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Permanganate
 
 
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A permanganate is the general name for a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 containing the manganate(VII) ion
Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge. According to the Bohr_model this will be from or in the outer shield 'n'....
, (MnO4-). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state
Oxidation state

In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical Electrical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% Ionic bond....
, the manganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidizing agent
Oxidizing agent

An oxidizing agent can be defined as either:#a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms, or#a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction...
. The ion has a tetrahedral geometry Permanganate solutions are purple in color and are stable in neutral
PH

pH is a measure of the Acid or Base of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the Activity of dissolved hydrogen ions . Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations....
 or slightly alkaline media.

In an acid
Acid

An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e....
ic solution, manganate(VII) is reduced to the colourless +2 oxidation state of the Manganese(II)
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
 (Mn2+) ion.

8 H3O +
Hydronium

In chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the aqueous cation hydrogen3oxygen+ derived from protonation of water. It is the simplest type of an oxonium ion....
 + MnO4- + 5 e− → Mn2+
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
 + 4 H2O


In a strongly bas
Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept protons. A base is also often referred to as an alkali if OH- ions are involved....
ic solution, manganate(VII) is either reduced to the brown +4 oxidation state of manganese dioxide MnO2 or to the green +6 oxidation state of the manganate
Manganate

The manganate ion is MnO42- and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42- group. These salts, e.g....
 MnO42-.

2 H2O + 2 MnO4- + 3 e− → MnO2
Manganese(IV) oxide

Manganese oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese....
 + 4 OH−


MnO4− + e− → MnO42−


anganates may be produced by oxidation of manganese
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
 compounds by strong oxidizing agents, for instance, sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent....
 or lead dioxide.

2 MnCl2 + 5 NaClO
Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent....
 + 6 NaOH
Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic Base . Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water, however, only the hydroxide ion is basic....
 ? 2 NaMnO4
Sodium permanganate

Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula sodiummanganeseoxygen4. It is closely related to the more commonly encountered potassium permanganate, but it is generally less desirable, because it is more expensive, absorbs water from the atmosphere, and low melting....
 + 9 NaCl+ 3 H2O
2 MnSO4 + 5 PbO2+ 3 H2SO4
Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry....
 ? 2 HMnO4+ 5 PbSO4 + 2 H2O


Or by dismutation of manganate
Manganate

The manganate ion is MnO42- and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42- group. These salts, e.g....
s:

3 Na2MnO4 + 2 H2O ? 2 NaMnO4
Sodium permanganate

Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula sodiummanganeseoxygen4. It is closely related to the more commonly encountered potassium permanganate, but it is generally less desirable, because it is more expensive, absorbs water from the atmosphere, and low melting....
 + MnO2 + 4 NaOH


Properties
Permanganates(VII) are salt
Salt

A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge ....
s of permanganic acid.






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Encyclopedia


A permanganate is the general name for a chemical compound
Chemical compound

A chemical compound is a Chemical substance consisting of two or more different chemical element Chemical bond together in a fixed mass ratio that can be split into simpler substances....
 containing the manganate(VII) ion
Ion

An ion is an atom or molecule which has lost or gained one or more electrons, giving it a positive or negative electrical charge. According to the Bohr_model this will be from or in the outer shield 'n'....
, (MnO4-). Because manganese is in the +7 oxidation state
Oxidation state

In chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of oxidation of an atom in a chemical compound. The formal oxidation state is the hypothetical Electrical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% Ionic bond....
, the manganate(VII) ion is a strong oxidizing agent
Oxidizing agent

An oxidizing agent can be defined as either:#a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms, or#a substance that gains electrons in a redox chemical reaction...
. The ion has a tetrahedral geometry Permanganate solutions are purple in color and are stable in neutral
PH

pH is a measure of the Acid or Base of a solution. It is defined as the cologarithm of the Activity of dissolved hydrogen ions . Hydrogen ion activity coefficients cannot be measured experimentally, so they are based on theoretical calculations....
 or slightly alkaline media.

In an acid
Acid

An acid is traditionally considered any chemical compound that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution with a hydrogen ion Activity greater than in pure water, i.e....
ic solution, manganate(VII) is reduced to the colourless +2 oxidation state of the Manganese(II)
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
 (Mn2+) ion.

8 H3O +
Hydronium

In chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the aqueous cation hydrogen3oxygen+ derived from protonation of water. It is the simplest type of an oxonium ion....
 + MnO4- + 5 e− → Mn2+
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
 + 4 H2O


In a strongly bas
Base (chemistry)

In chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept protons. A base is also often referred to as an alkali if OH- ions are involved....
ic solution, manganate(VII) is either reduced to the brown +4 oxidation state of manganese dioxide MnO2 or to the green +6 oxidation state of the manganate
Manganate

The manganate ion is MnO42- and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42- group. These salts, e.g....
 MnO42-.

2 H2O + 2 MnO4- + 3 e− → MnO2
Manganese(IV) oxide

Manganese oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese....
 + 4 OH−


MnO4− + e− → MnO42−


Production

Permanganates may be produced by oxidation of manganese
Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element, designated by the symbol Mn. It has the atomic number 25. It is found as a Oxidation state in nature , and in many minerals....
 compounds by strong oxidizing agents, for instance, sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent....
 or lead dioxide.

2 MnCl2 + 5 NaClO
Sodium hypochlorite

Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the chemical formula NaClO. Sodium hypochlorite solution, commonly known as bleach, is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent....
 + 6 NaOH
Sodium hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide , also known as lye, caustic soda and sodium hydrate, is a caustic metallic Base . Sodium hydroxide forms a strong alkaline solution when dissolved in a solvent such as water, however, only the hydroxide ion is basic....
 ? 2 NaMnO4
Sodium permanganate

Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula sodiummanganeseoxygen4. It is closely related to the more commonly encountered potassium permanganate, but it is generally less desirable, because it is more expensive, absorbs water from the atmosphere, and low melting....
 + 9 NaCl+ 3 H2O
2 MnSO4 + 5 PbO2+ 3 H2SO4
Sulfuric acid

Sulfuric acid, hydrogen2sulfuroxygen4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. Sulfuric acid has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry....
 ? 2 HMnO4+ 5 PbSO4 + 2 H2O


Or by dismutation of manganate
Manganate

The manganate ion is MnO42- and a manganate is any compound that contains the MnO42- group. These salts, e.g....
s:

3 Na2MnO4 + 2 H2O ? 2 NaMnO4
Sodium permanganate

Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula sodiummanganeseoxygen4. It is closely related to the more commonly encountered potassium permanganate, but it is generally less desirable, because it is more expensive, absorbs water from the atmosphere, and low melting....
 + MnO2 + 4 NaOH


Properties


Permanganates(VII) are salt
Salt

A salt, in chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of acids and base . Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions so that the product is electrically electric charge ....
s of permanganic acid. Permanganate(VII) is a strong oxidizer, and similar to perchlorate
Perchlorate

Perchlorates are the salt derived from perchloric acid . They occur both naturally and through manufacturing. They have been used as a medicine for more than 50 years to treat thyroid gland disorders....
. It is therefore in common use in qualitative analysis that involves redox reactions (permanganometry).Besides this, it is stable.

It is a useful reagent, though with organic compounds, not very selective.

Manganates(VII) are not very thermally stable. For instance, potassium permanganate
Potassium permanganate

Potassium permanganate is the inorganic chemical compound potassiummanganeseoxygen4, a water soluble salt consisting of equal Mole amounts of potassium and permanganate ions....
 decomposes at 230 °C:

2 KMnO4
Potassium permanganate

Potassium permanganate is the inorganic chemical compound potassiummanganeseoxygen4, a water soluble salt consisting of equal Mole amounts of potassium and permanganate ions....
 ? K2MnO4
Potassium manganate

Potassium manganate is the chemical compound with the chemical formula K2MnO4. This green salt is an intermediate in the industrial synthesis of potassium permanganate, a common chemical....
 + MnO2 + O2
Oxygen

Oxygen no O2 produced; 2) O2 produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) O2 starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4-5) O2 sinks filled and the gas accumulates]]...


A permanganate can oxidize an amine
Amine

Amines are organic compounds and functional groups that contain a base nitrogen atom with a lone pair. Amines are derivative s of ammonia, wherein one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic substituents such as alkyl and aryl groups....
 to a nitro compound
Nitro compound

Nitro compounds are organic compounds that contain one or more nitro functional groups . They are often highly explosive, especially when the compound contains more than one nitro group....
  , an alcohol
Alcohol

In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which a hydroxyl Functional group is bound to a carbon atom of an alkyl or substituted alkyl group....
 to a ketone
Ketone

In organic chemistry, a ketone is a type of organic compound which contains a carbonyl group bonded to two other carbon atoms in the form:Neither of the substituents R1 and R2 may be equal to hydrogen ....
 , an aldehyde
Aldehyde

An aldehyde is an organic compound containing a terminal carbonyl group. This functional group, which consists of a carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and double bond to an oxygen atom , is called the aldehyde group....
 to an carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the Chemical formula -COH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H....
  , a terminal alkene
Alkene

In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an Saturation chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond....
 to a carboxylic acid
Carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acids are organic acids characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group, which has the Chemical formula -COH, usually written -COOH or -CO2H....
  or an alkene
Alkene

In organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an Saturation chemical compound containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond....
 to a diol
Diol

A diol or glycol is a chemical compound containing two hydroxyl groups Vicinal diols have hydroxyl groups attached to adjacent atoms. Examples of vicinal diol compounds are ethylene glycol and propylene glycol....
  (list not exhaustive)

In alkene oxidations one intermediate is a cyclic Mn(V) species:

Compounds

  • Ammonium permanganate
    Ammonium permanganate

    Ammonium permanganate is the chemical compound ammoniummanganeseoxygen4, or ammonia.permanganic acid. It is soluble in water. It is a strong oxidizer, owing to its permanganate anion, and it is a moderately strong explosive, owing to the combination of oxidizer anion and reducing ammonium cation....
  • Calcium permanganate, Ca(MnO4)2
  • Potassium permanganate
    Potassium permanganate

    Potassium permanganate is the inorganic chemical compound potassiummanganeseoxygen4, a water soluble salt consisting of equal Mole amounts of potassium and permanganate ions....
    , KMnO4
  • Sodium permanganate
    Sodium permanganate

    Sodium permanganate is the inorganic compound with the formula sodiummanganeseoxygen4. It is closely related to the more commonly encountered potassium permanganate, but it is generally less desirable, because it is more expensive, absorbs water from the atmosphere, and low melting....
    , NaMnO4