All Topics  
Philosophical logic

 

 
   Email Print
   Bookmark   Link
 

 

Philosophical logic
 
 
  Topics Philosophical logic Topic Home

Philosophical logic is the study of the more specifically philosophical aspects of logic. The term contrasts with philosophy of logic
Philosophy of logic

Following the developments in Formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic....
, metalogic
Metalogic

Metalogic is the study of the metatheory of logic. While logic is the study of the manner in which logical systems can be used to decide the correctness of arguments, metalogic studies the properties of the logical systems themselves....
, and mathematical logic
Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics and logic with close connections to computer science and philosophical logic. The field includes the mathematical study of logic and the applications of formal logic to other areas of mathematics....
; and since the development of mathematical logic in the late nineteenth century, it has come to include most of those topics traditionally treated by logic
Logic

Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and inference. Logic is a branch of philosophy, a part of the classical Trivium . The word derives from Greek language ?????? , fem....
 in general. It is concerned with characterizing notions like inference
Inference

Inference is the act or process of deriving a logical consequence from premises.Inference is studied within several different fields.* Human inference is traditionally studied within the field of cognitive psychology....
, rational thought, truth, and contents of thoughts, in the most fundamental ways possible, and trying to model them using modern formal logic.






Discussion
Ask a question about 'Philosophical logic'
Start a new discussion about 'Philosophical logic'
Answer questions from other users
Full Discussion Forum



Encyclopedia


Philosophical logic is the study of the more specifically philosophical aspects of logic. The term contrasts with philosophy of logic
Philosophy of logic

Following the developments in Formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic....
, metalogic
Metalogic

Metalogic is the study of the metatheory of logic. While logic is the study of the manner in which logical systems can be used to decide the correctness of arguments, metalogic studies the properties of the logical systems themselves....
, and mathematical logic
Mathematical logic

Mathematical logic is a subfield of mathematics and logic with close connections to computer science and philosophical logic. The field includes the mathematical study of logic and the applications of formal logic to other areas of mathematics....
; and since the development of mathematical logic in the late nineteenth century, it has come to include most of those topics traditionally treated by logic
Logic

Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and inference. Logic is a branch of philosophy, a part of the classical Trivium . The word derives from Greek language ?????? , fem....
 in general. It is concerned with characterizing notions like inference
Inference

Inference is the act or process of deriving a logical consequence from premises.Inference is studied within several different fields.* Human inference is traditionally studied within the field of cognitive psychology....
, rational thought, truth, and contents of thoughts, in the most fundamental ways possible, and trying to model them using modern formal logic. The notions in question include reference
Reference

A reference is a relation between Object in which one object designates by linking to another object. Such relations as these may occur in a variety of domains, including logic, computer science, time, art and scholarship....
, predication
First-order logic

First-order logic is a formal deductive system used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science. It goes by many names, including: first-order predicate calculus , the lower predicate calculus, the language of first-order logic or predicate logic....
, identity
Identity (philosophy)

In philosophy, identity is whatever makes an entity definable and recognizable, in terms of possessing a set of qualities or characteristics that distinguish it from entities of a different type....
, truth
Truth

semantic fields for the word truth extend from honesty, good faith, and sincerity in general, to agreement with fact or reality in particular....
, negation
Negation

In logic and mathematics, negation or not is an operation on logical values, for example, the logical value of a proposition, that sends true to false and false to true....
, quantification
Quantification

Quantification has two distinct meanings. In mathematics and empirical science, it refers to human acts, known as counting and measuring that map human sense observations and experiences into element s of some Set of numbers....
, existence
Existence

In common usage, existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses, but in philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning, and is often contrasted with essence....
, necessity
Necessity

In U.S. criminal law, necessity may be either a possible Justification or an exculpation for breaking the law. The corresponding defense in Britain is called "lawful excuse." Defendants seeking to rely on this defense argue that they should not be held liable for their action as a crime because their conduct was necessary to prevent s...
, definition
Definition

A definition is a statement of the Meaning of a word or phrase. The term to be defined is known as the definiendum . The words which define it are known as the definiens ....
 and entailment
Entailment

In logic and mathematics, entailment or logical implication is a logical relation that holds between a set T of propositions and a proposition B when every Model theory of T is also a model of B....
. Philosophical logic is not concerned with the psychological processes connected with thought, or with emotions, images and the like. It is concerned only with those entities — thoughts, sentences, or propositions — that are capable of being true and false. To this extent, though, it does intersect with philosophy of mind
Philosophy of mind

Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind, mental events, mental functions, mental property, consciousness and their relationship to the physical body, particularly the brain....
 and philosophy of language
Philosophy of language

Philosophy of language is the reasoned inquiry into the nature, origins, and usage of language. As a topic, the philosophy of language for Analytic philosophys is concerned with four central problems: the nature of Meaning , language use, language cognition, and the relationship between language and reality....
. Gottlob Frege
Gottlob Frege

Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege was a Germany mathematics who became a logician and philosophy. He helped found both modern mathematical logic and analytic philosophy....
 is regarded by many as the founder of modern philosophical logic.

Not all philosophical logic, however, applies formal logical techniques. A good amount of it (including Grayling's and Colin McGinn
Colin McGinn

Colin McGinn is a United Kingdom philosopher currently working at the University of Miami. McGinn has also held major teaching positions at Oxford University and Rutgers University....
's books cited below) is written in natural language. One definition, popular in Britain, is that philosophical logic is the attempt to solve general philosophical problems that arise when we use or think about formal logic: problems about existence, necessity, analyticity, a prioricity
A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)

The terms "a priori" and "a posteriori" are used in philosophy to distinguish two types of knowledge, justifications or arguments....
, propositions, identity, predication, truth. Philosophy of logic
Philosophy of logic

Following the developments in Formal logic with symbolic logic in the late nineteenth century and mathematical logic in the twentieth, topics traditionally treated by logic not being part of formal logic have tended to be termed either philosophy of logic or philosophical logic if no longer simply logic....
, on the other hand, would tackle metaphysic
Metaphysics

Metaphysics investigates principles of reality transcending those of any particular science. cosmology and ontology are traditional branches of metaphysics....
al and epistemological
Epistemology

Epistemology or theory of knowledge is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It addresses the questions:...
 problems about entailment, validity, and proof. So it could be said that philosophy of logic is a branch of philosophy but philosophical logic belongs to the domain of logic (though logic is itself a branch of philosophy
Philosophy

Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge, truth, beauty, justice, validity, mind, and language....
).

Truth


Theories of truth


Truthbearers


Semantics


Definition


Necessity and analyticity


Presuppositions


Formal and Natural language


Consequence


Conditionals


Probability


Literature

  • Goble, Lou, ed., 2001. Oxford: Blackwell
    Blackwell Publishing

    Blackwell Publishing Ltd was a learned society publishing company based in Oxford, England. It was formed by the merger of two earlier Blackwell companies in 2001 and was taken over by John Wiley & Sons in 2007....
    . ISBN 0-631-20693-0.
  • Grayling, A. C.
    A. C. Grayling

    Anthony Clifford Grayling is a United Kingdom philosophy, atheist and author. He is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London, University of London and a supernumerary fellow of St Anne's College, Oxford....
    , 1997. 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19982-9.
  • Jacquette, Dale, ed., 2002. Oxford Blackwell. ISBN 1-4051-4575-7.
  • Sainsbury, Mark, 2001. 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-21679-0.
  • McGinn, Colin. 2000. Logical Properties: Identity, Existence, Predication, Necessity, Truth. Oxford: Oxford University Press
    Oxford University Press

    Oxford University Press is a publisher and a department of the University of Oxford in England. It is the largest university press in the world, being larger than all the American university presses combined with Cambridge University Press....
    . ISBN 0-19-926263-2.
  • Wolfram, Sybil, 1989. Philosophical Logic: An Introduction. London: Routledge
    Routledge

    Routledge is a publisher of non-fiction academic books and journals. It was acquired in 1997 by, and is thus now an imprint of, the Taylor & Francis Group, which is a sub-division of Informa PLC, a company based in the United Kingdom with offices worldwide....
    .
  • , Springer SBM