Peter Grimes is an
operaOpera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
by
Benjamin BrittenEdward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH was an English composer, conductor, violist and pianist.-Life:...
, with a
librettoA libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, musical, and ballet. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata.Libretto ,...
adapted by
Montagu SlaterCharles Montagu Slater was an English poet, novelist, playwright and librettist.Slater, born in Millom, Lancashire, was selected by Benjamin Britten as librettist for his opera Peter Grimes, which was based on "Letter XXII: Peter Grimes" in George Crabbe's poem The Borough.For the libretto, Slater...
from the
Peter Grimes section of
George CrabbeGeorge Crabbe was an English poet and naturalist.-Biography:He was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, the son of a tax collector, and developed his love of poetry as a child. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, who taught him little, and in 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge...
's poem
The BoroughThe Borough is a collection of poems by George Crabbe published in 1810. Written in heroic couplets, the poems are arranged as a series of 24 letters, covering various aspects of borough life and detailing the stories of certain inhabitants’ lives....
. The "borough" of the opera is a fictional village which shares some similarities with Crabbe's, and later Britten's, own home
AldeburghAldeburgh is a coastal town in Suffolk, East Anglia, England. Located on the Alde river at 52° 9' North, 1° 36' East, the town is notable for its Blue Flag shingle beach and fisherman huts , its proximity to Thorpeness village and boating mere and golf courses at Aldeburgh, Thorpeness and Ufford Park...
, on England's east coast, around 1830.
It was first performed at Sadler's Wells in London on June 7, 1945, conducted by
Reginald GoodallSir Reginald Goodall was an English conductor, noted for his performances of the operas of Richard Wagner and conducting the premieres of several operas by Benjamin Britten.-Biography:...
and was the first of Britten's operas to be a critical and popular success.
Peter Grimes is an
operaOpera is an art form in which singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score. Opera is part of the Western classical music tradition. Opera incorporates many of the elements of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery and costumes and sometimes includes dance...
by
Benjamin BrittenEdward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH was an English composer, conductor, violist and pianist.-Life:...
, with a
librettoA libretto is the text used in an extended musical work such as an opera, operetta, masque, sacred or secular oratorio and cantata, musical, and ballet. The term "libretto" is also sometimes used to refer to the text of major liturgical works, such as mass, requiem, and sacred cantata.Libretto ,...
adapted by
Montagu SlaterCharles Montagu Slater was an English poet, novelist, playwright and librettist.Slater, born in Millom, Lancashire, was selected by Benjamin Britten as librettist for his opera Peter Grimes, which was based on "Letter XXII: Peter Grimes" in George Crabbe's poem The Borough.For the libretto, Slater...
from the
Peter Grimes section of
George CrabbeGeorge Crabbe was an English poet and naturalist.-Biography:He was born in Aldeburgh, Suffolk, the son of a tax collector, and developed his love of poetry as a child. In 1768, he was apprenticed to a local doctor, who taught him little, and in 1771 he changed masters and moved to Woodbridge...
's poem
The BoroughThe Borough is a collection of poems by George Crabbe published in 1810. Written in heroic couplets, the poems are arranged as a series of 24 letters, covering various aspects of borough life and detailing the stories of certain inhabitants’ lives....
. The "borough" of the opera is a fictional village which shares some similarities with Crabbe's, and later Britten's, own home
AldeburghAldeburgh is a coastal town in Suffolk, East Anglia, England. Located on the Alde river at 52° 9' North, 1° 36' East, the town is notable for its Blue Flag shingle beach and fisherman huts , its proximity to Thorpeness village and boating mere and golf courses at Aldeburgh, Thorpeness and Ufford Park...
, on England's east coast, around 1830.
It was first performed at Sadler's Wells in London on June 7, 1945, conducted by
Reginald GoodallSir Reginald Goodall was an English conductor, noted for his performances of the operas of Richard Wagner and conducting the premieres of several operas by Benjamin Britten.-Biography:...
and was the first of Britten's operas to be a critical and popular success. It is still widely performed, both in the UK and internationally, and is considered part of the standard repertoire. In addition, the
Four Sea Interludes were published separately (as op. 33a) and are frequently performed as an orchestral suite. The Passacaglia was also published separately (as op. 33b), and is also often performed, either together with the
Sea Interludes or by itself.
Roles
| Role |
Voice type |
Premiere Cast, June 7, 1945
(Conductor: Reginald GoodallSir Reginald Goodall was an English conductor, noted for his performances of the operas of Richard Wagner and conducting the premieres of several operas by Benjamin Britten.-Biography:...
) |
| Peter Grimes, a fisherman |
tenor The tenor is a type of male singing voice and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, to the A above middle C in choral music, and up to high C in solo work. The low extreme for tenors is roughly B2...
|
Peter Pears Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten....
|
| Ellen Orford, a widow, Borough schoolmistress |
soprano A soprano is a singing voice with a vocal range from approximately middle C to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music...
|
Joan Cross Joan Cross , was a British soprano, closely associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten.She attended St Paul's Girls' School where her music teacher was Gustav Holst...
|
| Auntie, landlady of The Boar |
contralto In music, a contralto is a type of classical female singing voice with a vocal range somewhere between a tenor and a mezzo-soprano. The term is used to refer to the deepest female singing voice. The typical contralto range lies between the F below middle C to two Fs above middle C...
|
Edith Coates Edith Coates was an English operatic mezzo-soprano. A highly gifted actress with a striking stage presence, Coates initially found success in larger dramatic roles before transitioning into portraying mainly character parts in the 1950s. She began her career with Lilian Baylis's opera company at...
|
| Niece 1 |
soprano A soprano is a singing voice with a vocal range from approximately middle C to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music...
|
Blanche Turner |
| Niece 2 |
soprano A soprano is a singing voice with a vocal range from approximately middle C to "high A" in choral music, or to "soprano C" or higher in operatic music...
|
Minnia Bower |
| Balstrode, retired merchant skipper |
baritoneBaritone is a type of classical male singing voice that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice. Originally from the Greek βαρύτονος, meaning 'deep sounding', music for this voice is typically written in the range from the second G below middle C to the F above...
|
Roderick Jones |
| Mrs. (Nabob) Sedley, a rentier widow |
mezzo-soprano A mezzo-soprano is a type of classical female singing voice whose range lies between the soprano and the contralto singing voices, usually extending from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above...
|
Valetta Iacopi |
| Swallow, a lawyer |
bass |
Owen Brannigan Owen Brannigan was an English bass-baritone. One of the best English buffo singers, Brannigan possessed a voice of large size and excellent quality....
|
| Ned Keene, apothecary and quack |
baritoneBaritone is a type of classical male singing voice that lies between the bass and tenor voices. It is the most common male voice. Originally from the Greek βαρύτονος, meaning 'deep sounding', music for this voice is typically written in the range from the second G below middle C to the F above...
|
Edmund Donlevy |
| Bob Boles, fisherman and Methodist |
tenor The tenor is a type of male singing voice and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, to the A above middle C in choral music, and up to high C in solo work. The low extreme for tenors is roughly B2...
|
Morgan Jones |
| Rev. Horace Adams, the rector |
tenor The tenor is a type of male singing voice and is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C3, the C one octave below middle C, to the A above middle C in choral music, and up to high C in solo work. The low extreme for tenors is roughly B2...
|
Tom Culbert |
| Hobson, the carrier |
bass |
Frank Vaughan |
| John, Grimes' apprentice |
silent role |
Leonard Thompson |
History
In 1941, shortly after the premier performance of his opera
Paul BunyanPaul Bunyan is a "choral operetta" composed by Benjamin Britten with book and lyrics by W. H. Auden.Britten and Auden had moved to the United States to escape the war in Europe; this operetta is something of a capsule summary of the history of their new home. It begins with a chorus of trees and...
, Britten and his partner
Peter PearsSir Peter Neville Luard Pears was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten....
went to stay at Escondido,
CaliforniaCalifornia is the most populous state in the United States, and the third largest by area. California is the second most populous sub-national entity in the Americas, behind only São Paulo, Brazil...
. There they read the poem by Crabbe and were struck by it. Britten, being a native of
SuffolkSuffolk is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. It has borders with Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south. The North Sea lies to the east...
, strongly identified with the tragic story of the
AldeburghAldeburgh is a coastal town in Suffolk, East Anglia, England. Located on the Alde river at 52° 9' North, 1° 36' East, the town is notable for its Blue Flag shingle beach and fisherman huts , its proximity to Thorpeness village and boating mere and golf courses at Aldeburgh, Thorpeness and Ufford Park...
fisherman Peter Grimes. He later said: "In a flash I realised two things: that I must write an opera, and where I belonged."
Britten returned to England in April, 1942. Soon after his return, he asked Montagu Slater to be his librettist of
Peter Grimes. Britten and Pears both had a strong hand in drafting the story, and in this process the character of Grimes became far more complex. Rather than being the clear-cut villain he is in Crabbe's version, he became a victim of both cruel fate and society, while retaining darker aspects in his character. It is left to the audience to decide which version is more true, and to see how clear-cut or ambiguous the various characters are.
Pears was certainly the intended Peter Grimes, and it is likely that Britten wrote the role of Ellen Orford for
Joan CrossJoan Cross , was a British soprano, closely associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten.She attended St Paul's Girls' School where her music teacher was Gustav Holst...
. The work has been called "a powerful allegory of
homosexual oppressionViolence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer people are actions which may occur either at the hands of individuals or groups, or as part of governmental enforcement of laws targeting people who are perceived to violate heteronormative rules and who contravene perceived protocols...
", and one of "the true operatic masterpieces of the 20th century," but the composer's own contemporary (1948) summation of the work was simpler:
"a subject very close to my heart—the struggle of the individual against the masses. The more vicious the society, the more vicious the individual."
Though as the writing of the libretto progressed, certain versions showed Grimes' relations with his apprentice to be
pederasticPederasty or paederasty is a relationship between an older man and an adolescent boy outside his immediate family...
, Pears persuaded Slater to cut the questionable stanzas from the final version. Many scholars, instead of viewing this as a celebration of Grimes' abuse, look at it as Britten's condemnation of the homophobia of his era, and what he understood to be the destructive sociological consequences of it. The opera was commissioned by the Koussevitzky Music Foundations and is "dedicated to the memory of Natalie Koussevitzky", wife of the Russian-born American conductor Sergei Koussevitzky. Its American premiere was given in 1946 at
TanglewoodTanglewood is an estate and music venue in Lenox and Stockbridge, Massachusetts and is the home of the annual summer Tanglewood Music Festival and the Tanglewood Jazz Festival. It has been the Boston Symphony Orchestra's summer home since 1937.- History :...
by Koussevitzky's pupil,
Leonard BernsteinLeonard Bernstein was an American conductor, composer, author, music lecturer and pianist. He was among the first conductors born and educated in the United States of America to receive worldwide acclaim...
.
In 1967, the
Metropolitan OperaThe Metropolitan Opera Association of New York City, founded in April 1880, is a major presenter of all types of opera including Grand Opera. Peter Gelb is the company's general manager. The music director is James Levine....
mounted a "landmark" production directed by Tyrone Guthrie and starring
Jon VickersJonathan Stewart Vickers, CC , known professionally as Jon Vickers , is a retired Canadian tenor....
in the role of Grimes.
Prologue
Peter Grimes is questioned at an inquest over the death of his apprentice. The townsfolk, all present, make it clear they think Grimes is guilty and deserving of punishment. Although the coroner, Mr. Swallow, determines the boy's death to be accidental and clears Grimes without a proper trial, he advises Grimes not to get another apprentice. As the court is cleared, Ellen Orford, the schoolmistress, attempts to comfort Grimes as he rages against what he sees as the Borough community's unwillingness to give him a true second chance.
Act 1
The chorus, who constitute "the Borough", sing of their weary daily round and their relationship with the sea and the seasons. Grimes claims to be in desperate need of help to fish, and his friend, the apothecary Ned Keene, finds him a new apprentice from the workhouse. Nobody will volunteer to fetch the boy, until Ellen (whom Grimes wishes to marry) offers.
When Ellen brings the apprentice to Grimes at the pub that evening, he immediately sets off to his hut, despite the fact that the Borough is weathering a terrible storm.
Act 2
On Sunday morning while most of the Borough is at church, Ellen talks with John, the apprentice. She is horrified when she finds a bruise on his neck. When she confronts Grimes about it, he brusquely claims that it was an accident. Growing agitated at her mounting concern and interference, he strikes her and runs off with the boy. This did not go unseen: first Keene, Auntie, and Bob Boles, then the chorus generally evolve into a mob to investigate Grimes's hut. As the men march off, Ellen, Auntie, and the nieces sing sadly of the relationship of women with men.
At the hut, Grimes accuses the ever silent John of "telling stories" then becomes lost in his memories of the dead apprentice, reliving the boy's death of thirst. When he hears the mob of villagers approaching he quickly comes back to reality and gets ready to set out to sea: he tells John to be careful climbing down to his boat, but to no avail: the boy falls to his death. When the mob reaches the hut Grimes is gone, and they find nothing out of order, so disperse.
Act 3
Night-time in the Borough. While a dance is going on, Mrs. Sedley tries to convince the authorities that Grimes is a murderer, but to no avail. Ellen and Captain Balstrode confide in each other: Grimes has returned after many days at sea, and Balstrode has discovered a jersey washed ashore: a jersey that Ellen recognizes as one she had knitted for John. Mrs. Sedley overhears this, and with the knowledge that Grimes has returned, she is able to instigate another mob. Singing "Him who despises us we'll destroy", the villagers go off in search of Grimes.
While the chorus can be heard searching for him, Grimes appears onstage, singing a long monologue: John's death has seemingly pushed Grimes, already dangerously unstable, over the edge. Ellen and Balstrode find him, and the old captain encourages Grimes to take his boat out to sea and sink it. Grimes leaves. The next morning, the Borough begins its day anew, as if nothing has happened. There is a report from the coast guard of a ship sinking off the coast. This is dismissed by Auntie as "one of these rumours."
Selected recordings
| Year |
Cast:
Peter Grimes,
Ellen Orford,
Balstrode, Auntie |
Conductor,
Opera House and Orchestra |
Label |
| 1948 |
Peter Pears Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten....
,
Joan CrossJoan Cross , was a British soprano, closely associated with the operas of Benjamin Britten.She attended St Paul's Girls' School where her music teacher was Gustav Holst...
|
Reginald Goodall Sir Reginald Goodall was an English conductor, noted for his performances of the operas of Richard Wagner and conducting the premieres of several operas by Benjamin Britten.-Biography:...
,
Royal Opera HouseThe Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in the London district of Covent Garden. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal...
, Covent Garden Orchestra and BBC Theatre Chorus |
Audio CD: EMI ClassicsEMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed classical music releases....
64727 (excerpts) |
| 1958 |
Peter Pears Sir Peter Neville Luard Pears was an English tenor and life-long partner of the composer Benjamin Britten....
,
Claire WatsonClaire Watson was an American soprano, particularly associated with Mozart and Richard Strauss roles....
,
James Pease,
Jean Watson
|
Benjamin BrittenEdward Benjamin Britten, Baron Britten, OM CH was an English composer, conductor, violist and pianist.-Life:...
,
Royal Opera HouseThe Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in the London district of Covent Garden. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal...
, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus |
Audio CD: DeccaDecca Records is a British record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Its U.S. label was established in late 1934; later the link with the British company was broken for several decades...
414577 (reissued 1990, 2001, 2006) |
| 1978 |
Jon Vickers Jonathan Stewart Vickers, CC , known professionally as Jon Vickers , is a retired Canadian tenor....
,
Heather HarperHeather Harper CBE is an Irish operatic soprano.She was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where she received her early musical training. She studied piano at the Trinity College of Music in London, with voice as a second subject, and sang with the BBC chorus.Her professional debut came in 1954 in...
,
Jonathon Summers,
Elizabeth BainbridgeElizabeth Bainbridge is a retired opera singer from West Sussex, England. Her career in singing spans several decades, the majority of her successes being achieved whilst being a member of the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London...
|
Colin DavisSir Colin Rex Davis, CH, CBE is an English conductor.-Career:Davis studied the clarinet at the Royal College of Music in London, where he was barred from taking conducting lessons owing to his lack of ability at the piano...
,
Royal Opera HouseThe Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in the London district of Covent Garden. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal...
, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus |
Audio CD: PhilipsKoninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. , most commonly known as Philips, is a Dutch electronics company.Philips is one of the largest electronics companies in the world. In 2007, its sales were €26.79 billion...
462847 (reissued 1999) |
| 1981 |
Jon Vickers Jonathan Stewart Vickers, CC , known professionally as Jon Vickers , is a retired Canadian tenor....
,
Heather HarperHeather Harper CBE is an Irish operatic soprano.She was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where she received her early musical training. She studied piano at the Trinity College of Music in London, with voice as a second subject, and sang with the BBC chorus.Her professional debut came in 1954 in...
,
Norman Bailey,
Elizabeth BainbridgeElizabeth Bainbridge is a retired opera singer from West Sussex, England. Her career in singing spans several decades, the majority of her successes being achieved whilst being a member of the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London...
|
Colin DavisSir Colin Rex Davis, CH, CBE is an English conductor.-Career:Davis studied the clarinet at the Royal College of Music in London, where he was barred from taking conducting lessons owing to his lack of ability at the piano...
,
Royal Opera HouseThe Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in the London district of Covent Garden. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal...
, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus |
DVD Video: Kultur 2255 (released 2003) |
| 1992 |
Anthony Rolfe-Johnson,
Felicity LottDame Felicity Lott, DBE is an English soprano, universally known as Flott.From her earliest years, she was musical, having started studying piano at five. She also played violin and began singing lessons at 12. She is an alumna of Royal Holloway, University of London, having studied French and...
,
Thomas AllenSir Thomas Boaz Allen, CBE, is an internationally renowned English operatic baritone from Seaham Harbour, County Durham...
,
Patricia PaynePatricia Payne is an Australian screenwriter and film producer. Her best-known work is For the Term of His Natural Life, based on the book by Marcus Clarke.She began her career as casting agent....
|
Bernard Haitink Bernard Johan Herman Haitink CH KBE is a Dutch conductor and violinist.-Early life:Haitink was born in Amsterdam, the son of Willem Haitink and Anna Haitink. He studied music at the conservatoire in Amsterdam...
,
Royal Opera HouseThe Royal Opera House is an opera house and major performing arts venue in the London district of Covent Garden. The large building is often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", after a previous use of the site of the opera house's original construction in 1732. It is the home of The Royal...
, Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus |
Audio CD: EMI ClassicsEMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed classical music releases....
: 5483222 (reissued 2003, EMI ClassicsEMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed classical music releases....
: 915620) |
| 1994 |
Philip Langridge Philip Langridge CBE is an English tenor considered to be among the foremost exponents of English opera and oratorio.Langridge was born in Hawkhurst, Kent, and studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London...
,
Janice Watson,
Alan OpieAlan Opie is a Cornish baritone, primarily known as an opera singer.He was educated at Truro School and studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the London Opera Centre before joining the Sadler's Wells Opera...
,
Ann HowardAnn Howard is an Australian author and journalist.Ann Howard lives and writes on the Hawkesbury River, New South Wales with her partner is Robert Bickerstaff...
|
David Atherton David Atherton OBE, is an English conductor.-Background:Atherton was born in Blackpool, Lancashire in a musical family. He was educated at St Joseph's College, Blackpool where his father, Robert Atherton, was the Music Master and was also a conductor...
,
English National OperaEnglish National Opera is is an opera company based in London, England, resident at the London Coliseum in St. Martin's Lane. It is one of the two principal opera companies in London, along with the Royal Opera, Covent Garden...
Orchestra and Chorus |
DVD Video: Kultur 2902 |
| 1995 |
Philip Langridge Philip Langridge CBE is an English tenor considered to be among the foremost exponents of English opera and oratorio.Langridge was born in Hawkhurst, Kent, and studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London...
,
Janice Cairns,
Alan OpieAlan Opie is a Cornish baritone, primarily known as an opera singer.He was educated at Truro School and studied at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the London Opera Centre before joining the Sadler's Wells Opera...
,
Ameral Gunson |
Richard Hickox Richard Sidney Hickox CBE was an English conductor of choral, orchestral and operatic music.-Early life:Hickox was born in Stokenchurch in Buckinghamshire into a musical family...
,
City of London SinfoniaThe City of London Sinfonia is a chamber orchestra based in London, England. In London, the CLS performs regularly at Cadogan Hall and St Paul's Cathedral. It is also the resident orchestra at Opera Holland Park. The CLS has annual residencies in four towns in Southern England: Ipswich, King's...
and London Symphony OrchestraThe London Symphony Orchestra is a major orchestra of the United Kingdom, as well as one of the best-known orchestras in the world. Since 1982, the LSO has been based in London's Barbican Centre.-History:...
Chorus |
Audio CD: Chandos Chandos Records is an independent classical music label based in the United Kingdom, founded by Brian Couzens. Their catalog contains a range of classical music - for example, much orchestral, choral and chamber music by such relatively lesser-known British composers as Herbert Howells, Gerald...
9447 |
| 2004 |
Glenn Winslade,
Janice Watson,
Anthony Michaels-Moore,
Jill Grove |
Colin DavisSir Colin Rex Davis, CH, CBE is an English conductor.-Career:Davis studied the clarinet at the Royal College of Music in London, where he was barred from taking conducting lessons owing to his lack of ability at the piano...
,
London Symphony OrchestraThe London Symphony Orchestra is a major orchestra of the United Kingdom, as well as one of the best-known orchestras in the world. Since 1982, the LSO has been based in London's Barbican Centre.-History:...
and Chorus |
Audio CD: LSO Live 54 |
| 2005 |
Christopher Ventris Christopher Ventris is a British tenor. He is particularly known for his role as Parsifal which he performed at the Bayreuth Festival in 2008....
,
Emily Magee,
Alfred Muff,
Liliana Nikiteanu |
Franz Welser-Möst Franz Welser-Möst is an Austrian conductor who is currently the music director for the Cleveland Orchestra.- Biography :...
,
Orchester und Chor der Oper ZürichOper Zürich is an opera company based in Zürich, Switzerland. The company gives performances in the Opernhaus Zürich which has been the company’s home for fifty years.-History:...
|
DVD Video: EMI ClassicsEMI Classics is a record label of EMI, formed in 1990 in order to reduce the need to create country-specific packaging and catalogs for internationally distributed classical music releases....
00971 |
Sources
- Stephen Arthur Allen, "He Descended Into Hell: Peter Grimes, Ellen Orford and Salvation Denied", The Cambridge Companion to Benjamin Britten, Ed. Mervyn Cooke, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 81-94.
External links