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Phosphoenolpyruvate

 

 
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Phosphoenolpyruvate
 
 
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Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), or phosphoenolpyruvate as the anion, is an important chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 in biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
. It has the high-energy phosphate bond found (-61.9 KJ/mol) in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
 and gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....
. In plants, it is also involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation
Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs , usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is changed into organic materials. Carbon fixation can also be carried out by the process of calcification in marine, calcifying organisms such as Emiliania huxleyi....
; in bacteria, it is also used as the source of energy for the phosphotransferase system.

is formed by the action of the enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 enolase
Enolase

Enolase, also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase, is a metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate , the ninth and penultimate step of glycolysis....
 on 2-phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglyceric acid , or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acids which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate , the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate....
.






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Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP), or phosphoenolpyruvate as the anion, is an important chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 in biochemistry
Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry processes in living organisms. It deals with the structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules....
. It has the high-energy phosphate bond found (-61.9 KJ/mol) in living organisms, and is involved in glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....
 and gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....
. In plants, it is also involved in the biosynthesis of various aromatic compounds, and in carbon fixation
Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs , usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is changed into organic materials. Carbon fixation can also be carried out by the process of calcification in marine, calcifying organisms such as Emiliania huxleyi....
; in bacteria, it is also used as the source of energy for the phosphotransferase system.

In glycolysis
Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H5O3-....

PEP is formed by the action of the enzyme
Enzyme

Enzymes are biomolecules that catalysis chemical reactions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. In enzymatic reactions, the molecules at the beginning of the process are called Substrate , and the enzyme converts them into different molecules, the products....
 enolase
Enolase

Enolase, also known as phosphopyruvate dehydratase, is a metalloenzyme responsible for the catalysis of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate , the ninth and penultimate step of glycolysis....
 on 2-phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglyceric acid , or 2-phosphoglycerate, is a glyceric acids which serves as the substrate in the ninth step of glycolysis. It is catalyzed by enolase into phosphoenolpyruvate , the penultimate step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate....
. Metabolism of PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase
Pyruvate kinase

Pyruvate kinase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis. It catalyst the transfer of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to adenosine diphosphate, yielding one molecule of pyruvate and one molecule of adenosine triphosphate....
 (PK) generates 1 molecule of adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate

This article is about the chemical used by cells as an energy carrier. For other uses, see ATP .Adenosine-5'-triphosphate is a multifunctional nucleotide, and plays an important role in cell biology as a coenzyme that is the "molecule unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer....
 (ATP) via substrate-level phosphorylation
Substrate-level phosphorylation

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a type of chemical reaction that results in the formation and creation of adenosine triphosphate by the direct transfer and donation of a phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate from a reactive intermediate....
. ATP is one of the major currencies of chemical energy within cell
Cell (biology)

The cell is the structural and functional unit of all known Life organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and is often called the building bricks of life....
s.



In gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactic acid, glycerol, and glucogenic amino acids....

PEP is formed from the decarboxylation
Decarboxylation

Decarboxylation is any chemical reaction in which a carboxyl group is split off from a compound as carbon dioxide ....
 of oxaloacetate and hydrolysis
Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions....
 of one guanosine triphosphate
Guanosine triphosphate

Guanosine-5'-triphosphate is a purine nucleotide. One role is as substrate for the synthesis of RNA during transcription . Its structure is similar to that of the guanine nucleoside, the only difference being that there are three phosphate groups attached to the 5' carbon....
 molecule. This reaction is catalyzed
Catalysis

Catalysis is the process in which the reaction rate of a chemical reaction is either increased or decreased by means of a chemical substance known as a catalyst....
 by the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is an enzyme used in the natural process of gluconeogenesis. It converts oxaloacetate into phosphoenolpyruvate and carbon dioxide....
 (PEPCK). This reaction is a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis:

GTP + oxaloacetate ? GDP + phosphoenolpyruvate + CO2


In plants

PEP may be used for the synthesis of chorismate through the shikimate pathway. Chorismate may then be metabolized into the aromatic amino acid
Amino acid

In chemistry, an amino acid is a molecule containing both amine and carboxyl functional groups. These molecules are particularly important in biochemistry, where this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is an organic substituent....
s (phenylalanine
Phenylalanine

Phenylalanine is an a-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCHCH2C6H5, which is found naturally in the breast milk of mammals and manufactured for food and drink products and are also sold as nutritional supplements for their reputed analgesic and antidepressant effects....
, tryptophan
Tryptophan

Tryptophan is one of the 20 List of standard amino acids, as well as an essential amino acid in the human diet. It is encoded in the standard genetic code as the codon UGG....
 and tyrosine
Tyrosine

Tyrosine or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine, is one of the 20 amino acids that are used by cell to protein biosynthesis proteins. This is a non-essential amino acid and it is found in casein....
) and other aromatic compounds.

In addition, in C4 plants
C4 carbon fixation

C4 carbon fixation is one of three biochemical mechanisms, along with C3 carbon fixation and CAM photosynthesis, functioning in land plants to "fix" carbon dioxide for sugar production through photosynthesis....
, PEP serves as an important substrate
Substrate (biochemistry)

In biochemistry, a substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalysis chemical reactions involving the substrate. The substrate binds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed....
 in carbon fixation
Carbon fixation

Carbon fixation is a process found in autotrophs , usually driven by photosynthesis, whereby carbon dioxide is changed into organic materials. Carbon fixation can also be carried out by the process of calcification in marine, calcifying organisms such as Emiliania huxleyi....
. The chemical equation, as catalyzed by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase is an enzyme in the family of carboxy-lyases that catalyzes the addition of Carbon dioxide to phosphoenolpyruvate to form the four-carbon compound oxaloacetate:...
 (PEP carboxylase), is:

PEP + CO2 ? oxaloacetate