Pierre Henri Hélène Marie Lebrun-Tondu
Encyclopedia
Pierre-Henri-Hélène-Marie Lebrun-Tondu (born August 27, 1754 Noyon
- December 27, 1793 Paris
) was a journalist
and a French minister, during the French Revolution
.
, Camille Desmoulins
(both younger), and a bunch of others that played some role in the French Revolution as well (such as Feron, Noel...). However his family ran into financial trouble (reasons are not known) and he had to become a teacher at Louis-le-Grand, the which position required at that time to become some level of tonsured cleric; thus he was known under the name "Abbot Tondu"; he moved to be employed at the Observatory of Paris about in 1777, where he devoted himself to mathematics and observations until early 1779. Then, for two years, he was a soldier, before obtaining his leave. Involved in some unclear contestation of French politics, he was banned by Minister Baron de Vergennes and had to move in the Principality of Liège in 1781 under the name "Pierre Lebrun", he became a foreman at the printing shop of Jean-Jacques Tutot, where he soon became editor, and married, in Liege on 28 July 1783, Marie-Jeanne Adrienne Cheret (as was written in French documents; some Belgian registers also write "Cherette"), who gave him seven children, out of which six grew to be adults: Jean-Pierre-Louis (born July 21, 1784), Josephine Barbe Marie (born September 10, 1786), Théodore Charles-Joseph Gilbert (born February 16, 1788), Marie-Francoise-Charlotte Henriette (born August 11, 1789), Isabelle Civilis Victoire Jemmapes Dumouriez, (born November 11th, 1792), Sophie Minerve (born February 13th, 1794) . In June 1785, he left Tutot and, with Jacques-Joseph Smits, started the Journal of General Europe, based in Liege, a periodical favorable to new ideas that met with great success. Increasingly critical of the Prince-Bishop, he, in July 1786, installed the presses in the Austrian Netherlands, in Herve
(Limburg
), near Liege
. Having acquired Liege citizenship, he was closely involved in politics and participated in the revolution Liege in 1789, also writing the Journal of Patriotic Liège from March 18 to July 4, 1790. During that period he turned to radical views such were later on embodied by Girondins and early days Montagnards in Paris, and was linked to the more radical Liege activists.
in January, then to Paris, where he maintained some activity on account on the defunct Liege Republic, such as develop with other exiles a draft constitution proclaiming the equality of all citizens, freedom of the press and the formation of an assembly where national bourgeois representation would count twice as large as those of the clergy and nobility, or on 18 December appearing before the Legislative Assembly
at the head of a Liège delegation. However he rapidly got engrossed in French Revolution politics through his newspaper he had revived starting March 1791.This got him in acquaintance with forefront players of those days, such as Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Etienne Claviere
, Eugene Roland and Charles François Dumouriez
; Tondu-Lebrun's familiarity with politics and power play between Powers-that-be (England, German Empire, Prussia, France, Holland, Russia in Flanders and central Europe got him to be appointed as chief clerk of the 1st branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Dumouriez. After August 10, 1792, he became foreign minister in the Transitional Executive Council (August 11, 1792) and submitted to the National Convention a political picture of Europe as of September 25. An advocate of an immediate peace with Prussia after the battle of Valmy
, he conducted secret negotiations, and after negotiations failed, he was a supporter of the war of conquest and defended the annexation of Belgium
and the Netherlands
. On November 12, he baptized his daughter, Civilis-Victoire-Jemmapes Dumouriez, and the God father was Dumouriez.
Temporarily in charge of the Ministry of War after the resignation of Servan in October, he filed on December 19 and 31, reports on projects of England against France, in which he supported, however, for a peace policy, and showed the protests of Spain for Louis XVI. Chairman of the Executive Committee, after January 20, 1793, he signed the execution order of Louis XVI
.
In the early months of 1793, he tried to reconnect with Lord Grenville, to avoid a rupture with Great Britain. On March 7, he reported to the Assembly of the rupture of diplomatic relations with Spain and its imminent entry into the war. On February 2, he summoned Semonville
to justify himself in Paris and suspended his office, after suspicision of links with Louis XVI from the publication of a letter from Antoine Omer Talon, :fr:Antoine Omer Talon found in late November 1792.
Denounced by the end of 1792 by The Mountain
for his close links with the Girondins, suspected of complicity with Gen. Charles François Dumouriez, He was arrested on June 2, 1793 with 29 members and fellow Girondin, Étienne Clavière
. First held temporarily in office, he was brought with Claviere before the Revolutionary Court September 5, but managed to escape the 9, and went into clandestinity while remaining in Paris, where he hid under a variety of names during several months; while under the name of Pierre Brasseur, citizen of Liege, he was arrested on 2 Nivose year II (December 22, 1793), by Francis Heron, Agent of the Committee of General Security.
Brought before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death on 7 Nivose (December 27) under a variety of contrived and undocumented treason against the unity of the Republic, conspiracy on account of foreign powers charges, the most obvious reason being of having been called to office by Roland, Brissot, Dumouriez, all guillotined or escaped from France. He was guillotined the following day.
A barely sketched attempt at defense and justification, written by him (this document does not exceed mere introductory terms in the rather pompous style of those days), was published in the year IV under the title: Historical Memory and supporting my ministry.
describes him thus:
In a contray perspective, Lebrun, had led a full ten years of political militancy in Liege at personal risk while others were happily plying ordinary trades throughout the 1780s, a background only a few others, such as Jean-Pierre Brissaud or Mirabeau could claim with comparable legitimacy.
Noyon
Noyon is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.It lies on the Oise Canal, 100 km north of Paris.-History:...
- December 27, 1793 Paris
Paris
Paris is the capital and largest city in France, situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region...
) was a journalist
Journalist
A journalist collects and distributes news and other information. A journalist's work is referred to as journalism.A reporter is a type of journalist who researchs, writes, and reports on information to be presented in mass media, including print media , electronic media , and digital media A...
and a French minister, during the French Revolution
French Revolution
The French Revolution , sometimes distinguished as the 'Great French Revolution' , was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years...
.
Before the Revolution
He was the son of Christophe Pierre Tondu, a well-to-do merchant also churchwarden of his parish, and Elisabeth Rosalie Lebrun. He was sent as a youngster as a student at College Louis-le-Grand, Paris, under benefit of a scholarship grant from the Chapter of Canons of Noyon, a common situation in such schools run by priests. Louis-le-Grand was attended during those years by such famous-to-be people as La Fayette (a shade older than Tondu-Lebrun was), Maximilien RobespierreMaximilien Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre is one of the best-known and most influential figures of the French Revolution. He largely dominated the Committee of Public Safety and was instrumental in the period of the Revolution commonly known as the Reign of Terror, which ended with his...
, Camille Desmoulins
Camille Desmoulins
Lucie Simplice Camille Benoît Desmoulins was a journalist and politician who played an important role in the French Revolution. He was a childhood friend of Maximilien Robespierre and a close friend and political ally of Georges Danton, who were influential figures in the French Revolution.-Early...
(both younger), and a bunch of others that played some role in the French Revolution as well (such as Feron, Noel...). However his family ran into financial trouble (reasons are not known) and he had to become a teacher at Louis-le-Grand, the which position required at that time to become some level of tonsured cleric; thus he was known under the name "Abbot Tondu"; he moved to be employed at the Observatory of Paris about in 1777, where he devoted himself to mathematics and observations until early 1779. Then, for two years, he was a soldier, before obtaining his leave. Involved in some unclear contestation of French politics, he was banned by Minister Baron de Vergennes and had to move in the Principality of Liège in 1781 under the name "Pierre Lebrun", he became a foreman at the printing shop of Jean-Jacques Tutot, where he soon became editor, and married, in Liege on 28 July 1783, Marie-Jeanne Adrienne Cheret (as was written in French documents; some Belgian registers also write "Cherette"), who gave him seven children, out of which six grew to be adults: Jean-Pierre-Louis (born July 21, 1784), Josephine Barbe Marie (born September 10, 1786), Théodore Charles-Joseph Gilbert (born February 16, 1788), Marie-Francoise-Charlotte Henriette (born August 11, 1789), Isabelle Civilis Victoire Jemmapes Dumouriez, (born November 11th, 1792), Sophie Minerve (born February 13th, 1794) . In June 1785, he left Tutot and, with Jacques-Joseph Smits, started the Journal of General Europe, based in Liege, a periodical favorable to new ideas that met with great success. Increasingly critical of the Prince-Bishop, he, in July 1786, installed the presses in the Austrian Netherlands, in Herve
Herve
Herve is a Walloon municipality of Belgium in Province of Liège. On January 1, 2006 Herve had a total population of 16,772. The total area is 56.84 km² which gives a population density of 295 inhabitants per km²....
(Limburg
Limburg (Belgium)
Limburg is the easternmost province of modern Flanders, which is one of the three main political and cultural sub-divisions of modern Belgium. It is located west of the river Meuse . It borders on the Dutch provinces of North Brabant and Limburg and the Belgian provinces of Liège, Flemish Brabant...
), near Liege
Liege
Liège is a municipality and a city of Belgium. The term Liège or Liege may also refer to:* Liege, a party to the oath of allegiance in feudalism .* Liège Island, in the Antarctic...
. Having acquired Liege citizenship, he was closely involved in politics and participated in the revolution Liege in 1789, also writing the Journal of Patriotic Liège from March 18 to July 4, 1790. During that period he turned to radical views such were later on embodied by Girondins and early days Montagnards in Paris, and was linked to the more radical Liege activists.
During the Revolution
Forced into exile during the restoration of 1791, he moved to LilleLille
Lille is a city in northern France . It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest metropolitan area in the country behind those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille. Lille is situated on the Deûle River, near France's border with Belgium...
in January, then to Paris, where he maintained some activity on account on the defunct Liege Republic, such as develop with other exiles a draft constitution proclaiming the equality of all citizens, freedom of the press and the formation of an assembly where national bourgeois representation would count twice as large as those of the clergy and nobility, or on 18 December appearing before the Legislative Assembly
Legislative Assembly (France)
During the French Revolution, the Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from 1 October 1791 to September 1792. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention.The Legislative...
at the head of a Liège delegation. However he rapidly got engrossed in French Revolution politics through his newspaper he had revived starting March 1791.This got him in acquaintance with forefront players of those days, such as Jacques-Pierre Brissot, Etienne Claviere
Étienne Clavière
Étienne Clavière was a Swiss-born French financier and politician of the French Revolution.-Geneva and London:...
, Eugene Roland and Charles François Dumouriez
Charles François Dumouriez
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez was a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars. He shared the victory at Valmy with General François Christophe Kellermann, but later deserted the Revolutionary Army and became a royalist intriguer during the reign of Napoleon.-Early life:Dumouriez...
; Tondu-Lebrun's familiarity with politics and power play between Powers-that-be (England, German Empire, Prussia, France, Holland, Russia in Flanders and central Europe got him to be appointed as chief clerk of the 1st branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Dumouriez. After August 10, 1792, he became foreign minister in the Transitional Executive Council (August 11, 1792) and submitted to the National Convention a political picture of Europe as of September 25. An advocate of an immediate peace with Prussia after the battle of Valmy
Battle of Valmy
The Battle of Valmy was the first major victory by the army of France during the French Revolution. The action took place on 20 September 1792 as Prussian troops commanded by the Duke of Brunswick attempted to march on Paris...
, he conducted secret negotiations, and after negotiations failed, he was a supporter of the war of conquest and defended the annexation of Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
and the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
. On November 12, he baptized his daughter, Civilis-Victoire-Jemmapes Dumouriez, and the God father was Dumouriez.
Temporarily in charge of the Ministry of War after the resignation of Servan in October, he filed on December 19 and 31, reports on projects of England against France, in which he supported, however, for a peace policy, and showed the protests of Spain for Louis XVI. Chairman of the Executive Committee, after January 20, 1793, he signed the execution order of Louis XVI
Execution of Louis XVI
The execution of Louis XVI by means of the guillotine took place on 21 January 1793 at the Place de la Révolution in Paris. It was a major event of the French Revolution...
.
In the early months of 1793, he tried to reconnect with Lord Grenville, to avoid a rupture with Great Britain. On March 7, he reported to the Assembly of the rupture of diplomatic relations with Spain and its imminent entry into the war. On February 2, he summoned Semonville
Charles Louis Huguet, marquis de Sémonville
Charles Louis Huguet, marquis de Sémonville was a French diplomat and politician. He was made a count of the First French Empire in 1808, and marquis in 1819.-Biography:...
to justify himself in Paris and suspended his office, after suspicision of links with Louis XVI from the publication of a letter from Antoine Omer Talon, :fr:Antoine Omer Talon found in late November 1792.
Denounced by the end of 1792 by The Mountain
The Mountain
The Mountain refers in the context of the history of the French Revolution to a political group, whose members, called Montagnards, sat on the highest benches in the Assembly...
for his close links with the Girondins, suspected of complicity with Gen. Charles François Dumouriez, He was arrested on June 2, 1793 with 29 members and fellow Girondin, Étienne Clavière
Étienne Clavière
Étienne Clavière was a Swiss-born French financier and politician of the French Revolution.-Geneva and London:...
. First held temporarily in office, he was brought with Claviere before the Revolutionary Court September 5, but managed to escape the 9, and went into clandestinity while remaining in Paris, where he hid under a variety of names during several months; while under the name of Pierre Brasseur, citizen of Liege, he was arrested on 2 Nivose year II (December 22, 1793), by Francis Heron, Agent of the Committee of General Security.
Brought before the revolutionary tribunal, he was sentenced to death on 7 Nivose (December 27) under a variety of contrived and undocumented treason against the unity of the Republic, conspiracy on account of foreign powers charges, the most obvious reason being of having been called to office by Roland, Brissot, Dumouriez, all guillotined or escaped from France. He was guillotined the following day.
A barely sketched attempt at defense and justification, written by him (this document does not exceed mere introductory terms in the rather pompous style of those days), was published in the year IV under the title: Historical Memory and supporting my ministry.
Opinion of Madame Roland
In her memoirs, Madame RolandMadame Roland
Marie-Jeanne Roland, better known simply as Madame Roland and born Marie-Jeanne Phlipon , was, together with her husband Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière, a supporter of the French Revolution and influential member of the Girondist faction...
describes him thus:
He was considered a wise man, because he had no outbursts of any kind, and clever man, because he was a very good clerk, but he had neither action, nor mind, nor character.This was hardly a fair view coming from a prejudiced woman whose husband had been a fellow Minister and very unpopular as Home Office Minister, with big responsibilities in the fall of the Girondins. Robespierre held some personal grudge against Lebrun.
In a contray perspective, Lebrun, had led a full ten years of political militancy in Liege at personal risk while others were happily plying ordinary trades throughout the 1780s, a background only a few others, such as Jean-Pierre Brissaud or Mirabeau could claim with comparable legitimacy.