for Locomotor Heterogeneity Among Fossil Sloths. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13: 230-242.
- White, J.L. and MacPhee, R.D.E. 2001. http://books.google.com/books?id=kDchYICxSDsC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=The+sloths+of+the+West+Indies:+A+systematic+and+phylogenetic+review&source=bl&ots=nE1h0uppfJ&sig=4-pNcNeA5p17LC33-Zq38BeB0iY&hl=en&ei=OgwbS625CYLOsQOy27yRBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The_sloths_of_the_West_Indies%3A_A_systematic_and_phylogenetic_reviewThe sloths of the West Indies: A systematic and phylogenetic review]. Pp. 201–236 in Woods, C.A. and Sergile, F.E. (eds.). Biogeography of the West Indies: patterns and perspectives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. ISBN 0-8493-2001-1