Phenadoxone
Encyclopedia
Phenadoxone is an opioid
Opioid
An opioid is a psychoactive chemical that works by binding to opioid receptors, which are found principally in the central and peripheral nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract...

 analgesic
Analgesic
An analgesic is any member of the group of drugs used to relieve pain . The word analgesic derives from Greek an- and algos ....

 of the open chain
Open chain
In chemistry, an open-chain compound or acyclic compound is a compound with a linear structure, rather than a cyclic one....

 class (methadone
Methadone
Methadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937...

 and relatives) invented in by Hoechst
Hoechst
Hoechst or Höchst may refer to:* Hoechst AG, a former German life-sciences company* Hoechst stain, one of a family of fluorescent DNA-binding compounds* Höchst , Germany* Höchst im Odenwald, Germany* Höchst, Austria...

 in 1947. It is one of a handful of useful synthetic analgesics which were used in the United States for various lengths of time in the 20 or so years after the end of the Second World War but which were withdrawn from the market for various or no known reason and which now are mostly in Schedule I of the United States' Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or (like phenazocine
Phenazocine
Phenazocine is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects....

 and bezitramide
Bezitramide
Bezitramide is a narcotic analgesic. Bezitramide itself is a prodrug which is readily hydrolyzed in the gastrointestinal tract to its main metabolite, despropionyl-bezitramide. Bezitramide was discovered at Janssen Pharmaceutica in 1961...

) in Schedule II but not produced or marketed in the US. Others on this list are ketobemidone
Ketobemidone
Ketobemidone is a powerful opioid analgesic. Its effectiveness against pain is in the same range as morphine, and it also has some NMDA-antagonist properties imparted by it's metabolite norketobemidone. This makes it useful for some types of pain that don't respond well to other opioids...

 (Ketogin), dextromoramide
Dextromoramide
Dextromoramide is a powerful opioid analgesic approximately three times more potent than morphine but shorter acting. It is subject to drug prohibition regimes, both internationally through UN treaties, and by the criminal law of individual states...

 (Dimorlin, Palfium and others), phenazocine
Phenazocine
Phenazocine is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects....

 (Narphen and Prinadol), dipipanone
Dipipanone
Dipipanone is a strong opioid analgesic drug, used for very severe pain in cases where other analgesics are unsuitable, for instance where morphine is indicated but cannot be used due to the patient being allergic to morphine.-Dosage forms:...

 (Diconal, Pipadone and Wellconal), piminodine
Piminodine
Piminodine is an opioid analgesic that is an analogue of pethidine . It was used in medicine briefly during the 1960s and 70s, but has largely fallen out of clinical use. It was used particularly for obstetric analgesia and in dental procedures and, like pethidine, could be combined with...

 (Alvodine), propiram
Propiram
Propiram is a partial mu opioid receptor agonist and weak mu antagonist analgesic from the ampromide family of drugs. It was invented in 1963 in the United Kingdom by Bayer but was not widely marketed, although it saw some limited clinical use, especially in dentistry...

 (Algeril), anileridine
Anileridine
Anileridine is a synthetic analgesic drug and is a member of the piperidine class of analgesic agents developed by Merck & Co. in the 1950s...

 (Leritine) and alphaprodine (Nisentil).

Phenadoxone is generally considered to be a strong opioid analgesic and is regulated in much the same way as morphine
Morphine
Morphine is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more...

 where it is used. The usual starting dose is 10-20 mg and it has a duration of analgesic effect of 1 to 4 hours. By comparison, methadone
Methadone
Methadone is a synthetic opioid, used medically as an analgesic and a maintenance anti-addictive for use in patients with opioid dependency. It was developed in Germany in 1937...

 has an analgesic effect lasting from 3 to 6 hours although for use in opioid maintenance the dose is different from that used for analgesia and the sought effect of suppressing withdrawal symptoms and part of the rush of heroin can last for 24 to 72 hours. Phenadoxone is not used at this time for purposes other than pain relief.

Worldwide consumption of phenadoxone has actually increased slightly in recent years according a recent report from the World Health Organisation. Like its drug subcategory prototype methadone, phenadoxone can be used as the opioid analgesic in Brompton Mixture, aka Brompton cocktail
Brompton cocktail
Brompton cocktail, sometimes called a Brompton mixture, is an elixir meant for use as a pain suppressant, and dosed for prophylaxis. Made from morphine or diacetylmorphine , cocaine, highly-pure ethyl alcohol , and sometimes with chlorpromazine to counteract nausea, it was given to terminally-ill...

. Phenadoxone is most used at the current time in Denmark
Denmark
Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark...

and various countries in eastern Europe.
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